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(1)INTRODUCTION
(1.1) WHAT IS GPS TRACKING SYSTEM?
A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine
the precise location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it is attached and to
record the position of the asset at regular intervals. The recorded location data can be
stored within the tracking unit, or it may be transmitted to a central location data
base, or internet-connected computer, using a cellular (GPRS), radio, or satellite
modem embedded in the unit. This allows the asset's location to be displayed against
a map backdrop either in real-time or when analysing the track later, using
customized software.
A GPS tracking system uses the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
network. This network incorporates a range of satellites that use microwave signals
which are transmitted to GPS devices to give information on location, vehicle speed,
time and direction. So, a GPS tracking system can potentially give both real-time and
historic navigation data on any kind of journey.
A GPS tracking system can work in various ways. From a commercial perspective,
GPS devices are generally used to record the position of vehicles as they make their
journeys. Some systems will store the data within the GPS tracking system itself
(known as passive tracking) and some send the information to a centralized database
or system via a modem within the GPS system unit on a regular basis (known as
active tracking).
A PASSIVE GPS TRACKING SYSTEM will monitor location and
will store its data on journeys based on certain types of events. So, for
example, this kind of GPS system may log data such as turning the ignition
on or off or opening and closing doors. The data stored on this kind of GPS
tracking system is usually stored in internal memory or on a memory card
which can then be downloaded to a computer at a later date for analysis. In
some cases the data can be sent automatically for wireless download at
predetermined points/times or can be requested at specific points during the
journey.
AN ACTIVE GPS TRACKING SYSTEM is also known as a real-time
system as this method automatically sends the information on the GPS
system to a central computer or system in real-time as it happens. This kind
of system is usually a better option for commercial purposes such as fleet
tracking and individual vehicle tracking as it allows the company to know
exactly where their vehicles are, whether they are on time and whether they
are where they are supposed to be during a journey. This is also a useful way
of monitoring the behavior of employees as they carry out their work and of
streamlining internal processes and procedures for delivery fleets.
(Photo courtesy U.S. Department of Defense Artist's concept of the GPS satellite constellation)
Figure (1.2.1)
In order to make the simple calculation of the location, then, the GPS receiver has to
know two things:
(Photo courtesy Garmin The Street Pilot II, a GPS receiver with built-in maps for drivers)
Figure (1.2.2)
The GPS receiver figures both of these things out by analyzing high-frequency, lowpower radio signals from the GPS satellites. Better units have multiple receivers, so
they can pick up signals from several satellites simultaneously.
You can use maps stored in the receiver's memory, connect the receiver to a
computer that can hold more detailed maps in its memory, or simply buy a detailed
map of your area and find your way using the receiver's latitude and longitude
readouts. Some receivers let you download detailed maps into memory or supply
detailed maps with plug-in map cartridges.
A standard GPS receiver will not only place you on a map at any particular location,
but will also trace your path across a map as you move. If you leave your receiver
on, it can stay in constant communication with GPS satellites to see how your
location is changing. With this information and its built-in clock, the receiver can
give you several pieces of valuable information:
How far you've traveled (odometer)
How long you've been traveling
Your current speed (speedometer)
Your average speed
A "bread crumb" trail showing you exactly where you have traveled on the
map
The estimated time of arrival at your destination if you maintain your current
speed
Data Loggers
Data loggers are usually the most basic type of GPS tracking; a GPS data logger
simply logs the position of the object at regular intervals and retains it in an internal
memory. Usually, GPS loggers have flash memory on board to record data that is
logged. The flash memory can then be transferred and accessed using USB or
accessed on the device itself. Usually data loggers are devices used for sports and
hobby activities. They might include devices that help log location for hikers, bikers
and joggers.
Data Pushers
Data Pushers are GPS tracking units that are mainly used for security purposes. A
data pusher GPS tracking unit sends data from the device to a central database at
regular intervals, updating location, direction, speed and distance.
Data pushers are common in fleet control to manage trucks and other vehicles. For
instance, delivery vehicles can be located instantly and their progress can be tracked.
Other uses include the ability to track valuable assets. If valuable goods are being
transported or even if they reside in a specific location, they can constantly be
monitored to avoid theft.
Data pushers are also common for espionage type tasks. It is extremely easy to watch
the movements of an individual or valuable asset. This particular use of GPS tracking
has become an important issue in the field of GPS tracking, because of its potential
for abuse.
Data Pullers
The last category of GPS tracking units is the data pusher units. These types of units
push data or send data when the unit reach a specific location or at specific intervals.
These GPS units are usually always on and constantly monitoring their location.
Most, if not all data puller unit also allow data pushing (the ability to query a
location and other data from a GPS tracking unit).
Track Playback - Animates your driver's daily driven route so that you
can follow every move. The track animation line is color coded to indicate
the speed your driver was traveling during his route.
Idle Time Report- Gives you an accurate report detailing when your
driver was stopped and has left the engine running on the vehicle. This report
was designed with input from our existing customers who were concerned
about high fuel bills.
Track Detail - Provides you with a split screen view when reviewing your
driver's route. Stop and transit times, as well as speed information, are
displayed in the bottom pane. You can easily toggle between stops by clicking
the stop number on the track detail pane.
The satellite constellation contains the satellites in orbit that provide the
ranging signals and data messages to the user equipment.
Figure 1.5.1
The operational control segment (OCS) tracks and maintains the satellites in
space. The OCS monitors satellite health and signal integrity and maintains
the orbital configuration of the satellite. Furthermore, the OCS updates the
The user receiver equipment performs the navigation, timing or other related
notation.
GPS signals include ranging signals, used to measure the distance to the
satellite, and navigation messages. The navigation messages include
ephemeris data, used to calculate the position of each satellite in orbit, and
information about the time and status of the entire satellite constellation,
called the almanac.
a) Coarse/Acquisition code:
Each satellite transmits a unique PRN code, which does not correlate well
with any other satellite's PRN code. In other words, the PRN codes are highly
orthogonal to one another. This is a form of code division multiple access
(CDMA), which allows the receiver to recognize multiple satellites on the
same frequency.
b) Precision code:
The P-code is also a PRN; however, each satellite's P-code PRN code is
6.1871 1012 bits long (6,187,100,000,000 bits, ~720.213 gigabytes) and
only repeats once a week (it is transmitted at 10.23 Mbit/s). The extreme
length of the P-code increases its correlation gain and eliminates any range
ambiguity within the Solar System. However, the code is so long and
complex it was believed that a receiver could not directly acquire and
synchronize with this signal alone. It was expected that the receiver would
first lock onto the relatively simple C/A code and then, after obtaining the
current time and approximate position, synchronize with the P-code.
Whereas the C/A PRNs are unique for each satellite, the P-code PRN is
actually a small segment of a master P-code approximately 2.35 1014 bits in
The details of the W-code are kept secret, but it is known that it is applied to
the P-code at approximately 500 kHz, which is a slower rate than that of the
P-code itself by a factor of approximately 20. This has allowed companies to
develop semi-codeless approaches for tracking the P(Y) signal, without
knowledge of the W-code itself.
All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542 GHz (L1 signal)
and 1.2276 GHz (L2 signal). The satellite network uses a CDMA spreadspectrum technique where the low-bitrate message data is encoded with a
high-rate pseudo-random (PRN) sequence that is different for each satellite.
The receiver must be aware of the PRN codes for each satellite to reconstruct
the actual message data.
The C/A code, for civilian use, transmits data at 1.023 million chips per
second, whereas the P code, for U.S. military use, transmits at 10.23 million
chips per second. The L1 carrier is modulated by both the C/A and P codes,
while the L2 carrier is only modulated by the P code. The P code can be
encrypted as a so-called P(Y) code which is only available to military
equipment with a proper decryption key. Both the C/A and P(Y) codes impart
the precise time-of-day to the user.
where
data
and
and
multiplies this time by the speed of light to determine how far the signal traveled.
Assuming the signal traveled in a straight line, this is the distance from receiver to
satellite.
same time value that all the atomic clocks in all of the satellites have. The GPS
receiver gets atomic clock accuracy "for free."
When you measure the distance to four located satellites, you can draw four spheres
that all intersect at one point. Three spheres will intersect even if your numbers are
way off, but four spheres will not intersect at one point if you've measured
incorrectly. Since the receiver makes all its distance measurements using its own
built-in clock, the distances will all be proportionally incorrect.
The receiver can easily calculate the necessary adjustment that will cause the four
spheres to intersect at one point. Based on this, it resets its clock to be in sync with
the satellite's atomic clock. The receiver does this constantly whenever it's on, which
means it is nearly as accurate as the expensive atomic clocks in the satellites.
In order for the distance information to be of any use, the receiver also has to know
where the satellites actually are. This isn't particularly difficult because the satellites
travel in very high and predictable orbits. The GPS receiver simply stores an
almanac that tells it where every satellite should be at any given time. Things like
the pull of the moon and the sun do change the satellites' orbits very slightly, but the
Department of Defense constantly monitors their exact positions and transmits any
adjustments to all GPS receivers as part of the satellites' signals.
(1.9)GPS ACCURACY:
When the system was created, timing errors were inserted into GPS
transmissions to limit the accuracy of non-military GPS receivers to about
100 meters.
(1.10) OBJECTIVE:
To locate the position of the any object or person attached with GPS receiver.
Figure 2.2.1
Space Segment: Twenty four separate individual satellites situated in their own
orbit above 11,000 nautical miles from the earth consists space segment.
User Segment: This component is made for the user. User can hold it in its
hand or it can be mounted in the car. It works as a receiver.
Figure 2.2.2
GPS
Tx
ATMEGA 8
MICROCONTROLLER
GPS
MODULE
POWER
SUPPLY
LCD
Figure 3.1.1
GPS
Rx
ATMEGA 8
MICROCONTROLLER
POWER
SUPPLY
LCD
Figure 3.1.2
(3.2) DESCRIPTION:
GPS Tracking System works on the principle of satellite communication. In On
board block diagram, there is GPS module. Intially, it takes the signal from the
satellite then it sends the command to ATMEGA 8 microcontroller. Then this
microcontroller, sends a signal to GPS transmitter that signal will also be displayed
on LCD screen, connected in on board diagram.
S.NO
(1)
(2)
SPECIFICATIONS
RATINGS
GPS MODULE
5V
QUANTITY
(4) SOFTWARE/HARDWARE
AT MEGA 8
MICROCONTROLLER
5V
1
2
(3)
(4)
RESISTANCES
18
(5)
LCD {16X2}
4.7 K
(6)
GPS TRANSMITTER
433 MHz
(7)
GPS RECEIVER
433 MHz
5-18 V
(8)
IC 7805
(9)
LED
ATMEGA 8 MICROCONTROLLER :
a) FEATURES:
Peripheral Features
Operating Voltages
Speed Grades
0 - 16MHz (ATmega8)
Active: 3.6mA
Idle Mode: 1.0mA
Power-down Mode: 0.5a
b)PIN DESCRIPTIONS:
GND: Ground.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to
the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output
from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
Port C (PC5-PC0):
As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the
pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
PC6/RESET:
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that
the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port
C.
Port D (PD7-PD0):
As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the
pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET:
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length
will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.
II. CAPACITOR:
III. RESISTANCE:
IV.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD
has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling
display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The
data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
a) PIN DESCRIPTION:
Pin
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Function
Name
Ground (0V)
Ground
Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V)
Vcc
Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor
VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register when Register Select
high
Low to write to the register; High to read from the register
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given
b) PIN DIAGRAM:
Read/write
Enable
DB0
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
DB5
DB6
DB7
Led+
Led-
V.
a) PIN DIAGRAM:
Pin
No.
Function
Name
1
2
3
Input
Ground
Output
VI.
LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require
more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp
sources of comparable output.
VII.
GPS RECEIVER:
In any satellite receiver since the input power is of the order of picowatts and the
C/N to be maintained to get demodulated S/N above the threshold fixed for free
processing.
LOW NOISE
BLOCK
CONVERTE
R
DIGITAL
BASEBAN
D
PROCESS
OR
CPU
I/O
LOCAL
OSCILLATO
R
EXTERNAL
MEMORY
This block diagram shows the configuration of GPS receiver. To recover the
baseband costs loop is used with phase synchronization of local oscillator or
else the signal cannot be detected.
The required PN code is locally generated to detect the chip of the spread
spectrum received signal. This requires as many correlators as the visible
satellites. Most of the receivers have 12 correlators. Diversity reception is
used and the strongest signals are used for processing. The CPU uses
software to calculate XY and Z coordinates and hence find latitude, longitude
and altitude.
(5) IMPLEMENTATION
(5.1) COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
ON BOARD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Figure 5.1.1
Figure 5.1.2
(5.2)WORKING:
The GPS transmitter connected to the microcontroller senses these signal and
then transmits a signal which is received by the antenna of GPS receiver
connected in the Off board diagram then the GPS receiver sends a signal to
microcontroller sends these signal to the LCD for display purpose and then we
can see the exact location/position of receiver/object on the LCD in the terms of
altitude, latitude, longitude and time.
Figure 5.3.1
GPS RECEIVER:
Figure 5.3.2
Figure 5.4.1
OFF BOARD:
Figure 5.4.2
rs-------PB0
rw-------PB1
en-------PB2
*/
#define F_CPU 12000000UL
#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
#define USART_BAUDRATE 4800
#define BAUD_PRESCALE (((F_CPU / (USART_BAUDRATE * 16UL))) - 1)
#define LCD_DATA PORTA
#define ctrl PORTB
#define en PB2
#define rw PB1
#define rs PB0
void LCD_cmd(unsigned char cmd);
void init_LCD(void);
void LCD_write(unsigned char data);
void LCD_write_string(unsigned char *str);
void usart_init();
unsigned int usart_getch();
unsigned char value,i,lati_value[15],lati_dir, longi_value[15], longi_dir, alti[5] ;
int main(void)
{
DDRA=0xff;
DDRB=0x07;
init_LCD()
_delay_ms(50);
LCD_write_string("we at");
LCD_cmd(0xC0);
usart_init();
while(1)
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='$')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='G')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='P')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='G')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='G')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value=='A')
{
value=usart_getch();
if(value==',')
{
value=usart_getch();
while(value!=',')
{
value=usart_getch();
}
lati_value[0]=usart_getch();
value=lati_value[0];
for(i=1;value!=',';i++)
{
lati_value[i]=usart_getch();
value=lati_value[i];
}
lati_dir=usart_getch();
value=usart_getch();
while(value!=',')
{
value=usart_getch();
}
longi_value[0]=usart_getch();
value=longi_value[0];
for(i=1;value!=',';i++)
{
longi_value[i]=usart_getch();
value=longi_value[i];
}
longi_dir=usart_getch();
LCD_cmd(0x01);
_delay_ms(1);
LCD_cmd(0x80);
_delay_ms(1000);
i=0;
while(lati_value[i]!='\0')
{
LCD_write(lati_value[j]);
j++;
}
LCD_write(lati_dir);
LCD_cmd(0xC0);
_delay_ms(1000);
i=0;
while(longi_value[i]!='\0')
{
LCD_write(longi_value[i]);
i++;
}
LCD_write(longi_dir);
_delay_ms(1000)
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
void init_LCD(void)
{
LCD_cmd(0x38);
_delay_ms(1);
LCD_cmd(0x01)
_delay_ms(1);
LCD_cmd(0x0E);
_delay_ms(1)
LCD_cmd(0x80);
_delay_ms(1);
return;
}
void LCD_cmd(unsigned char cmd)
{
LCD_DATA=cmd;
ctrl =(0<<rs)|(0<<rw)|(1<<en);
_delay_us(40);
ctrl =(0<<rs)|(0<<rw)|(0<<en);
//_delay_ms(50);
return;
}
void LCD_write(unsigned char data)
{
LCD_DATA= data;
ctrl = (1<<rs)|(0<<rw)|(1<<en);
_delay_us(40);
ctrl = (1<<rs)|(0<<rw)|(0<<en);
//_delay_ms(50);
return ;
}
void usart_init()
{
UCSRB |= (1<<RXCIE) | (1 << RXEN) | (1 << TXEN);
UCSRC |= (1 << URSEL) | (1 << UCSZ0) | (1 << UCSZ1);
UBRRL = BAUD_PRESCALE;
UBRRH = (BAUD_PRESCALE >> 8);
unsigned int usart_getch()
{
while ((UCSRA & (1 << RXC)) == 0);
return(UDR);
}
void LCD_write_string(unsigned char *str)
{
int i=0;
while(str[i]!='\0')
{
LCD_write(str[i]);
i++;
}
return;
}
ConFigure Lcd = 16 * 2
ConFigure Lcdpin = Pin , Rs = Portb.7 , E = Portb.6 , Db4 = Portb.5 , Db5 =
Portb.4 , Db6 = Portb.3 , Db7 = Portb.2
ConFigure Portb = Output
ConFigure Keyboard = Pind.6 , Data = Pinb.0 , Keydata = Keydata
'$GPGGA,012211.83,4119.6171,N,07730.0636,W,1,03,3.6,00522,M,,,,*36
Dim Gps As Byte , X As Byte , Lont(12) As Byte
Dim Flag As Bit
Dim Place(16) As Byte
Dim Temp As Byte
Dim Mydata(12) As Byte
Dim Myplace(16) As Byte
Dim Eepromdata(12) As Eram Byte At &H01
Dim Eepromplace(16) As Eram Byte At &H10
'Buzzer Alias Pinb.1
Mark Alias Pind.2
ConFigure Mark = Input
'Set Pinb.1
Portb = &B0000000
For X = 1 To 12
Mydata(x) = Eepromdata(x)
Next
For X = 1 To 16
Myplace(x) = Eepromplace(x)
Next
Flag = 0
Looploops:
Cls
Cursor Off
Looploop:
Home
Upperline
Startloop:
If Mark = 0 Then Goto Mark_place
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "$" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "G" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "P" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "G" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "G" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "A" Then Goto Startloop
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "," Then Goto Startloop
For X = 1 To 6
Gps = Waitkey()
Next X
Timlop:
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps = "," Then Goto Getlat
Goto Timlop
Getlat:
For X = 1 To 6
Getlat1:
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps = "." Then Goto Getlat1
Lont(x) = Gps
Lcd Chr(gps);
If X = 2 Then Lcd ".";
If X = 4 Then Lcd ".";
Next X
Getlat2:
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "," Then Goto Getlat2
Gps = Waitkey()
Lcd Chr(gps) ; " ";
Gps = Waitkey()
Gps = Waitkey()
Lowerline
For X = 7 To 12
Getlon:
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps = "." Then Goto Getlon
Lont(x) = Gps
Lcd Chr(gps);
If X = 8 Then Lcd ".";
If X = 10 Then Lcd ".";
Next X
Getlon1:
Gps = Waitkey()
If Gps <> "," Then Goto Getlon1
Gps = Waitkey()
Lcd Chr(gps);
If Mydata(3) = Lont(3) Then
If Mydata(4) = Lont(4) Then
If Mydata(5) = Lont(5) Then
If Mydata(6) = Lont(6) Then
If Flag = 0 Then
Cls
Portb = &B0000010
For X = 1 To 16
Lcd Chr(myplace(x))
Next
Wait 10
Cls
Flag = 1
Portb = &B0000000
End If
Else
Flag = 0
End If
End If
End If
End If
Goto Looploop
End
Mark_place:
Cls
Lcd " Enter the Name"
Lowerline
Cursor On Blink
For X = 1 To 16
Place(x) = &H20
Next
X=1
Mark_places:
Gps = Getatkbd()
If Gps = 125 Then Goto Looploops
If Gps = 13 Then
If X = 0 Then
Goto Mark_place
Else
For X = 1 To 12
Eepromdata(x) = Lont(x)
Mydata(x) = Lont(x)
Next
For X = 1 To 16
Eepromplace(x) = Place(x)
Myplace(x) = Place(x)
Next
Cls
Lcd "Place Marked"
Flag = 1
Wait 2
Goto Looploops
End If
Elseif Gps > 0 Then
If X <> 17 Then
Lcd Chr(gps)
Place(x) = Gps
X=X+1
End If
End If
Goto Mark_places
Keydata:
'normal keys lower case
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 200 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , &H5E , 0
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 113 , 49 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 122 , 115 , 97 , 119 , 50 , 0
Data 0 , 99 , 120 , 100 , 101 , 52 , 51 , 0 , 0 , 32 , 118 , 102 , 116 , 114 , 53 , 0
Data 0 , 110 , 98 , 104 , 103 , 121 , 54 , 7 , 8 , 44 , 109 , 106 , 117 , 55 , 56 , 0
Data 0 , 44 , 107 , 105 , 111 , 48 , 57 , 0 , 0 , 46 , 45 , 108 , 48 , 112 , 43 , 0
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 92 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 13 , 0 , 0 , 92 , 0 , 0
Data 0 , 60 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 8 , 0 , 0 , 49 , 0 , 52 , 55 , 0 , 0 , 0
Data 48 , 44 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 125 , 0 , 0 , 43 , 51 , 45 , 42 , 57 , 0 , 0
'shifted keys UPPER case
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 81 , 33 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 90 , 83 , 65 , 87 , 34 , 0
Data 0 , 67 , 88 , 68 , 69 , 0 , 35 , 0 , 0 , 32 , 86 , 70 , 84 , 82 , 37 , 0
Data 0 , 78 , 66 , 72 , 71 , 89 , 38 , 0 , 0 , 76 , 77 , 74 , 85 , 47 , 40 , 0
Data 0 , 59 , 75 , 73 , 79 , 61 , 41 , 0 , 0 , 58 , 95 , 76 , 48 , 80 , 63 , 0
Data 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 96 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 13 , 94 , 0 , 42 , 0 , 0
Data 0 , 62 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 8 , 0 , 0 , 49 , 0 , 52 , 55 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
Data 48 , 44 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 43 , 51 , 45 , 42 , 57 , 0 , 0
HEX CODE GENERATED
:100000000AC018951895189518951895189518956B
:100010001895189518958FED8DBFC0ECE8EB4E2E16
:10002000DD275D2EEEE7F0E0A0E6B0E088278D93B7
:100030003197E9F78FE289B988E18AB9EAD2662473
:100040008FEF87BBB8988E988A9880E088BB81E054
:1000500080936100009161000C3010F009F011C034
:10006000E1E6F0E0A190E0E0F0E0EA0DA1E6AD907D
:10007000AFE7AA0DA9D3A1E68C918F5F8C9308F40A
:10008000E9CF81E08093610000916100003110F0C0
:1000900009F011C0E1E6F0E0A190EFE0F0E0EA0D38
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:00000001FF
OUTPUT
PIN-40 of Controller
PIN 3 of 7805
+5V
+5V
Note: often, analog multimeters have the polarity of their probes reversed
from what you would expect from the color coding. Many of them will
have the red lead negative with respect to the black one.
On a digital multimeter, using the normal resistance ranges, this test will
usually show open for any semiconductor junction since the meter does
not apply enough voltage to reach the value of the forward drop.
Fortunately almost every digital multimeter will have a diode test mode.
Using this mode, a silicon diode should read a voltage drop between 0.5 to
0.8 V in the forward direction (negative lead on cathode, positive lead on
anode) and open in reverse. For a germanium diode, the reading will be
lower, around 0.2 - 0.4 V in the forward direction. A bad diode will read a
Connect the black and red probes to the proper terminals on the face of the
multimeter. The black probe is connected to the "COM" terminal on the
multimeter, and the red probe is connected to the terminal marked with an
ohm symbol for resistance.
Power off the circuit containing the resistor you wish to measure. Never
measure a resistor in a circuit with a live current running through it.
Discharge any capacitors in the circuit by touching the leads of a spare, high
wattage resistor to the leads of the capacitors. Keep the leads jumped for
several seconds to fully discharge any stored power.
Touch one multimeter probe to each lead of the resistor. If the leads are not
accessible, touch the probes to the point where the lead is soldered to the
circuit. Since resistors are not a directional component (electricity flows
freely in both directions across the component) you may connect either probe
to either lead of the resistor without altering your reading.
Observe the reading on the display. A good resistor should test within its rated
range. A bad resistor will either show infinite resistance or a measurement far
higher than its rated resistance. In either case the resistor is no longer
functioning properly.
Testing- Testing capacitors can be tricky at best. The quick and easy way
for the average home electrician is to hook up your multimeter to the
discharged leads of the capacitor. You will have to find the polarity of the
capacitor, and then hook up the corresponding meter leads.
Unfortunately with most meters, unless it's very new or expensive, you will
only be checking if the capacitor is shorted or not. Also, in most cases, you
will need to take at least one lead off the circuit card. Once your leads are
hooked up as stated above, your readings should be: Any capacitor that
measures a few ohms or less is bad. Most should test infinite even on the
highest resistance range.
For electrolytes in the F range or larger, you should be able to see the cap
charge when you use a high ohms scale with the proper polarity, the
resistance will increase until it goes to infinity. If the capacitor is shorted,
then it will never charge. If it is open, the resistance will be infinite
immediately and won't change. If the polarity of the meter leads are reversed,
it will not charge properly either, which is why you must determine the
polarity of your meter and mark it, they are not all the same.
(7.2) DISCUSSIONS:
How does GPS works?
Global Positioning System satellites transmit signals to equipment on the ground.
GPS receivers passively receive satellite signals; they do not transmit. GPS receivers
require an unobstructed view of the sky, so they are used only outdoors and they
often do not perform well within forested areas or near tall buildings. GPS operations
depend on a very accurate time reference, which is provided by atomic clocks at the
U.S. Naval Observatory. Each GPS satellite has atomic clocks on board.
Figure 6.2.1
Each GPS satellite transmits data that indicates its location and the current time. All
GPS satellites synchronize operations so that these repeating signals are transmitted
at the same instant. The signals, moving at the speed of light, arrive at a GPS receiver
at slightly different times because some satellites are farther away than others. The
distance to the GPS satellites can be determined by estimating the amount of time it
takes for their signals to reach the receiver. When the receiver estimates the distance
to at least four GPS satellites, it can calculate its position in three dimensions.
There are at least 24 operational GPS satellites at all times. The satellites, operated
by the U.S. Air Force, orbit with a period of 12 hours. Ground stations are used to
precisely track each satellite's orbit.
Determining Position:
A GPS receiver "knows" the location of the satellites, because that information is
included in satellite transmissions. By estimating how far away a satellite is, the
receiver also "knows" it is located somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere
centered at the satellite. It then determines the sizes of several spheres, one for each
satellite. The receiver is located where these spheres intersect.
Figure 6.2.2
Figure 7.1.1
It Can be Used to Track Things and People
One great function of a GPS system is that it can be used to track anything
irrespective of it being static or flexible, it can also be used to track people
and animals depending on what you need it for. Another great feature of a
GPS system that makes it better is the alarm system it has; for example, you
can easily install a GPS tracking system in a vault where valuable goods are
so that you can be alarmed anytime someone is trying to steal them.
You can also use the GPS technology to ensure things are going fine with
people working for you especially if theyre doing a job that requires a high
level of security and confidentiality; this will be able to track them anywhere
they go and when they go there.
It Can be Used Anywhere in the World
An added advantage of the GPS system is that it can be used anywhere in the world;
it doesnt matter whether youre in Africa or Asia the GPS technology is
powered by the world satellites and this means it can be accessible
anywhere; all you need is a solid tracking system and a GPS receiver.
(8.2) APPLICATIONS:
GPS technology has matured into a resource that goes far beyond its original design goals.
These days people from a plethora of professions are using GPS in ways that make
their work more productive, safer, and sometimes even easier. There are five main
uses of GPS today:
Location- determining a basic position.
Navigation- getting from one location to another.
Tracking- monitoring the movement of people and things.
Mapping- creating maps.
Timing- providing precise timing.
Timing:
The first and most obvious application of any Location Based Service such as GPS is
the simple determination of a position or location. GPS was the first
positioning system to offer highly precise location data for any point on the
planet, in any weather. Knowing the precise location of something, or
someone, is especially critical when the consequences of inaccurate data are
measured in human terms.
Navigation:
GPS helps you determine exactly where you are, but sometimes it is more necessary
to know how to get somewhere else. Recall that GPS was originally
designed to provide navigation information for ships and planes. So its no
surprise that while this technology is appropriate for navigating on water,
its also very useful in the air and on the land.
Tracking:
Mapping:
Mapping the planet has never been an easy task, but GPS today is being used to
survey and map it precisely, saving time and money in this most stringent of all
applications. GPS can help generate maps and models of everything in the world,
mountains, sea, rivers, cities, and help manage endangered animals, archaeological
treasures, precious minerals and all sorts of resources, as well as accurately
managing the effect of damage and disasters.
Timing:
GPS can also be used to determine precise to determine precise time, time intervals
and frequency. There are three fundamental ways we use time:
As a universal marker,
As a way to synchronize
To provide an accurate, unambiguous sense of duration.
(7.3) LIMITATIONS:
The following limitations are:
Cost:
Purchasing a GPS based on price can be a major disadvantage.
If you purchase a "bargain GPS," you will get what you pay for, and features
such as traffic and up-to-date maps could be lacking.
Directions:
Turn-by-turn directions are not available on every type of GPS device.
Some will give very little advanced notice before an upcoming turn.
Accuracy:
Maps on GPS devices are not updated in real time for all models.
This means that it is possible a GPS device will direct you onto a road that is
closed or no longer exists. It could also miss new roads and businesses.
Battery Life:
GPS units that are not plugged into a power source, and rely on batteries,
which can drain quickly.
This can increase the cost of owning a GPS unit significantly.
(9) CONCLUSIONS
The technology of the Global Positioning System is allowing for huge
changes in society. The applications using GPS are constantly growing. The
cost of the receivers is dropping while at the same time the accuracy of the
system is improving. This affects everyone with things such as faster Internet
speed and safer plane landings.
Even though the system was originally developed for military purposes, civil
sales now exceed military sales (See Figure 8.1 below).
Figure 8.1
Business Opportunities:
As more businesses demand the conveniences and fiscal benefits offered by
GPS tracking systems, the demand for distributors of GPS tracking
equipment and service providers will certainly increase.
GPS tracking systems represent an already profitable business opportunity
that will only expand as demand continues to rise.
Advancements in Software:
Already highly-sophisticated, GPS tracking software plays a key role in how
businesses use GPS tracking systems to meet their needs.
As satellite mapping and computer imagery continue to advance, so will the
capabilities and applications for GPS tracking software.
Personal Safety:
Unfortunately, it seems that violent crimes and abduction are going to be a
horrible reality for this and future generations.
Personal GPS tracking systems are already being used to enhance the safety
of many children and adults, and as GPS tracking systems continue to
become more affordable, it's likely that they'll be used even more for this
purpose.