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ABSTRACT
12-1
INTRODUCTION
Peak Ground Acceleration is one of the
most difficult parameters to determine. It
represents an acceleration that will be
induced sometime in the future by an
earthquake on a particular area. Since it is
not possible to predict earthquakes, the
value of peak ground acceleration must be
based on prior earthquakes and faults
studies. The peak ground acceleration is
determined based on source, seismicity, and
attenuation relationships. Some of the more
commonly used methods to determine the
peak ground acceleration at a site are
historical earthquake, maximum credible
earthquake, maximum probable earthquake,
code or other regulatory requirement, and
earthquake maps (Day, 2002).
In response to the Mw 6.3 Yogyakarta
earthquake of May 27, 2006 an
investigation to determine horizontal peak
ground acceleration in the area affected
earthquake
was
conducted.
The
investigation was done by core drilling,
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and microtremor survey in the area surrounding
Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Province. This
research deals with the analysis of peak
ground acceleration based on (1) the
Indonesian code of SNI-1726-2002 coupled
with local soil conditions determined from
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results; (2)
the empirical prediction by using
attenuation relationships, which relate the
peak ground acceleration to the earthquake
magnitude and the distance between the site
and the seismic source; and (3) the
attenuation relationship based on the
dominant period at the observed sites
produced by the micro-tremor survey.
INDONESIAN CODE OF SNI-17262002
In each country, there is a local building
code that specifies design values of peak
ground acceleration. In Indonesia, the peak
ground acceleration can be obtained by
using the building code of SNI-1726-2002.
This code divided Indonesia into 6 seismic
12-2
p = 1 e
or
T=
L log(e )
log(1 p )
.... (2)
Seismic Zones
According to plate tectonic theory,
earthquakes commonly occur at the
locations around the plate boundaries. The
plate boundaries in Indonesia can be seen in
Figure 1.
Plate Boundaries
Earthquakes
Figure 1 Earthquake epicenter and plate boundaries in and adjacent to Indonesia (USGS).
12-3
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
10 o
10 o
8o
80
200
400
8o
Kilometer
Banda Aceh
1
2o
2o
Manado
Ternate
Pekanbaru
o
Samarinda
2o
3
Palu
Biak
Palangkaraya
Bengkulu
Kendari
Ambon
4
Tual
2
Bandung
Semarang
Garut
Tasikmalaya
Solo
Jogjakarta
Cilacap
Sukabumi
o
o
Jakarta
Makasar
Bandarlampung
Jayapura
6
Banjarmasin
Palembang
2o
Manokwari
Sorong
Jambi
1
Padang
Surabaya
3
Blitar Malang
Banyuwangi
Denpasar
Mataram
4
Merauke
5
6
10
o
5
Kupang
10
12
14
12
14
Wilayah
Zone
: 0,03 g
Wilayah
Zone
Wilayah
Zone
: 0,10 g
: 0,15 g
Wilayah
Zone
Wilayah
Zone
: 0,20 g
: 0,25 g
Wilayah
Zone
: 0,30 g
3
2
1
16 o
16 o
94 o
96 o
98 o
100 o
102 o
104 o
106 o
108 o
110 o
112 o
114 o
116 o
118 o
120 o
122 o
124 o
126 o
128 o
130 o
132 o
134 o
136 o
138 o
140 o
Seismic Zones
Bedrock
acceleration (g)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,03
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
Soil Classification
Soil condition, where a structure is built
on it, has a very significant influence to the
level of seismic load to be considered.
According
to
SNI-1726-2002,
soil
conditions can be classified into three
types: soft soil, medium soil, and hard soil.
These three soil classifications can be
determined if the top 30 m of soil thickness
satisfies one of the requirements listed on
Table 2.
In Table 2, v s , N and S u are the
average values of each soil layer that can be
determined by using a weighting method
with the following equations:
12-4
vs
ti
i =1
m
... (3)
t i / v si
i =1
m
ti
i =1
..... (4)
ti / N i
i =1
m
Su
ti
i =1
m
..... (5)
ti / Sui
i =1
Type of soil
Hard soil
Medium Soil
Soft Soil
Special Soil
Average Standard
Penetration Test (SPT),
N
Average undrained
shear strength, S u
(kPa)
v s > 350
N > 50
S u > 100
15 < N < 50
v s < 175
N < 15
S u < 50
or, any soft soil profile where the total thickness is more than 3 m with
PI > 20%, wn > 40 % and Su < 25 kPa
Required special examination on every site
a max =
1080 e 0.5 M
(R + 25)1.32
. (6)
12-5
a max =
119 e 0.81M
(R + 25)1.15
.. (8)
. (9)
12-6
5
Tg
10
3.6
1,83
0.61M 1.66 +
log R + 0.167
R
R
. (11)
No
1
2
3
4
5
Peak Ground
Acceleration (g)
amax < 0.10
Level Level of
Score
Risk
Very
1
low risk
Low
0.10 amax < 0.20
2
risk
Medium
3
0.20 amax < 0.30
risk
High
4
0.30 amax < 0.40
risk
Very
5
amax 0.40g
high
risk
Table 4. The calculation results of peak ground acceleration based on SNI-1726-2002 in seismic zone 3
Boring
No.
BH1
BH2
BH3
BH4
BH5
BH6
BH10
BH11
BH12
BH13
Location
Watu
Tempuran
Pranti
BPKP-1
BPKP-2
Karangsemut
Segoroyoso
Bambanglipuro
Wijirejo
Krajan
Average
Soil
Bedrock
Peak Ground Level
SPT
Classification Acceleration Acceleration
of
Risk
(g)
(g)
(N )
27.53
Medium soil
0.15
0.257
3
0.225
3
36.85
Medium soil
0.15
0.288
3
18.60
Medium soil
0.15
0.269
3
24.00
Medium soil
0.15
0.263
3
25.90
Medium soil
0.15
0.247
3
30.50
Medium soil
0.15
0.15
0.238
3
33.20
Medium soil
0.15
0.261
3
26.47
Medium soil
0.15
0.245
3
31.13
Medium soil
0.259
3
26.93
Medium soil
0.15
12-7
40
20
40
60
10
10
10
15
15
15
20
25
Depth (m)
20
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
40
60
20
40
60
5
10
15
15
15
Depth (m)
5
10
Depth (m)
25
20
25
30
35
35
35
40
40
20
40
10
10
15
15
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
20
40
20
25
20
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
20
40
0
5
10
10
15
15
Depth (m)
20
25
20
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
12-8
60
40
Depth (m)
60
60
25
30
40
20
30
40
20
10
20
60
40
40
25
35
20
20
30
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
60
12-9
Table 5. The calculation results of peak ground acceleration based on Scenario 1 (BMG)
Boring
No.
BH1
BH2
BH3
BH4
BH5
BH6
BH10
BH11
BH12
BH13
Location
Highest Level
of
amax
Risk
(g)
0.322
4
0.302
4
0.300
4
0.241
3
0.241
3
0.263
3
0.245
3
0.316
0.281
0.289
3
3
Table 6. The calculation results of peak ground acceleration based on Scenario 2 (USGS)
Boring
No.
BH1
BH2
BH3
BH4
BH5
BH6
BH10
BH11
BH12
BH13
Location
Highest Level
of
amax
Risk
(g)
0.270
3
0.300
4
0.300
4
0.254
3
0.254
3
0.301
4
0.302
4
0.256
0.243
0.209
3
3
BH-4
BH-5
BH-10
BH-6
BH-12
BH-3
BH-11
BH-2
BH-1
BH-13
Epicenter
(BMG Version)
BH-4
BH-5
BH-10
BH-12
BH-6
BH-3
BH-2
BH-11
BH-13
Epicenter
(USGS Version)
BH-1
Epicenter
(BMG Version)
Figure 8. Peak ground acceleration distribution map based on the data from micro-tremor
survey for Scenario 1 (BMG).
Peak Ground Acceleration
amax < 0.10g
0.10g amax < 0.20g
0.20g amax < 0.30g
0.30g amax < 0.40g
amax 0.40g
Epicenter
(USGS Version)
Figure 9. Peak ground acceleration distribution map based on the data from micro-tremor
survey for Scenario 2 (USGS).