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EN
904L
254 SMO
4529
4565
654 SMO
1.4539
1.4547
1.4529
1.4565
1.4652
ASTM
N08904
S31254
N08926/N08367
S34565
S32654
Characteristic properties
General characteristics
High performance austenitic stainless steels differ substantially from more conventional grades with regard to resistance
to corrosion and, in some cases, also mechanical and physical
properties. This is mainly due to the high contents of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and nitrogen. High performance
austentic stainless steels have good weldability and excellent
formability.
Outokumpu manufactures a number of steels of this type:
904L, 254 SMO, 4565 and 654 SMO. Grade 4529 can
also be delivered if specified. The properties of 4529 are in
general terms very similar to those of 254 SMO.
Applications
Chemical composition
The typical chemical composition of Outokumpu grades are
shown in Table 1. The chemical composition of a specific steel
grade may vary slightly between different national standards.
The required standard will be fully met as specified on the
order.
Chemical composition
Outokumpu
steel name
Table 1
International
steel No
Cr
Ni
Mo Others
BS
DIN
NF
SS
2.1
4.1
4.3
6.1
6.5
4.5
7.3
1.5 Cu
Cu
Cu
5.5 Mn
3Mn, Cu
316S11
904S13
1.4404
1.4439
1.4539
1.4529
1.4565
Z3 CND 17-11-07
Z3 CND 18-14-05 Az
Z2 NCDU 25-20
2348
2562
2378
318S13 1.4462
Z3 CND 22-05 Az
Z3 CND 25-06 Az
2377
2328
Austenitic
ASTM
4404
4439
904L
254 SMO
4529
4565
654 SMO
1.4404
1.4439
1.4539
1.4547
1.4529
1.4565
1.4652
316L
S31726
N08904
S31254
N08926/N08367
S34565
S32654
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.14
0.20
0.20
0.45
0.50
17
18
20
20
20
24
24
10
13
25
18
25
17
22
Duplex
EN
Chemical composition, %
typical values
2205
2507
1.4462
1.4410
S32205*
S32750
0.02
0.02
0.17
0.27
22
25
5.7 3.1
7.0 4.0
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Microstructure
Mechanical properties
Table 2
Minimum values,
according to EN 10088
H
C
P (15mm)
H (4mm)
C (1mm)
260
300
600
50
155
280
330
600
45
150
340
370
700
54
163
254 SMO
Proof strength
Proof strength
Tensile strength
Elongation
Hardness
Rp0.2
MPa
300
300
320
340
Rp1.0
MPa
340
340
350
380
Rm
MPa
650
650
650
680
A5
% 40 35 35 50
HB
160
390
440
740
45
190
380
420
740
59
178
4529
Proof strength
Proof strength
Tensile strength
Elongation
Hardness
Rp0.2
MPa
300
Rp1.0
MPa
340
Rm
MPa
650
A5
% 40
HB
320
360
700
50
180
*
*
*
*
*
4565
Proof strength
Proof strength
Tensile strength
Elongation
Hardness
Rp0.2
MPa
420
420
420
440
Rp1.0
MPa
460
460
460
480
Rm
MPa
800
800
800
825
A5
% 30 30 30 55
HB
200
*
*
*
*
*
654 SMO
Proof strength
Proof strength
Tensile strength
Elongation
Hardness
Rp0.2
MPa
430
430
430
475
Rp1.0
MPa
470
470
470
510
Rm
MPa
750
750
750
860
A5
% 40 40 40 60
HB
200
520
590
950
59
226
904L
Proof strength
Proof strength
Tensile strength
Elongation
Hardness
Rp0.2
MPa
Rp1.0
MPa
Rm
MPa
A5
%
HB
Typical values
220
260
520
35
220
260
530
35
240
270
530
35
P = hot rolled plate. H = hot rolled strip. C = cold rolled coil and strip. *new product, typical values under establishment.
Tensile properties at elevated temperatures, minimum values according to EN, MPa
100C
200C
300C
400C
Rp0.2
904L
Rp1.0
Rm
Rp0.2
205
175
145
125
235
205
175
155
500
460
440
230
190
170
160
254 SMO
Rp1.0
Rm
270
225
200
190
615
560
525
510
Table 3
Rp0.2
4529
Rp1.0
Rm
Rp0.2
4565
Rp1.0 Rm
654 SMO
Rp0.2
Rp1.0 Rm
230
190
170
160
270
225
205
190
560
520
480
350
270
240
210
400
310
270
240
350
315
300
295
750
640
640
610
390
355
335
330
680
620
585
560
Physical Properties
In Table 4 typical values of some physical properties are given for 904L, 254 SMO, 4565 and 654 SMO.
Typical values according to EN 10088
Table 4
904L
Density
Modulus of elasticity
Linear expansion at (20 100)C
Thermal conductivity
Thermal capacity
Electric resistivity
g/cm3
GPa
x10-6/C
W/mC
J/kgC
m
8.0
195
15.8
12
450
1.0
254 SMO
8.0
195
16.5
14
500
0.85
4529
4565
8.1
195
15.8
12
450
1.0
8.0
190
14.5
12
450
0.92
654 SMO
8.0
190
15
11
500
0.78
40
4404
20
0
10
20 Stainless
30
40
High Performance
Austenitic
Steel
50
Corrosion resistance
Uniform corrosion
Temperature, C
100
80
60
254 SMO
40
4404
20
904L
0
10
HCI %
Fig. 3. C
Isocorrosion curves, 0.1 mm/year, in pure
Temperature,
100
hydrochloric acid.
80
Temperature, C
Temperature, C
80
100
904L
100
654 SMO
654 SMO
60
60
80
4404
80
40
904L
4404
60
4565
654 SMO
254 SMO
654 SMO
40
60
20
4404
400
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
4565
4404
90
100
H2SO4 %
4404
904L
20
40
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
654 SMO
254 SMO
20
254 SMO
4404
904L
20
0
4
254
10
HF %
SMO
H2SO4 %
Temperature, C
100
80
Temperature, C
100
254 SMO
60
80
904L
40
Temperature, C
80
100
654 SMO
60
80
4565
654 SMO
40
60
654 SMO
254 SMO
60
4404
4404
904L
20
0
40
10
4565
20
30
40
4404
10
50
10
HF %
20
30
40
50
20
40
0
5
4404
254 SMO
904L
10
15
654 SMO
20
25
30
35
254 H
SMO
2SiF6 %
904L
20 Fig. 5. Isocorrosion curves, 0.1 mm/year, in pure
0
fluosilicic
5
10acid. 15
20
25
30
35
H2SiF6 %
Table 5
Corrosion rate, mm/year
4404
904L
254 SMO
>5
1.2
0.05
Table 6
4404
904L
254 SMO
654 SMO
>6
0.47
0.27
0.06
Steel grade
Table 8
PRE
4404
4439
2205
904L
2507
254 SMO
4529
4565
654 SMO
25
33
35
35
43
43
45
46
56
90
80
70
60
50
Table 7
40
Steel grade
4404
4439
904L
254 SMO
0.88
0.29
0.06
0.01
30
20
10
Austenitic
2507
2205
LDX 2404
2304
LDX 2101
4565
654 SMO
4529
254 SMO
904L
4436
4404
0
4307
Duplex
Figure 8 illustrates to which approximate temperatures stainless steel can be used in aerated waters of varying chloride
content. It should be underlined that the resistance of a
material is also influenced by factors other than temperature
and chloride content. Examples of such factors are weld
defects, presence of oxide from welding, contamination of
the steel surface by particles of non-alloyed or low-alloyed
steel, microbial activity, pH and chlorination of water.
For very severe crevices, such as under the seals of plate
heat exchangers or inside threaded connections, the lines for
crevice corrosion will move to the left, i.e. lower chloride
content/temperature can be accepted.
60
50
40
Temperature, C
80
30
70 904L c
254 SMO c
60
20
904L p
50
10
40
0
2507
2205
LDX 2404
654 SMO
4565
254 SMO
904L
30
Austenitic
4404 p
2205 c
2205 p
20
100
Duplex
254 SMO p
4404 c
1000
Cl- ppm
10000
Fig. 7. Typical critical crevice corrosion temperature (CCT) according to ASTM G48
Method F. Test surfaces were dry ground
to 120 mesh. CCT varies with product
form and surface finish.
100000
Seawater
Conventional stainless steels such as 4307 and 4404 are sensitive to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) under certain conditions, i.e. a special environment in combination with tensile
stress in the material and often also an elevated temperature.
Resistance to SCC increases with the increased content of
above all nickel and molybdenum. This implies that the high
performance austenitic steels 904L, 254 SMO, 4565 and
654 SMO have very good resistance to SCC.
Different methods are used to rank stainless steel grades
with regard to their resistance to SCC. The results can vary
depending on the method and testing environment. The
resistance to stress corrosion cracking in a chloride solution
under evaporative conditions can be determined according to
the drop evaporation method. Here a salt solution is allowed
to slowly drip onto a heated specimen, being subjected to
tensile stress.
By this method the threshold value is determined for the
maximum relative stress resulting in rupture after 500 hours
testing. The threshold value is usually expressed as a percentage of the proof strength of the steel at 200C.
Figure 9 shows the results of such a test, where high performance austenitic steels and duplex steels offer considerably
better resistance to SCC than grade 4404, Figure 9.
100
80
60
40
20
<10
0
4404
2205
904L
Intergranular corrosion
Erosion corrosion
Galvanic corrosion
0.6
CuNi
70/30
0.4
Monel
Al-bronze
0.2
0.0
4
5
10
Area ratio 254 SMO /Metal
Fabrication
1000
Forming
Hot forming
654 SMO
900
4565
800
254 SMO
700
904L
600
500
4404
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
r-value
1
0.8
4404
0.6
904L
0.4
254 SMO
4565
0.2
654 SMO
0
0
45
90
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
904L
254 SMO
4565
654 SMO
4404
Characteristic temperatures, C
Table 9
904L
254 SMO
4529
4565
654 SMO
Hot forming**
Solution
annealing**
1150 - 850
1200 - 1000
1150 - 850
1200 - 950
1200 - 1000
1060 - 1140
1150 - 1200*
1120 - 1180
1120 - 1170
1150 - 1200
Pressure vessel
approval
-196 - +400
-196 - +400
-196 - +400
-196 - +400
RT - +427***
All these steels are well suited for welding and the methods
used for welding conventional austenitic steels can also be used
on 904L, 254 SMO, 4565 and 654 SMO. However, due to
their stable austenitic structure, they are somewhat more sensitive to hot cracking in connection with welding and generally
welding should be performed using a low heat input.
On delivery, sheet, plate and other processed products
have a homogeneous austenitic structure with an even distribution of alloying elements in the material. Solidification
after partial remelting, e.g. by welding, causes redistribution
of certain elements such as molybdenum, chromium and
nickel. These variations, segregation, remain in the cast
structure of the weld and can impair the corrosion resistance
in certain environments.
Segregation tendency is less evident in 904L and this steel
is normally welded using a filler of the same composition
as the base material and it can even be welded without filler. For 254 SMO, 4565 and 654 SMO, the variation for
molybdenum in particular is so great that it must be compensated for by using fillers, which have a higher content of
molybdenum. EN ISO Ni Cr 21 Mo Fe Nb type of filler is
normally used for welding 254 SMO and 4529 and
Table 10
Steel
grade
Welding consumables
Covered electrodes
ISO 3581
ISO 14172
Wires
ISO 14343
ISO 18274
904L
20 25 CuL
20 25 CuL
254 SMO
Ni Cr 21 Mo Fe Nb or
Ni Cr 25 Mo 16 or
P54*
Ni Cr 22 Mo 9 Nb
4529
Ni Cr 21 Mo Fe Nb or
Ni Cr 25 Mo 16 or
P54*
Ni Cr 22 Mo 9 Nb
4565
Ni Cr 21 Mo Fe Nb or
Ni Cr 25 Mo 16 or
P54*
Ni Cr 22 Mo 9 Nb
654 SMO
Ni Cr 25 Mo 16
Ni Cr 25 Mo 16
Avesta Welding designation. For use in certain oxidising environments, e.g. chlorine dioxide stage in pulp
bleaching plants, when welding 254 SMO or 4565.
Products
Outokumpu products
Table 11
254 SMO
904L
Product
Pipe fittings
4529
4565
654 SMO
Material standards
Table 12
EN 10028-7
EN 10088-2
Stainless steels Corrosion resisting sheet/plate/strip for general and construction purposes
EN 10088-3
EN 10088-4
Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for
construction purposes
EN 10088-5
Technical delivery conditiions for bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion
resistant steels for construction purposes
EN 10272
EN 10283
Forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges, forged fittings etc for high temperature service
Alloy and stainless steel bolts and nuts for high pressure and high temperature service
Welded austenitic steel boiler, superheater, heat exchanger and condenser tubes
ASTM A269
Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel tubing for general service
ASTM A276
Electric fusion-welded austenitic Cr-Ni alloy steel pipe for high temperature
ASME SA-403
ASTM A473
ASTM A743
ASTM A744
NACE MR0175
Norsok M-CR-630
VdTV WB 473
VdTV WB 537
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