Structural Analysis TYS Exp 249

2016
WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Civil Engineering
Structural Analysis
ILD and Rolling Loads
T1 : Solution
Figure (ii) shows in I.L.D. for the bending moment of C.
Height of the I.L.D. at C =
a (l a )
l
3 4 12
=
units
7
7
Max. +ve B.M. at C.

For the maximum positive (sagging) moment to occur at the section C, the loads should be place as shown
in figure (iii).
Max. +ve B.M. at C.

= 200
12
+ 80 1.37 kNm
7
= +452.46 kNm
Max. ve B.M. at C.
For this condition the loads should be placed as shown in figure (iv)
Max. ve B.M. at C.
12
+ 80 1.26 kNm
= 200
7
= 443.66 kNm
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3m
3 m 12
4m
2m
1.26
12
7
(I)
1.37
D
Mc
E (ii)
6
7
200 80
A
B
0.8
m
Position of loads for max positive BM at C
E (iii)
200 80
D
0.8
m
E (iv)
C
A
Position of loads for max negative BM at C
T2 : Solution
The reactions Va, Vb and the reacting moment Ma for the positions of the unit load on the RHS of C and LHS
of C are shown in figure.
When the unit load is on RHS of C distant x from C.
For this position of the unit load.
For B.M. at C to be zero,
Vb 4 1x = 0
x
4
Vb =
Va = 1
Ma =
x
4
x
10 1(6 + x)
4
3
x6
2
When the unit load is on LHS of C distant x from C.
For this position of the unit load.
Vb = 0, Va = 1 and Ma = 1(6 + x)
Influence line diagram for Vb
When the unit load is on RHS of C distant x from C,
Ma =
Vb = l
x
4
When x = 0, Va = 1, When x = 4, Va = 0
When the unit load is on LHS of C, Va = 1
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Civil Engineering Structural Analysis
Influence line diagram of Ma

Ma =
x
10 1(6 + x)
4
Ma =
3
x6
2
When x = 0, Ma = 6 and When x = 4 m, Ma = 0

When the unit load is on LHS of C distant x from C
Ma = 1(6 x)
When x = 0, Ma = 6 and When x = 6, Ma = 0
Influence line diagram for shear force at D
Sd = 1
x
4
When x = 0, Sd = +1 and When x = 4 m, Sd = 0

When the unit load is on LHS of C distant x from C and less than 2 m, Sd = +1
When the unit load is on LHS of D, Sd = 0
Influence line for bending moment Md at D
When the unit load is on RHS of C distant x from C
Md =
x
x
6 1(2 + x) = 2
4
2
When x = 0, Md = 2 and When x = 4 m, Md = 0

When the unit load is between C and D and distant x from C
Md = 1(2 x)
When x = 0, Md = 2 and When x = 2 m, Md = 0
When the unit load is on LHS of D, Md = 0
Maximum reaction at B due to live load
See I.L.D. for Vb
For maximum value of Vb the live load should cover atleast the part CB
Vb(max) = Rate of loading area of ILD covered by the live load
= 20
1
4 1 = 40 kN
2
Maximum reaction at A due to live load

See I.L.D. for Va
For maximum value of Va, the live load should cover the whole beam.
Va(max) = Rate of loading area of ILD covered by the live load
= 20 6 1 + 4 1
2
= 40 kN
Maximum Bending Moment Ma at A due to live load
See I.L.D. for Ma
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For maximum value of Ma, the live load should cover the whole beam.
Ma(max) = Rate of loading area of ILD covered by the live load
= 20
1
10 6 = 600 kNm
2
Maximum Shear Force Sd at D due to live load

See I.L.D. for Sd
For maximum value of Sd, the live load should cover at least the part DB
Sd(max) = Rate of loading area of ILD covered by the live load
= 20 2 1 + 4 1 = +80 kN
2
Maximum Bending Moment Md and D due to live load

See I.L.D. for Md
For maximum value of Md the live load should cover at least the part DB
Md(max) = Rate of loading area of ILD covered by the live load
= 20
1
6 2 = +120 kNm
2
1
Vb
Ma
1
Va
+
D
6
Sd
1
A
D
Md
C
C
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Arches
T1 : Solution
10t
C
D
yd
5m
VA
VB
8m
24 m
Let H be the horizontal reaction. Taking moments about A, we get

VB 24 = 10x
VB =
10 x 5 x
=
24 12
VA = 10
5 x 120 5 x
=
12
12
Taking moments about C, the crown, we get
or
5x
12 = H 5
12
H = x
Let 10 t is acting on the left side of point D.
Taking moments about D, the point 8 m from the left support
120 5 x
8 Hy 10 (8 x) = 0
12
...(1)
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But
yd =
or
yd =
4y c
l
x (l x ) =
45
8 16
24 24
40
m
9
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get

120 5 x
40
8x
10 (8 x) = 0
12
9
6(120 5x) 40x 90 (8 x) = 0
720 30x 40x 720 + 90x = 0
x = 0
Now, assuming 10 t is acting on the right side of point D.
120 5 x
40
8x
10 (x 8) = 0
12
9
6(120 5x) 40x 90 (x 8) = 0
720 30x 40x + 720 90x = 0
x = 9
i.e. load of 10t must be located at a distance of 9 m from the support.
B.M. under the load
M = Hy VA 9
H = 9t, y =
VA =
45
9 15 = 4.69 m
24 24
120 5 9
= 6.25 t
12
M = 9 4.69 6.25 9 = 14.04 t-m
T2 : Solution
A two hinged parabolic arch carrying a central concentrated load of 100 kN is as shown in figure.
Now, from equation of equilibrium Fy =0
VA + VB = 100 kN
Fx = 0
HA = HB
...(i)
...(ii)
MB = 0
VA 100 100 50 = 0
VA = 50 kN
100 kN
From equation (i)
VB=50 kN
As, we know that, the two hinged arch is a indeterminate

structure with one degree of indeterminacy.
So to find the horizontal reaction, we have to use
compatability equation.
Now take HA = H as redundant.
By compatability equation
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y
HA
h= 20 m
VA
l = 100 m
HB
VB
U
H
= AB = 0
Equation of parabolic arch is

y =
y =
4h
x (l x )
l2
4 20
(100)2
x (100 x ) = 0.008x(100x)
= 0.8x 0.008x2
dy
dx
tan =
4h
(l 2x )
l2
4 20
(100 2x )
(100)2
= 0.008 2(50x) = 0.016(50 x)

Bending moment at section x-x
Mx = VAx Hy = 50x Hy
Mx
= y
H
M2x dS
U =
2EI
U
H
50
M S
2
=
0 M H EI
50
dS
(50x Hy )( y) EI
0
50
0 =
50xy
0
50
H =
dS
dS
+ H y 2
EI
EI
dS
50xy EI
0
50
y
0
dS
EI
50
H =
50
(0.8x 0.008x )
2 2
50
dx
50x (0.8x 0.008x ) EI
50
0 (0.64x
0 (40x
dx
EI
0.4x3 dx
+ 6.4 10 5 x 4 0.0128x 3 dx
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50
x3
x4
40 3 0.4 4
50
x3
x4
5 x
0.64 3 + 6.4 10 5 0.0128 4
1041666.67
= 97.656 kN
10666.67
T3 : Solution
Let Va and Vb be the vertical reactions at the supports A and B. Let H be the horizontal thrust at each
support.
Val1 = Hh1 + Wa
Va = H
h1 Wa
+
l1
l1
Taking moments about C of the forces on the right side of C,

Vbl2 = Hh2
Vb = H
h2
l2
Adding equations (1) and (2),

h h Wa
Va + Vb = H 1 + 2 +
l1 l2 l1
Va + Vb = W
But
h h Wa
H 1+ 2+
l1 l2 l1
= W;
h h
a W (l1 a )
H 1 + 2 = W 1 =
l1
l1 l2
l1
H =
W (l1 a )
h h
l1 1 + 2
l1 l2
W l2 (l1 a )
W (l1 a )
;=
h1l1
h1l2 + h2l1
h1
l2
T4 : Solution
M
H
VA
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yc
B
L/4
L/2
L/4
H
x
VB
10

Equation of parabolic arch is
y =
4y c
x (L x )
L2
...(i)
and horizontal reaction

H =
Mydx
y dx
...(ii)
Numerator
=
Mydx =
3L/ 4
Mydx =
L/4
4y c 3L / 4
M Lx x 2 dx
L2
L/4
3L/ 4
4yc L 2 x3
M x
=
3 L/ 4
L2
2
11
4y c 9 3 27 3 L3 L3
My cL
=
M L
L
32
192
32
64
L2
24
Denominator
L
2
L
16y 2c L 2
2
4yc
2
y
dx
x (L x ) dx
=
= 2 x (L x ) dx =
4
L
0
0
0 L
L
16y 2c L 2 2
16y 2c 2 x 3 x 5
x4
4
3
+
x
L
x
2Lx
dx
L
2L
+
=
=
(
)
L4 0
4 0
L4 3 5
=
16y 2c L5 L5 L5
16 2
Lyc
+ =
4
30
L 3 5 2
Putting values in eq. (ii), we get

55 M
11
30 1
H = My cL
=
and V = 0
24
16 y 2cL
64 y c
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Methods of Structure Analysis
T1 : Solution
Consider BC as half of the symmetrically loaded span, the figure reduces to,
80 kN
15 kN/m
80 kN
1.5 m
1.5 m
15 kN/m
A
C
4m
2m
2m
4m
Fixed end moments:

2
MFAB = 15 4 = 20 kN-m
12
2
MFBA = + 15 4 = + 20 kN-m
12
Considering the beam BCB of span 4 m,

80 0.5 3.52 80 3.5 0.52
MFBC =
+
= 35 kN-m
42
42
80 kN
0.5 m
MFBC
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1.5 m
C
MFCB
12
MFCB = [80 0.5 35] = 5 kN-m

Beam AB
MAB = MFAB +
4 EI
2 EI
6 EI
+

4 A
4 B
4 AB
= 20 + 0 +
= 20 +
EI B
0
2
EI B
2
2 EI
4 EI
6 EI
A +
B
4
4
4 AB
= + 20 + 0 + EI B 0
= 20 + EI B
MBA = MFBA +
Beam BC (Ignore deflection c, c = 10)
MBC = MFBC +
= 35 +
EI
2 B
MCB = MFCB
= 5
EI
2 B
EI
2 B
EI
2 B
Equilibrium equation:
MBA + MBC = 0
(20+EI B)+( 35 +
EI
)
2 B
= 0
3
EI B = 15
2
EI B = 10 kN-m
MAB = 20 +
10
= 15 kN-m
2
MBA = 20 + 10 = 30 kN-m
MBC = 35 +
10
= 30 kN-m
2
MCB = 5 10/2 = 10 kN-m
15 kN/m
A
B
4m
30 kN/m
15 kN/m
RA
RB
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13
RB1 (4) + 15 = 15 (4) (2) + 30 RB1 = 33.75 kN

RA= 15 4 RB1 = 26.25 kN
80 kN
10 kN/m
1.5 m
2m
30 kN/m
RB2
RB2 = 80 kN
( Support C cannot given any reaction)
RB = RB1 + RB2 = 33.75 + 80 =113.75 kN
Assuming
and
+
A
SFD
33.75 kN
30 kNm
15 kNm
B
10 kNm
BMD
Alternate solution by moment distribution method
Beam
KAB : KBC =
4 EI EI 2 1
2
1
:
= : i.e.
and
4
2
2 2
3
3
AB
BA
BC
2/3
1/3
D.F.
CB
C.O.
1/2
F.E.M.
20
20
35
+ 10
+5
15 kNm
+ 30 kNm
30 kNm
10 kNm
Bal.
T2 : Solution
A
A
L
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C
L
14
From slope deflection equation

Assuming
and
MAB =
MBA =
MBC =
MCB =
2EI
(2A + B )
L
2EI
(A + 2B )
L
2EI
(2B + 0)
L
2EI
(B )
L
At joint B,
MBA + MBC = 0
or
or
2EI
( A + 2B + 2B ) = 0
L
4B + A = 0
A
0.004
=
radians
4
4
= 0.001 radians
= 0.001 radian (anticlockwise)
or
B =
2 25000
(2 0.004 0.001)
5
= 70 kNm
MAB =
50000
(0.004 0.002)
5
= 20 kNm
= 10000(2 0.001) = 20 kNm
= 10000 0.001 = 10 kNm
MBA =
MBC
MCB
10
70
A
20
20
70 kNm
10 kNm
20 kNm
BMD
Taking bottom face as reference face.
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15
T3 : Solution
P
L/2
L/2
Deflected
shape
PR
Let force generated in the spring be R. Complementary strain energy (U*) is given by,
L
U* =
R 2 1 M 2d x
+
2k 2 0 EI
From the theorem of least work,

dU *
= 0
dR
L
R
M dM
+
dx = 0
k 0 EI dR
(i )
(ii )
Here the term (i) denotes elongation in the elastic prop and term (ii) denotes deflection of beam end C
corresponding to direction of reaction
R x
L
M =
R x P x 2
Now,
0< x<
< x<L
2
x 0 < x < 2
dM
=
dR
x L < x < L
L
2
x0
= x 0< x<L
R
M dM
+
dx = 0
k 0 EI dR
L
[R P ( x L /2)]
R L / 2 Rx
+
x dx + x
x dx = 0
k 0 EI
EI
0
R
R
+
k 3E I
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L3 R 1 7L3 P 1 3L3 PL 1 3L2

+
+
=0
8 E I 3 8 E I 3 8 2E I 2 4
16
R RL3 7RL3 7PL3 3PL2

+
+
+
=0
k 24 EI 24 EI 24 EI 16 EI
R RL3 5PL3
+
=0
k 3 EI 48 EI
k =
Given
RL3
3 EI
5PL3
48 EI
1 1
R +
3
5P
48
RL3
EI
EI
L3
R =
when
R =
P
16 3 +
P
4
5
P
=
P
16 + 3
4
4 + 12 = 5
= 12
R
5P
16
kL
= EI
T4 : Solution
The structure is statically indeterminate to one. Taking H as redundant and assuming end B to be ON roller
support, H is given by,
y
H =
AE
L
L
...(i)
x
where
Now,
1 d
2 0 d x
...(ii)
M0 x
d2
=
EI
d x2
M0 x
d
+ C1
=
EI
dx
At
At
L =
=
x = 0, = 0
x = L, = 0
M0 x 2
+ c1x + c2
2 EI
C2 = 0
C1 =
M0L
2 EI
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M0L2 x
x
1
2 EI L L
Maximum deflection will occur at mid-span i.e. at x = L/2
max =
17
...(iii)
M0L2
(Downwards)
8 EI
...(iv)
M L2 1
2x
d
= 0 1
2 EI L
L
dx
M0L 2 x
1
2 EI
L
...(v)
Substituting (v) in (ii),

1 M 0L
L =
2 2 EI
2L
4 x2 4 x
1
+
L2 L d x
0
M02L2
4 3 2 2
M02L2 4L
L
(
L
)
(
L
)
=
2 L
L+
L
3
8( EI )2 3L2
8( EI )2
M02L2 4
1+ 2
8( EI )2 3
M02L2
24( EI )2
...(vi)
2 3
EA M0 L
H =
L 24( EI )2
Substituting (iv) in (i),

T5 : Solution
(i)
Analysing the given frame using moment distribution method.

Distribution factors
Joint Member Relative Stiffness Total R.S. DF
B
BA
BC
CB
CD
CE
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I 8I
=
5 40
I 5I
=
8 40
I 2I
=
8 16
3 I 2I
=
4 6 16
3 I 3I
=
4 4 16
13 I
40
7I
16
8
13
5
13
2
7
2
7
3
7
18
(ii)

Fixed end moments
M AB =
MBA =
50 2 32
= 36kNm
52
MBC =
MCB =
B
8 5
13 13
A
24
+36
80
15 82
= 80kNm
12
15 82
= 80 kNm
12
MCD =
MDC =
50 3 2 2
= 24 kNm
52
15 62
= 45kNm
12
15 62
= 45kNm
12
C
2 2
7 7
+80
D
45
C
3
7
45
45
22.5
24
+36
27.08
13.54
0.549
0.372
9.54
(iii)
+80 67.5
3.57 3.57
1.785
0.687
8.46
2.417 2.417
1.2085
0.744
0.464
0.3435
0.098 0.098
1.098
80
+16.92
64.922 64.922
82.71
73.58
5.36
0
3.626
0.1472
0
0
0
0
9.13
Bending moment diagram

Taking top face of the beam as reference face and outer face of the columns as reference face.
Taking simply supported span AB
50 3 2
Maximum moment under the load =
= 60 kNm (sagging)
5
64.922 9.54
Fixed moment under the load = 9.54 +
3 = 42.76925 kNm (hogging)
Resultant moment under the load = 60 42.7692 = 17.2308 kNm (sagging)

Taking simply supported span BC
Maximum moment =
15 82
= 120 kNm (sagging)
8
82.71 64.922
Fixed moment at centre = 64.922 +
4 = 73.816 (hogging)
8
Resultant moment at the centre of span BC = 120 73.816 = 46.184 kNm (sagging)
Taking simply supported span CD
Maximum moment = 67.5 kNm (sagging)
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Fixed moment at the centre = 73.58
19
73.58
= 36.79 kNm (hogging)
2
Resultant moment at the centre of span CD = 67.5 36.79 = 30.71 kNm (sagging)
46.184 kNm
64.922 kNm
82.71 kNm
73.58 kNm
30.71 kNm
64.922 kNm
C
9.13 kNm
17.2308 kNm
E
A
9.54 kNm
Bending Moment Diagram
T6 : Solution
There are no external loads acting on the portal frame except the sway force of 100 kN from left to right. So
only the sway analysis will be carried out.
Distribution Factors:
Joint Member Relative Stiffness Total Relative Stiffness Distribution Factor
I
I
=
4 4
4
1 I
I =
3
4 3
4
1 I
I =
3
4 3
5
1 I
I =
4
5 4
BA
B
BC
CB
C
CD
100 kN
7I
12
C
B
3
7
4
7
4
7
3
7
7I
12
100 kN
B B1
C
C1
C2
4m
A
D
4m
3m
D
3m
4m
Let the frame ABCD deflect to the position AB1 C1 D due to the sway force.
Let,
CC1 =
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20
In CC1C2,
cos =
CC2
CC1
4
BB1 = CC2 = cos =

C1C2 = sin =
MFAB =
MFBC
6EI BB1
l2
5 =M
FBA
16
6EI
=
4
4
3
6E I C1C2 6E I
24
3
3
5 =M
E
=
=
=
FBC
2
80
16
l
MFCD = MFDC =
5I
4 = 6EI = 24EI
25
20
80
6E
Ratio of fixed end moments for AB, BA, BC, CB, CD and DC
24EI
24EI 24EI 24EI
24EI
24EI
:
::
:
::
:
80
80
80
80
80
80
50 : 50 :: 50 : 50 :: 50 : 50
B
3
7
A
Col.(a)
50
50
C
4
7
3
7
4
7
50
50
50
D
50
Since the joints are balanced so there is no need to further distribution.

25 kN
25 kN
B
B
50 kNm
50 kNm
A
43.75 kN
50 kNm
25 kN
25 kN
4m
25 kN
50 kNm
25 kN
50 kNm
25 kN
25 kN
25 kN
Vertical reaction at D =
43.75 kN
25 kN
50 + 50
MBC + MCB
= 25 kN
=
4
LBC
( )
50 50
= 25 kN ( ) = 25 kN ( )
4
Horizontal reaction at A =
MAB + MBA
L AB
Horizontal reaction at D =
MCD + MDC VD 3
50 50 25 3
=
4
4
50 kNm
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21
= 43.75() = 43.75 kN ()
Let the sway force S be acting from left to right and then
HA + HD + S = 0
25 43.75 + S = 0
S = 68.75 kN ()
For a sway force of 68.75 kN, the sway moment are as per Col. (a)
For the actual sway force of 100 kN, the corresponding sway moments will be
100
Col. (a) moments
68.75
A
col. (a)
B
50
Actual sway moments

100 col. (a) 72.72
68.75
36.36 kN
36.36 kN
72.72 kNm
36.36 kN C
50
72.72 72.72
72.72 kNm
B
63.64 kN
50 50
72.72
63.64 kN
72.72 kNm
36.36
D
50
50
72.72 72.72
36.36 kN
C
63.64 kN
72.72 kNm
72.72 kNm
63.64 kN
36.36 kN
72.72 kNm
36.36 kN
36.36 kN
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
72.72 kN-m
Taking tension as positive and compression as negative.
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22
36.36 kN
B
63.64 kN
63.64 kN
B
36.36 kN
63.64 kN
63.64 kN
36.36 kN
A
36.36 kN
FBD for Axial force
cos =
4
3
and sin =
5
5
Axial force in CD = 36.36 cos + 63.64 sin = 67.272 kN

63.64 kN
B
67.272 kN
36.36 kN
Axial force diagram
T7 : Solution
Fixed end moments
MfAB =
5 102
= 41.67 kNm
12
MfBA
MfBC
MfCB
MfCD
MfDC
41.67 kNm
41.67 kNm
41.67 kNm
41.67 kNm
41.67 kNm
=
=
=
=
=
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23
Workbook
EI
L
= 27000 kNm
MBA = MFBA
= 62.5 +
MFAB 3E I
B
+
B
2
l
l
3E I
3E I
0.005
B
B
= 62.5 +
B
l
l
l
l
MBA = 22 + 81000 B
MBC = 41.667 +
= 41.667 +
...(1)
3 (C B )
2E I
2B + C
10
l
2 27000
l
2B + C
3 0.005
10
MBC = 122.667 + 108000 B + 54000 C
...(2)
MCB = 39.333 + 108000 C + 54000 B

MCD = 18.5 + 81000 C
...(3)
...(4)
Similarly,
Equilibrium equation
MBA + MBC = 0
MCB + MCD = 0
(From (1) and (2)
(From (3) and (4)
(From (A) and (B)
100.667 + 189000 B + 54000 C = 0
...(A)
20.833 + 189000 C + 54000 B = 0
...(B)
B = 5.457 104
C = 4.569 105
Final moment values are
MBA = 66.20 kNm; MBC = 66.2 kNm

MCD = 14.8 kNm; MCB = 14.8 kNm
33.782
+
66.2
43.36
+
3.676 m
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24
T8 : Solution
Analysing the given beam by slope-deflection method.
Fixed end Moments
MAB = 0; MBA = 0
MBD =
W 2L
WL
=
8
4
MDB = +
WL
4
Let the deflection at the hinge be ,

Slope deflection equations
MAB = MAB +
3
3
2EI
0 + BA = 0 +
BA
L
L
L
2EI
L
2EI
MBA = MBA +
L
2EI
3
= 0 + L
2BA + 0
L
2BA
L
MBD = MBD +
2EI
2L
EI
2 + 0 +
=
BD
2L
L
WL
2 BD +

2L
4
MDB = MDB +
2EI
2L
3
EI
3
WL
0 + BD + =
BD + +
2L
L
2L
4
Joint equilibrium conditions

From the above figure it is clear that both MBA and MBD are equal to zero
MBA = 0
MBD = 0
Shear equation:
W
C
VA
VD
Fy = 0
VA + VD W = 0
...(iii)
A
M BA
B
M AB
L
VA
M + MBA
VA = AB
VA =
[ MBA = 0]
MAB
L
W
M BD
B
...(i)
...(ii)
M
D DB
VD
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Workbook
VD =
MDB + MBD + WL
2L
VD =
MDB + WL
2L
25
[ MBD = 0]
Putting values of VA and VD in (iii), we get
M + WL
MAB
+ DB
W=0
L
2L
2MAB + MDB + WL 2WL = 0

2MAB + MDB WL = 0
2EI
L
4EI
L
EI
BA +
L
L
3
EI
BA +
L
L
WL
= WL
BD +
+
2L
4
3
3WL
BD +
=
2L
4
...(iv)
From (i), we have

MBA = 0
2EI
L
2BA
=0
L
= BA
3
L
Substituting this value in (iv), we get
3 2
2
4EI
EI
3WL
BD + BA =
BA 3 BA +
2 3
3
L
L
4
EI
4EI BA
3WL
+
( + BA ) = 4
L BD
L
4EIBA + EIBD + EIBA =

5BA + BD =
From (ii), we get
3WL2
4
3WL2
4EI
MBD = 0
EI
L
WL
=0
2 BD +

2L
4
EI
L
3 2
WL
2BD + BA =
2 3
4
BA + 2BD =
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... (v)
WL2
4EI
...(vi)
26
Solving (v) and (vi), we get

BA =
and
5 WL2
WL2
and BD =
36 EI
18EI
MAB =
3
2EI
BA
L
L
2
BA 3 BA
3
2EI
L
2EI
BA
L
2EI
5
WL2
L
36
EI
MAB =
5
10
WL =
WL
18
36
MDB =
EI
L
WL
BD +
+
2L
4
EI
L
3 2
WL
BD + BA +
2 3
4
EI
WL
BD + BA ) +
(
L
4
EI
L
7EI
WL
16
WL2
+
=
WL
L
4
36
36EI
MBD =
WL2
5 WL2
WL
18EI + 36 EI +
4
WL
9
5 WL
MAB
5
W
=
=
18
L
L
18
Also,
VA =
VD = W
13
5
W
W =
18
18
5 WL
18
10 WL
36
16
WL
36
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Workbook
Maximum simply supported BM in BD =

Net positive BM at C =
27
W (2L )
WL
2WL
=
=
2
4
4
5WL
WL
16WL
10WL
=
=
18
2
36 2
36
5
W
18
Shear Force Diagram
13
W
18
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Trusses
T1 : Solution
40 kN
X
I
30 kN
1.5 m
1.5 m
HA = 30 kN
3m
C
2
3m
D 3m
3m
30 kN
RA
Take a section xx as shown. The resulting free body diagram is as shown below
40 kN
J
P1
30 kN
P2
30 kN
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For reaction RA, take moments about E,
RA (12) + 30 (3)
RA
HA
Also,
Take moments about B,
P1 (3) 30 (3)
P1
Take moments about I,

P2 (3)
P2
29
= 40 (9) + 30 (3)
= 30 kN
= 30 kN
=
=
=
=
0
30 kN = 30 kN (comp)
30 (3) + 30 (3)
60 kN (Tension)
T2 : Solution
w = 5 kN/m
10 m
HB= H
HA = H
B
hc = 7.5 m
h2
RB= wL2
C
O
A
RA= wL1
L1
L2
L = 75 m
The position of lowest point 0 is given by,

1
10

1
L1 = L
= 25 m
= 75
2 8 7.5
2 8 hc
1
10

1
L2 = L
= 50 m
= 75 +
2 8 7.5
2 8 hc
(L L1 = 75 25 = 5 0 m)
H =
L2 5(75)2
= 468.75kN
=
8h
8(7.5)
Equation of cable profile is given by,
x2
2
5
2
y =
=
x
x
=
2 468.75
187.5
2 H
At x = L1 = 25 m,
At x = L2 = 50 m,
Length of the cable is given by,
h1 = 3.33 m
h2 = 13.33 m
S = L+
2 h12 h22
2 3.332 13.332
+
+ = 75 +
3 L1 L2
3 25
50
= 77.66 m
Cable tension at the two ends,
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TA =
(L1)2 + H 2 =
(5 25)2 + 468.752 = 485.13 kN
TB =
(L2 )2 + H 2 =
(5 50)2 + 468.752 = 531.25 kN

30
T3 : Solution
Using Unit Load Method
Let Ra and Rf be the vertical reactions at A and F.
Taking moment about A,
Rf 4 = 200 4 1 + 3
Rf = 200 1 + 3 kN
Ra = 200 3
Considering the joint F we conclude Pfb = 0
Pfe = 200 1 + 3 kN (compressive)
Considering the joint A,
Pab = 200 3 kN (tensile)

Pfa = 0
Joint B, resolving vertically,
Pbc sin 45 = 200 3
Pbc = 200 6 kN (tensile)
Resolving horizontally,
Pbe = 200 6 cos 45

= 200 3 kN (compressive)
Joint C, Resolving horizontally,
Pcd = 200 6 cos 45

= 200 3 kN (tensile)
Resolving vertically,
Pce = 200 6 cos 45

= 200 3 kN (compressive)
Joint D, Resolving vertically,
Pde sin 30 = 200

Pde = 400 kN (compressive)
To find the vertical deflection of the joint D, remove the given loading and apply a 1 kN load vertically at D.
The forces in the various members due to the application of a vertical load of 1 kN at D are shown in the
table.
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31
Taking tension as positive and compression as negative.

Member
AB
AF
BC
CD
DE
EF
BF
BE
EC
l (m)
200 3
0
3
0
200 6
200 3
400
6
3
2
200(1+ 3)
0
200 3
(1+ 3)
0
3
200 3
PKl
2400 3
0
4 3
4
4 2
4 3
8
4 3
8
4
3200 3 + 4800
0
2400
2400
Total
4800 6
2400 3
6400
12800 3 + 16000
Vertical deflection of D
=
PK l
AE
(12800
3 + 16000 1000
10000 200
= 19.085 mm
T4 : Solution
Step 1 : Apply external load after removing unit load and find member force.
FH = 0
RA + RA + 60 = 0
FV = 0
HD = 80 kN
FD = 0
RA + 8 + 80 6 = 0
RA = 60 kN
RD = 120 kN
Analysis of Member forces
FV
PBC 80 = 0
PBC = 80 kN
FH
= 0
PBA = 0
FH
= 0
= 0
PAC cos + 60 = 0
60
= 100 kN
6 /10
PAC =
PAC = 100 kN
FV
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= 0
PAC sin + PAD = 0

32
PAD = PAC sin

= (100)
8
= +80 kN
10
PAD = 80 kN
FH
= 0
PDC 120 = 0
PDC = 120 kN
Step 2 : Apply unit load at C in vertical direction after removing external load and find out member forces
MD = 0, RA + RC
= 0
FV = 0, HD = 1
MD = 0
RA 8 + 1 6 = 0
R A =
6
= 0.75
8
RD = 0.75
Analysis of Member Forces
Let be the angle between AC and CD.
Member AB and BC will be a zero force member
kBC = 0
kAB = 0
From
From
FV
= 0
kCA sin + 1 = 0
kCA = = 1.25
FH
= 0
kCD = kCA cos
From
1.25 3
= 0.75
5
= 0
kCD =
FV
kDA = 1
Increase in length of AD
= L T
= 8 0.6 105 120 m
= 5.76 103 m
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33
Hence
k (kN)
P (kN)
L (m)
AB
BC
CD
DA
CA
0
0
0.75
1
1.25
0
80
120
80
100
6
8
6
8
10
A ( mm
Member
200
200
200
200
150
PkL
AE
(L T)k
0
0
0
0
0
13.5 X 10 m
3
16 X 10 m
5.76 X 10
0
41.67 X 10
= 71.17 X 10
5.76 X 10
PkL
AE + k.L T
1 =
= 76.93 103 m = 76.93 mm

+ve value of means joint C will have deflection in the direction of unit load i.e. downwards.
T5 : Solution
No. of redundant = 1
External redundancy = 1
Choose RB as redundant
Steps for analysis are :
1.
Remove the redundant and analyze the truss due to external loads.
The member forces due to external loads are as shown in the figure below
10 kN
10 kN
5 kN
10
5 2
5
F
5 2
5 kN
2.
Remove the external load and apply unit load at B. [i.e. at support location below.]
Analyse the truss due to this load. The
1 member forces are as shown below.
D
2
1
F
2
1
A
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B
1
34
Thus
Member
AB
BC
pk
DG
GD
DA
GF
10
DF
5 2
AF
5 2
10
FC
PkL
AE
15l
AE
PkL
RB =
AE
2
k L
AE
k 2l 8l
=
AE AE
15
=1.875 kN
8
Member forces are tabulated as shown below

Member
Member forces = p + kRB
AB
BC
1.875
DG
1.875
GD
1.875
DA
+3.125
GF
10
DF
+7.07
AF
4.42
FC
2.65
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Matrix Methods of
Structural Analysis
T1 : Solution
To generate the first column of the flexibility matrix, apply a unit force at coordinate 1.
12
1
=
12E I E I
= 0
11 =
21
31 =
12
0.5
=
24E I
EI
41 = 0
To generate the second column of the flexibility matrix, apply a unit force at coordinate 2.
12 = 0
22 =
123
36
=
48E I E I
32 =
122
9
=
16E I E I
42 = 0
To generate the third column of the flexibility matrix, apply a unit force at coordinate 3.
13 =
12
0.5
=
24E I E I
23 =
122
9
=
16E I E I
12
4
=
3E I E I
43 = 0
All the elements of the fourth column of the flexibility matrix are zero, since the beam remains undeflected
with a unit force is applied at coordinate 4. Hence,
33 =
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36
14 = 24 = 34 = 44 = 0
The required flexibility matrix [] is given by the equation
[] =
0 0.5
1
0
36
9
1
E I 0.5 9
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
T2 : Solution
2
B
3
1
Stiffness: Amount of force moment required to produce unit deflection rotaton.

Dk = degree of kinematic indeterminacy
[No. of independent displacements (translational and rotational) possible in a structure]
Size of stiffness matrix = k[Dk, Dk]
To determine [k] matrix for the beam
[k] =
k11 k12
k
21 k 22
k 31 k 32
k11 = amount of moment required when far end is fixed =
k12 = moment due to unit settlement =
k13
k 23
k 33
4E I
L
6E I
(anticlockwise)
L2
k12 = k21 (As matrix is symmetric and validity of Maxwells reciprocal theorem)
k13 = 0 (as axial deformation wont produce)
k22 =
12E I
L3
( )
k23 = 0 = k32 (same reason as for k21 = k12)

k13 = k31
Stiffness Matrix :
[k] =
4E I
L
6E I
L2
6E I
L2
12E I
L3
AE
L
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37
Flexibility Matrix :
L
EI
L2
2E I
[] =
L2
2E I
L3
3E I
0
AE
T3 : Solution
The two independent displacement components are rotation at B and C. Hence degree of freedom is two.
Let us assign Co-ordinate to the independent displacement components
1
Let us restrain the complete structure and find out the forces developed in the restrained structure in the
Coordinate directions.
MFAB = 30
MFBA = +30
MFBC = 15
MFCB = +15
Net moment in direction (1) = M1 = 30 15 = 15 tm

Net moment in direction (2) = M2 = 15 tm
External moment at joint B and C are zero
[] = [k]1 [P]
Let us give unit displacement in Co-ordinate direction (1) without giving any displacement in direction (2)
k11 =
8E I
8
=
E I = 0.8EI
10
l
k21 =
2E I
= 0.2EI
l
Let us give unit displacement along (2) without giving displacement along (1)
k12 = 0.2EI
k22 = 0.4EI
Hence, stiffness matrix is
[k] =
0.8E I
0.2E I
0.2E I
0.4E I
[] =
0.8E I
0.2E I
0.2E I 15
0.4E I 15
[] =
1 10.714
E I 32.143
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38

Once the displacement are known, the end moments can be calculated using slope deflection equations
MAB = MFAB +
MAB = 30 +
MBA = 30 +
2E I
3
2A + B
l
l
2E I 10.714
0 = 32.1 tm
0
10
EI
2E I 2 10.714
+ 0 0 = 25.7 tm
10
EI
MBC = 15 +
2E I 2 10.714 32.143
0 = 25.7 tm
10
EI
EI
MCB = 0
The free body diagram will be as shown below
24t
32.1
12 (32.1 25.7)
10
= 11.36t
12.64t
12t
25.7
25.7
25.7
10
= 3.43t
8.57t
The loading on the beam is as shown below:

24t
12t
B
12.64 t
19.93 t
5m
5m
3.43 t
5m
5m
T4 : Solution
As the frame cannot sway, rotation at B and C are the unknown displacements.
Let as assign Co-ordinates at (B) and (C) as (1) and (2).
1
2
B
C
All the joints are locked and moments at (1) and (2) are calculated due to external
M1 =
5 3 22 16 4
= 5.6 tm
25
8
M2 = 8 tm
as no external moments are acting at (1) and (2) hence,
[] = [k]1 [P]
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39
Deriving Stiffness matrix

When unit rotation is given in direction (1) without giving rotation in direction (2).
k11 =
4E I 8E I
+
= 2.8E
5
4
k21 = E
When unit displacement is given in direction (2) without giving displacement in direction (1) we have.
k12 = E
k22 = 2E
Hence, the stiffness matrix is
[k] =
2.8E I
EI
[] = [k]1[P]
B

C
4.174
EI
6.087
E I
MAB = 3.6 +
Note :
EI
2E I
MFAB =
2E I
4.174
= 1.93 tm
0+
5
E I
5 2 32
52
MBA = 2.4 +
MBC = 8 +
MCB = 8 +
= 3.6 tm
2E I 2 4.174
+ 0 = 5.74 tm
5 EI
2E (2 I ) 2 4.174 6.087
= 5.74 tm
4
EI
EI
4E I 2 6.087 4.174
+
=0
4
EI
E I
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Structural Analysis TYS Exp 249

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2016

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ILD and Rolling Loads

Max. +ve B.M. at C.

Max. +ve B.M. at C.

Position of loads for max negative BM at C

Civil Engineering Structural Analysis

Influence line diagram of Ma

When x = 0, Ma = 6 and When x = 4 m, Ma = 0

When x = 0, Sd = +1 and When x = 4 m, Sd = 0

When x = 0, Md = 2 and When x = 4 m, Md = 0

Maximum reaction at A due to live load

Maximum Shear Force Sd at D due to live load

Maximum Bending Moment Md and D due to live load

Let H be the horizontal reaction. Taking moments about A, we get

Taking moments about C, the crown, we get

Substituting these values in equation (1), we get

6(120 5x) 40x 90 (8 x) = 0

720 30x 40x 720 + 90x = 0

6(120 5x) 40x 90 (x 8) = 0

720 30x 40x + 720 90x = 0

M = 9 4.69 6.25 9 = 14.04 t-m

From equation (i)

As, we know that, the two hinged arch is a indeterminate

Civil Engineering Structural Analysis

Equation of parabolic arch is

= 0.008 2(50x) = 0.016(50 x)

50x (0.8x 0.008x ) EI

Taking moments about C of the forces on the right side of C,

Adding equations (1) and (2),

Civil Engineering Structural Analysis

and horizontal reaction

Putting values in eq. (ii), we get

Methods of Structure Analysis

Fixed end moments:

Considering the beam BCB of span 4 m,

Civil Engineering Structural Analysis

MFCB = [80 0.5 35] = 5 kN-m

Beam BC (Ignore deflection c, c = 10)

MCB = 5 10/2 = 10 kN-m

RB1 (4) + 15 = 15 (4) (2) + 30 RB1 = 33.75 kN

Alternate solution by moment distribution method

Civil Engineering Structural Analysis

From slope deflection equation

Taking bottom face as reference face.

From the theorem of least work,

L3 R 1 7L3 P 1 3L3 PL 1 3L2

Civil Engineering Structural Analysis

R RL3 7RL3 7PL3 3PL2

Substituting (v) in (ii),

Substituting (iv) in (i),

Analysing the given frame using moment distribution method.

Civil Engineering Structural Analysis

Bending moment diagram

Resultant moment under the load = 60 42.7692 = 17.2308 kNm (sagging)

Fixed moment at the centre = 73.58

Bending Moment Diagram

Civil Engineering Structural Analysis

BB1 = CC2 = cos =

Since the joints are balanced so there is no need to further distribution.

Actual sway moments

Taking tension as positive and compression as negative.

Civil Engineering Structural Analysis

FBD for Axial force