2016

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

Try Yourself Questions

Civil Engineering
Soil Mechanics
& Foundation Engineering

Types and Properties of Soil

T1 : Solution

Rh = 24.5
Rh = 24.5 + 0.5 = 25
R = 24.5 2.50 = 22

D =

3000
(G 1) w

He
t

where D is in mm, He is in cm and t is in min.

For the present case,
h = 0.008 104 kN-s/m2,
He = 10.7 cm, G = 2.75 and w = 9.81 kN/m3; t = 30 min

He
H
3000 0.008 10 4

= 0.01182 e
t
t
(2.75 1) 9.81

D =

or

D = 0.01182

10.7
= 7.06 10 3 mm = 0.00706 mm
30

The percentage finer is given by

N =

100G
R where Md = mass of dry soil = 50 g
M d (G 1)

100 2.75
N = 50 2.75 1 22 = 69.1%
)
(

T2 : Solution
We have
Activity of clay A =

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Ip

(% Finer 0.002 mm size)

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Activity of clay B =

35 7
= = 1.4
25 5

3
...(i)

( I p )B

(% Finer 0.002 mm size)

20
= 0.5
40
Since activity of clay A is more than that of clay B, therefore clay A is more likely to undergo high volume
change so clay A has higher compressibility than that of B but permeability and rate of volume change are
smaller than that of clay B.

T3 : Solution
Given

= 2.15 mg/m3

(i)

d =

2.15

= 1.92 mg/m3
=
1 + 0.12
1+ w

(ii)

d =

G w
1+ e

1+e =

(iii)

e = 1.38 1 = 0.38
Se = wG
S =

(iv)Air content,

G w 2.65 1
=
1.92 = 1.38
d

wG
0.12 2.65
= 0.8358
=
e
0.38

S = 83.59%
ac = (1 S)
= 0.1641 = 16.41%

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Classification of Soils

T1 : Solution
Since more than 50% of the material is larger than 75 size, the soil is a coarse grained one.
Since more than 50% of coarse fraction is passing sieve 2.032 mm, it is classified as a sand. (This will be
the same as percent passing 4.75 mm sieve)
Since more than 12% of the material passes the 75 sieve, it must be SM or SC.
Now, it can be seen that the plasticity index, Ip is (20 12) = 8% which is greater than 7%. Also, if the
values of wL and Ip are plotted on the plasticity chart, the point falls above A-line.
Hence, the soil is to be classified as SC.
T2 : Solution
Plastic index,

Ip for soil S1 = wL wp = (38 18) = 20%

Ip for soil S2 = wL wp = (60 20) = 40%

Consistency index,
Ic for soil S1 =

(w L w ) = (38 40) = 0.1

Ic for soil S2 =

(60 50) = 0.25

20

40

The consistency index for soil S1 is negative, it will become a slurry on remoulding ; therefore, soil S2 is
likely to be a better foundation material on remoulding.
Flow index,
If for soil S1 = 10
If for soil S2 = 5
Toughness index,

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IT for soil S1 =

Ip
If

20
=2
10

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40
=8
5
Toughness index is greater for soil S2, it has a better strength at plastic limit.

IT for soil S2 =

T3 : Solution
(i)

Soil A: Percent of soil between 4.75 mm and 0.075 mm = 92 14 = 78%. Hence the soil is sandy,
with a symbol S.
Plasticity index = 16 8 = 8 > 7. Hence it is clayey sand, SC.

(ii)

Soil B: Since more than half is passing 75 micron sieve, it is a fine grained soil.
Also Ip = 58 14 = 44%.
Plotting the point wL = 58% and Ip = 44%, we find that the soil is CH group. Hence soil B is clay of
high compressibility.

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Soil Compaction

T1 : Solution
t = 19 kN/m3
w = 15%
G = 2.7
t =
19 =

G (1 + w )
w
1+ e
2.7 (1 + 0.15)
9.81
1+ e

e = 0.603
Se = wG
S =

0.15 2.7
= 0.671
0.603

Water content for full saturation

e
= 0.223
G
Additional water content required for full saturation
= 22.33 15 = 7.33%

w =

T2 : Solution

Air content, ac =
or,
Hence

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Va
= 0.06
Vv

Va = 0.06 Vv,
Vw = 0.94 Vv

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V
Va = 0.06 w = 0.0638 Vw
0.94

Thus

(15) 2 (12.5) = 2208.9 ml

4

V =

Volume of specimen,

V = Vs + Vw + Va
2208.9 = Vs + Vw + 0.0638 Vw = Vs + 1.0638 Vw

Now,
Writing volume in terms of mass,

2208.9 =

Ms
M
+ 1.0638 w
1.0
(2.68 1.0)

2208.9 =

Ms
+ 1.0638 0.1 M s
(2.68)

Substituting Mw = 0.10 Ms,

Ms = 4606.54 gm
M = Ms + Mw = 4606.54 + 460.65 = 5067.19

or
Mass of wet soil,

M 5067.19
=
= 2.294 gm/ml
V
2208.9

Bulk density,

Dry density,

d =

2.294
=
= 2.085 gm/ml
1 + w 1 + 0.10

e =

Gw
2.68 1.0
1=
1 = 0.285
d
2.085

and void ratio,

Mw = 460.65 gm

T3 : Solution
The embankment should be constructed by compacting the soil obtained from borrow pit the optimum
moisture content and the corresponding maximum dry density. But the natural moisture content of the
existing soil is less than its OMC. Hence a certain amount of water is to be added to the soil before the
compaction.
Borrow Pit

From Embankment
Air

Air
Vv
Vb

Vs

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Water

wWs

Solid

Ws

Water

wWs

Solid

Ws

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Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

For embankment:

Data given, (d ) = 1.66 gm/cc

OMC = w = 22.5%

W
(d)max = s = 1.66 gm/cc
V

The weight of water,

For borrow pit area:

W s = (1.66 100) = 166 tonn

Ww = wWs = (0.225 166) = 37.35 tonn
t = bulk density = 1.78 gm/cc = 1.78 t/m3
w =9%
t = 1.78 =

Therefore,
Volume of borrow pit,

Vb =

Ws (1 + w )
(Vb )

166(1 + 0.09)
= 101.65 m 3
1.78

Weight of water available from this soil

Ww = (Ws w) = (166 0.09) = 14.94. tonn.
Therefore quantity of water to be added = (37.35 14.94) = 22.41 tonn.
w = 1 gm/cc
= 106 tonne/cc = (106 1000) tonne/lit. = 103 tonne/lit.

Volume of water to be added =

Weight of water 22.41

=
= 22410 litre
Density of water 10 3

T4 : Solution
Data given :

Volume of the mould =

(12) 3 (2.54) 3
1
= 943.89cc.
cft =
30
30

In the loosest state:

t =

Bulk density,

(3363.6 2100)
= 1.339 gm/cc
943.89

1.339
t
= 1.206 gm/cc
=
Min. Dry density (d)min. =
1 + w (1 + 0.11)
In the densest state:

Bulk density,

(d)max =

(3857.4 2100)
= 1.862 gm/cc
943.89

1.862
= 1.677 gm/cc 1.862 = 1.6779 gm/cc
(1 + 0.11)
1.11

In-situ density of the soil = 1.61 gm/cc

w = 7%
In-situ dry density,
Relative density,

d =

RD =

1.61
= 1.505 gm/cc
(1 + 0.07)
( d ) max d ( d ) min
100
d ( d ) max ( d ) min

1.677 (1.505 1.206)

100 = 70.74%
=
1.505 1.677 1.206

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Effective Stress, Capillarity and

Permeability

T1 : Solution
Let x be the depth of ground water table initially.

Total upward water force on the sand stratum at the bottom of excavation

4.2 m

6m

= (6 x) w
Total downward force at the bottom of excavation
= Weight of soil in saturated condition
= sat (6 4.2)
= (sub + w) 1.8
When quicksand condition occurs, then total upward water force becomes equal to total downward force
i.e.
(6 x) w = (sub + w) 1.8

(6 x) 10 = (11 + 10) 1.8

6m

5m

21 1.8
10

x =6

x = 2.22 m

Similarly, if the depth of displaced ground water table is y from the surface, then
(6 y) w = (6 5) (sub + w)

(6 y) 10 = 1 (11 + 10)

y = 6 2.1

y = 3.9 m

Lowering of water table = y x

= 3.9 2.2
= 1.7 m

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Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

10

T2 : Solution
Given

kH =
kV =

kH
kV

Layer 1

k1 = y

Layer 2

2x

k2 = 2y

Layer 3

4x

k3 = 4y

k 1x + k 2 .2 x + k 3 .4 x
y x + 4y x + 16y x 21
=
y
=
x + 2x + 4x
7x
7
7
7 xy
7x
x + 2x + 4x
=
=
= y
x 2x 4x
3
x 2 x 4x
3x
+
+
+
+
y 2y 4 y
k1 k 2 k 3

21y
9
7y
=
=
7y
7
3y

T3 : Solution

k=
Discharge velocity,
Seepage velocity,

Q L 1 45 16 1

= 2.22 10 2 cm/s
. . =
t h A 18 30 60

v = ki = k
vs =

30
h
= 2.22 10 2
= 4.17 10 2 cm/s
l
16

v 4.7 10 2
=
= 10.42 10 2 cm/s
n
0.4
n13

Again

(1 n1 )
e13
1+ e2
k1

=
=
3
k 2 1 + e1
e2
n 23

(1 n 2 ) 2

n 23

or,

k2 = k 1

(1 n 2 ) 2
n13

0.35 3
= 2.22 10 2

(1 0.35)2
0.4 3

= 1.26 10 2 cm/s

(1 0.4) 2

(1 n1 ) 2

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Seepage Analysis

T1 : Solution
2H
x 2

=0

Integrating both sides, we get

H
= C1
x

...(i)

Integrating again
At

H = C1x + C2
x = 0, H = 5
5 = C2

At

x = 0,

dH
= 1
dx

From eq. (i)

C1 = 1
H = x + 5

At x = 1.2 m

H = 5 1.2 = 3.8 m

T2 : Solution
kz
=
kx

3.6 10 7
8 10 7

D = D

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= 0.67

kz
= 45.46 0.67
kx
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Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

12

D = 30.4582 m
S=

D2 + H 2 D =

(30.4582) 2 + (14) 2 30.4582 = 3.063 m

q = kS
k =

k xk z = 8 10 7 3.6 10 7 = 5.366 10 7 cm/s

= 5.366 109 m/s

q = 5.366 109 3.063 m3/s/m = 16.438 109 m3/s/m
Total head = 14 m
3
14 = 11.67 m
18
Total head = Pressure head + elevation head

Total head at x = 14

Px
11.67 = + 6
w

Px
w = 5.67 m

Px = 5.67 w = 56.7 kN/m2

T3 : Solution
From the Figure,

Nf = No. of Flow channels = 5

Nd = No. of Head drop = 16

K = 0.015 cm/sec =

0.015 10 2
= 12.96 m/day
1

86400

H = 5m
N
5
q = KH f = 12.96 5 = 20.25 m 3 / day / m
16
Nd

Total quantity of seepage loss per day = q Width = 20.25 55 = 1113.75 m3/day
The avg. length of smallest flow element adjacent to the weir = 1.2 m.

Exist Gradient, ie =

Critical Hydraulic Gradient,

G 1 2.65 1
=
= 0.79
ic =
1 + e 1 + 1.08

Factor of safety against piping =

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h H
5
=
=
= 0.26
l
N d l 16 1.2

ic 0.79
=
= 3.04
ie 0.26

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13

T4 : Solution

k = 0.002 cm/sec

(i) Data Given

0.002 10 2
= 1.728 m/day
1

86400

H
Nf
Nd
q

Head available

=
=
=
=

4 0.5 = 3.5 m
No. of Flow channels = 7
No. of potential drop = 12
Quantity of seepage loss per unit width of sheet piles

N
7
3
= kH f = 1.728 3.5 = 3.53 m /day

12
Nd
(ii) Initial piezometric head at the ground level on upstream side = 4 m
Head drop between two equipotential lines
=

3.5
Head Diff n
= 0.2917 m
=
12
(No. of head drops)

No. of Head drop at the point A = 3

Head loss at A = 3 ( 0.2917) = 0.875 m

Residual head at A = (Initial head head loss) = (4 0.875) = 3.125 m

Similarly the piezometric head at B, C and D are calculated below:

B = 4 5 0.2917 = 2.542 m

Piezometric head at

at
C = 4 10 0.2917 = 1.083 m
at
D = 4 10 0.2917 = 1.083 m
The point E lies in between the 5th and 6th flow lines.
Hence the piezometric head at E should be obtained by linear Interpolation.

7 + 8
Avg. no. of Head drop at E =
= 7.5
2

Piezometric head at E = 4 ( 7.5 0.2917) = 1.812 m

(iii) Avg. length of the smallest flow element near the downstream end = 1.1 m

h 0.2917
=
= 0.265
ie =
l
1.1

Exit gradient,
(iv) The Critical Hydraulic Gradient

G 1 (2.67 1)
=
= 0.856
ic =
1 + e 1 + 0.95

F.O.S. Against Piping =

ic 0.856
=
= 3.23
ie 0.265

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Stress Distribution in Soils

T1 : Solution
We know that,

z =

Point P, r/z = 0

z =

Point R, r/z = 5/6

z =

3Q
1

2
5/ 2
2 z
1 + (r / z ) 2
3 2000
2 (6)

1
[1 + 0]

5/2

= 26.53 kN/m 2

3 2000
1

= 7.1kN/m 2
2
2
2 (6)
[1 + ( 5 / 6) ]5 / 2

T2 : Solution
2

We know that

2q
1

z =
2
z 1 + ( x /z )

At point P,

2 120
1

= 12.40 kN/m2
z =
3.5 1 + (2/3.5) 2

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Compressibility and
Consolidation

T1 : Solution
m = c z 0
c = ( m z 0 )

z 0 = Effective stress at the level under consideration,

Where,
For sample A
2m

= 18.3 kN/m3
4m
= 19.0 kN/m3

7.0 m

z 0 = (2 18.3) + (19 10) 2 = 54.6 kN/m2

m = ( c z 0 ) = (101 54.6) = 46.4 kN/m2

At the centre of first layer effective stress before application of proposed fill
0 = 2 18.3 + 3.5 (19 10) = 68.1 kN/m2

0 = After placing the proposed fill

= (8.5 20.3) = 172.55 kN/m2

Final stress at centre = ( 0 + 0 ) = (68.1 + 172.55) = 240.65 kN/m2

Pre consolidation stress at the point = ( m + 0 ) = 68.1 + 46.4

c0 = 114.5 kN/m2
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Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

16

Settlement of first layer

H1 =

+ 0
c C H
CrH0
log10 0 + c 0 log10 0

0 1 + e 0
(1 + e 0 )
C0

0.08 7 114.5 0.25 7

240.65
log
log10
+

114.5
1.66
68.1
1.66

= (0.076 + 0.340) = 0.4160 m

For sample B

m = ( c z 0 )

= 510 (2 18.3 + (19 10) 7 + 10 (19.0 10))

= 320.4 kN/m2
Preconsolidation stress

= ( m + 0 )

= (320.4 + 2 18.3 + 9 7 + 9 10) = 510 kN/m2

Final stress at the centre of clay of sample B
= ( 0 0 )
= (189.6 + 8.5 20.3) = 362.15 kN/m2
If is evident that, preconsolidation stress is more than final stress at this level. Therefore only
preconsolidation settlement will occur.

H2 =

=
Total settlement

Cr H 0

(1 + e 0 )

+ 0
log10 0

0.06 18
362.15
log10
= 0.2251m
180.6
1.45

H = (H1 +H2) = (0.416 + 0.225) = 0.641 m = 641 mm

T2 : Solution
Data Given

0 = 2 kg /cm2
= 4 2 = 2 kg/cm2
Cc = 0.009(wL 10) = 0.009(45 10) = 0.315

we have

Cc =

4
2 + 2
e = C c log10
= 0.315log10 = 0.095
2
2

e
0 +
log10
0

Final void ratio,

ef = e0 e = (1.25 0.095) = 1.155
(ii) Let H be the consolidation settlement of the clay layer
e
H
=
1
+
H
( e0 )

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H =

2 0.095 100
= 8.44 cm
(1 + 1.25)
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17

(iii) In the pressure range of 2 to 4 kg/cm2

mv =

e
0.095
1
=

(1 + e 0 ) (1 + 1.25) 2

= 0.021 cm2/kg
k = 2.8 107 cm/sec
w = 1 gm/cc = 103 kg/cc

k
2.8 10 7
2
Cv = m
=
( v w ) (0.021 10 3 ) = 0.0133 cm / sec

For 50% consolidation

T50 =

(0.5) 2 = 0.197
4
2

200
0.197
2
Tv h 2
t=
=
sec
Cv
0.0133

t = 148120.3008 sec = 1.71 days

T3 : Solution
Raft

G.L.

8m

6m

1.2 m
3
d = 1.90 t/m

9.2 t/m

2m

Sand

sat = 2.10 t/m

Sub layer - I

Clay

Sub layer - II

e0 = 0.72, G = 2.71

Sub layer - III

wL = 42%, Cv = 2.2 10

cm /sec

Impervious shale

The clay layer is divided into three sub layers of thickness 2 m each.
For the settlement of each layer
We have

H =

H 0C c
+
log 0
(1+ e 0 ) 0

The computation of settlement for the first sub layer

Cc = 0.009 (wL 10)
Cc = 0.009 (42 10) = 0.288
e0 = 0.72
H0 = 2m = 200 cm

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Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

18

Depth of middle of the sub-layer-I below:

GL = 8 +

2
=9m
2

0 = Initial effective overburden stress at a depth of 9 m

below G.L
= (d h1 + sub h2+ clay h3)
sat = 2.10 t/m3 ; w = 1.0 t/m3
sub = (2.10 1.0) = 1.10 t/m3

clay =

Using 2 : 1 Dispersion Method

(G + e) w (2.71 + 0.72) 1
=
= 2.0 t/m 3
(1 + e)
(1 + 0.72)

0 = 1.9 2 + 1.10 6 + (2 1) 1 = 11.4 t/m2 = 1.14 kg/cm2

2

q = 9.2 t/m

Z = (9 1.2)
= 7.8 m

2
1

Z/2

H1 =

Z/2

qBL
(B + Z )(L + Z )
9.2 8.5 13.6
= 3.05 t/m 2 = 0.305 kg/cm 2
(8.5 + 7.8) (13.6 + 7.8)
0.288 200
1.14 + 0.305
log10
= 3.45 cm

(1 + 0.72)
1.14

Similarily for second layer

q = 9.2 t/m

Z = (11 1.2)
= 9.8 m

0 = (dh + sub h2 + clay h3)

= ( 1.9 2 + 1.10 6 + 1 3) = 13.4 t/m2 = 1.34 kg/cm2
=

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qBL
(B + Z )(L + Z )
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H2 =
Similarly for Third sub layer

19

9.2 13.6 8.5

= 2.48 t/m2 = 0.248 kg/cm2
(13.6 + 9.8)(8.5 + 9.8)
0.288 200
1.34 + 0.248
log10
= 2.47 cm

(1 + 0.72)
1.34

0 = (d h1 + sub h2 + clay h3)

= (1.9 2 + 1.1 6 + 1 5) = 15.4 t/m2 = 1.54 kg/cm2
=

h3 =

qBL
(B + Z )(L + Z )
9.2 13.6 8.5
= 2.06 t/m2 = 0.206 kg/cm2
(13.6 + 11.8) + (8.5 + 11.8)
0.288 200
1.54 + 0.206
log10
= 1.83 cm

(1 + 0.72)
1.54

Probable settlement of the clay layer

H = (H1 + H2 + H3) = (3.45 + 2.47 + 1.83) = 7.75 cm
(ii) Degree of consolidation corressponding to a settlement of 5 cm

U=

5
100 = 64.52%
7.75

The corresponding time factor

Tv = 1.781 0.933 log10 (100 64.52)

Tv = 0.335
As single drainage condition prevails at site
2
T H 2 0.335 ( 600)
=
t= v
= 634 days

Cv
2.2 10 3

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Shear Strength of Soils

T1 : Solution
Undisturbed state

f = c
qu

Initial Area of cross section of the sample,

A0 = (3.75) 2 = 11.04 cm 2
4

Axial strain at failure,

L
0 =
L

0.9
0 =
= 0.12
7.5

7.5 cm

3.75 cm

A0
11.04
Ac =
=
= 12.55 cm 2
(
(1 0 ) 1 0.12 )

Corrected area,

P = 116.3 kg

P 116.3
2
Normal stress at failure =
=
= 9.27 kg/cm
Ac 12.55

Unconfined compressive strength, qu = 9.27 kg/cm2

and

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q u 9.27
2
= 4.63 kg/cm
Cohesion, c = =
2
2

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Workbook
(b) In Remoulded state :
Axial deformation = 1.15 cm

21

P = 68.2 kg

1.15
a =
= 0.153
7.5

Axial strain,

7.5 cm

A0
11.04
=
= 13.03 cm 2
(1 a ) (1 0.153)

Corrected area,

Ac =

unconfined compressive strength,

P 68.2
2
qu = u =
= 5.23 kg/cm
Ac 13.03
q 5.23
2
c = u =
= 2.62 kg/cm
2
2

and cohesion,

Sensitivity =

Strength in the undisturbed state

Strength in the remoulded state

9.27
= 1.77
5.23
As the value of sensitivity lies between 1 and 2, the soil is classified as a low sensitive soil.

T2 : Solution

Vanes

Data Given H = 11.25 cm

In undisturbed state,
For a cohesive soil

D = 7.5 cm
T = 417.5 kg.cm
= 0

Therefore, for two way shearing,

S=c=

S=c=

S=c=

T
H D

D 2 +
2 6

T
11.25 7.5
(7.5) 2
+
6
2

417.5
= 0.34 kg/cm 2
1214.91

In the Remoulded state, T = 283.2 kg.cm

S=

T
283.2
2
=
= 0.233 kg/cm
1214.91 1214.91

0.34
Sensitivity (St ) =
= 1.46
0.233

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Lateral Earth Pressure and

Retaining Walls

T1 : Solution
At point B,

K0 = 1 sin = 1 sin 30 = 0.50

z = 2 17 = 34 kN/m2, u = 0
p0 = K0 z = 0.5 34 = 17 kN/m2

At point C,

z = 2 17 + 19 2 = 72 kN/m2

p0 = K0 z = 0.5 72 = 36 kN/m2
The pressure distribution diagram is shown below, the diagram has been divided into 3 parts, let P1, P2 and
P3 be the total pressure due to these parts. Thus

P1 =

1
17 2 = 17 kN
2

(1)

P2 = 2 17 = 34 kN
P3 =

1
19 2 = 19 kN
2

Total,
P = P1 + P2 + P3 = 70 kN
The line of action of P is determined by taking moments about C.
17 2.67 + 34 1.0 + 19 0.67
z =
70
= 1.32m (from base)

(2)

(3)

17.0 kN/m

19.0 kN/m

T2 : Solution
Sand silty layer
pa = K a Z 2c K a
at Z = 0,
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pA = 2c K a
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23

1 sin20
Ka =
= 0.49
1 + sin20

pA = 2c K a = 2 1.0 0.49 = 1.40 t/m 2

pB = K a Z 2c K a

= ( 0.49 1.85 1.9 2 1.0 0.49 ) = 0.32 t/m 2

Hc =

2c
2 1.0
=
= 1.54 m
K a (1.85 0.49 )

(ii) Loose Sand Layer:

Ka =
2

1 sin30 1
=
(1 + sin30) 3

Equivalent surcharge q1 = 1h1 = 1.85 1.90 = 3.515 t/m2

pB = Ka q1 =
2

1
3.515 = 1.172 t/m 2
3

pC = (Ka q1 + Ka 2H2) = 1.172 + 1 1.72 1

2
2

3
= (1.172 + 0.573) = 1.745 t/m2
(iii) For Dense sand layer:
Equivalent surcharge

q2 = (1.85 1.9 + 1.72 1) = 5.235 t/m2

pC = (Ka q2)

Ka =
3

(1 sin36)
= 0.2596
(1 + sin36)

pC = (0.2596 5.235) = 1.36 t/m2

pD = (Ka3 q2 + Ka3 H3)
= (1.36 + 0.2596 1.88 1.6) = 2.14 t/m2
A

1.40

1.54 m

1.9 m

P1

0.32

1.0 m

P2

C
1.6 m
D

1
(1.9 1.54) 0.32 = 0.06 tonne/m
2

P2 = (1.17 1.0) = 1.17 tonne/m

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P3

0.573

1.36

PA
Y

P1 =

1.17

P4
1.36

0.75 t/m

0.35

Y1 = 2.6 +
= 2.72 m
3
Y2 = 1.6 +

1
= 2.1 m
2

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Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

24

P3 =

Y3 = 1.6 + = 1.93 m
3

1
(0.573 1) = 0.2685 tonne/m
2

P4 = (1.36 1.6) = 2.18 tonne/m

P5 =

1
0.78 1.6 = 0.62 tonne/m
2

PA =

p i = (P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 ) = 4.30 tonne/m

Y4 =

1.6
= 0.8 m
2

Y5 =

1.6
= 0.53
3

i =1

Y =

(P1Y1 + P2Y2 + P3Y3 + P4Y4 + P5Y5 )

PA

(0.06 2.72 + 1.17 2.1 + 0.2685 1.93 + 2.18 0.8 + 0.62 0.53)
4.30

Y = 1.21 m
The point of application of PA = 4.30 tonne is located at 1.21 m above the base of the wall.
T3 : Solution
A
I
1 = 17.6 kN/m3

2.5 m

c = 15 kN/m
B
II

c = 20 kN/m

1.5 m

= 19.2 kN/m

2
3

For Soil I

pa = K a Z 2c K a
1 sin0
Ka =
=1
1 + sin0

KP =
At Z = 0,

1
=1
Ka

pA = 2c K a = 2 15 = 30 kN/m2

pB = K a z 2c K a
At Z = 2.5 m

pB = (1 17.6 2.5 30) = 14.0 kN/m2

H0 =

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2c
2 15
=
= 1.705 m
K a 17.6 1
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25

For soil III

1 sin0
Ka =
= 1.0
2
1 + sin0
q = h = (17.6 2.5) = 44 kN/m2

Equivalent surcharge

pb = (K a2 q ) 2c K a 2 = (1 44 2 20) = 4 kN/m2
pc = (K a2 ( 1h1 + 2h2 ) 2c K a2

At point C

= 1 (17.6 2.5 + 19.2 1.5) 2 20 1

= 44 + 28.8 40 = 32.8 kN/m2
2

30 kN/m

2.5 m

14 kN/m

b
d

4 kN/m

1.5 m

32.8 m kN/m

The total active thrust when crack has developed

PA =

1
(4 + 32.8)
14(2.5 1.705) 1 +
1.5 = 33.165 kN/m
2
2

T4 : Solution
= 16 kN/m3, = 35, = 10, = 90 85 = 5, = 0

sec cos( )

Ka =

sin( + )sin( )
cos( + ) +

cos( )

sec 5 cos(35 5)
= 0.2877
=

sin(35 + 10)sin(35 0)
cos(5 + 10) +

cos(0 5)

Pa =

1
1
Ka H2 = 0.2877 16 (5)2 = 57.54 kN/m
2
2

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10

Stability of Earth Slopes

T1 : Solution
Data Given
= 35, H = 15 m,

= 15, c = 200 kN/m2, = 18 kN/m3, Sn = 0.06

c
Sn = m
H

We know that

0.06 =

cm
(18 15)

cm = (0.06 18 15) = 16. 2 kN/m2

Factor of safety w.r.t cohesion
c 200
=
FC =
= 12.34
c m 16.2

T2 : Solution
X
= 6

X
Y
Z

Z
Y

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Workbook
Effective stress at point,
Shear stress at at point,
Shear strength of the soil on YY

= (sub Z cos2)
= satZ cos sin

f = ( tan + 0 ) = sub Z cos 2 tan

Factor of safety,

Data Given :

27

F = f

F=

sub Z cos 2 tan

(
tan )
= sub
sat Z cos sin
( sat tan )

=
G=
e=
=

16
2.70
0.72
35

sub =

(G 1) w
(1 + e)

sub =

(2.70 1) 1
= 0.988 t/m 3
(1 + 0.72)

sat =

(G + e) w (2.70 + 0.72) 1
=
= 1.99 t/m 2
(1 + e )
(1 + 0.72)

F=

(0.988 tan35)
= 1.21
(1.99 tan16)

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11

Shallow Foundations

T1 : Solution
G.L

Let, q f be the ultimate bearing capacity for the given strip footing
When water table is at the base of footing, then
qf = 5.7 c + sat Df

qf = 5.7 30 + 20 2 = 211 kN/m2

When water table rises 0.5 m above the base, then
qf = 5.7c + sat 1.5 + ( sat w ) 0.5

= 5.7 30 + 20 1.5 + (20 9.81) 0.5

= 206.1 kN/m2
Percentage reduction in

qf =

1.5 m

WT (2)
0.5 m
WT (1)
1.5 m

qf qf 211 206.1
=
100 = 2.37% ; 2.4%
qf
211

T2 : Solution
Data given

D = 1.2, t = 1.8 t/m3

qu = 5.5 t/m2
(i) By Terzaghis theory

For cohesive soil,

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q 5.5
= 2.75 t/m 2
c = u =
2 2
qu = 1.3 cNc + DNq + 0.4 B N
= 0, Nc = 5.7, Nq = 1.0, N = 0
qu = (1.3 2.75 5.7) + 1.8 1.2 1 + 0 = 22.54 t/m2
qnu = (qu D) = 22.54 1.8 1.2 = 20.378 t/m2
20.378
q
+ (1.8 1.2) = 10.18 t/m 2
qs = nu + D =
F .O.S
2.54
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29

(ii) By Skemptons Theory

D = 1.2 = 0.48 < 2.5

2.5
B

D
1.2
Nc = 6 1 + 0.2 f = 6 1 + 0.2
= 6.576

B
2.5

qnu = cNc = 2.75 6.576 = 18.084 t/m2

qu = qnu + D = 18.084 + 1.8 1.2 = 20. 244 t/m2
18.084

+ 1.8 1.2 = 9.28 t/m 2

qs = nu + D f =
2.54

F .O.S.

T3 : Solution

1m

1.5 m

2m
X

1
2

2m

(i) Computation of bearing capacity

qnu = cNc

D
1.5
=
= 0.75 < 2.5
B
2

1 + 0.2D 0.2B
Nc = 5 1 +
1 +

B
L
0.2 1.5
= 6.9
= 6 1 +
2

qnu = cNc = 6.9 3 = 20.7 t/m2

For a F.O.S of 2.5, the net safe bearing capacity is given by

qns =

q ns
20.7
2
=
= 8.28 t/m
(F .O.S ) 2.5

qs = 8.28 + 1.8 1.5 = 10.98 t/m2

Computation of Settlement
As the underlaying soil is saturated silty clay, only consolidation settlement will take place.

The zone of influence below the base of footing is extended to maximum depth of twice the width of
footing, i.e. 4 m below the base.

X X is a horizontal plane through the middle of thin consolidation layer.

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Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

30

(0)XX = ( z1 + sub z2)

= (1.8 1.0) + (1.8 1) (0.5 + 2.0) = 3.8 t/m2 = 0.38 kg/cm2
using 2 : 1 dispersion method, stress increament at X X
()XX =

(10.98 2.0 2.0)

(2.0 + 2.0) 2

Assuming the footing to be loaded with 8.28 t/m2 and

= 2.745 t/m2 = 0.2745 kg/cm2

H =

H 0C c
0 +
log
(1 + e 0 ) 10 0
400 0.259
0.38 + 0.2745
log10
= 13.22 cm

(1 + 0.85)
0.38

As the Estimated Settlement is greater than the maximum permissible limit of 7.5 cm. The allowable
bearing capacity of the footing should be less then 10.98 t/m2

H 0C c
( ) +
log10 0 xx
= 7.5
0
(1 + e 0 )

400 0.259
0.38 +
log10
= 7.5
0.38
(1 + 0.85)

0.38 +
= 1.3612
0.38

= 0.1372 kg/cm2 = 1.372 t/m2

1.372 =

qBL
qBL
q (2) 2
=
=
2
(B + Z )(L + Z ) (B + Z )
(2 + 2) 2
q4
16

q = (1.372 4) = 5.49 t/m2

Hence a loading intensity of 5.49 t/m2 will result in a consolidation settlement of 7.5 cm. Therefore, the
required allowable bearing capacity of the footing = 5.49 t/m2

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12

Deep Foundations

T1 : Solution

Qg(u) = qp Ag + c(Pg D)
= (9 100) (1.8 1.8) + 1 100 (4 1.8 10)
or
Qug = 10116 kN
Qu = qpAp + c(p D)
= (9 100) /4 (0.3)2 + 0.6 100( 0.3) 10
Qu = 629.1 kN
or
Qug = nQu
= 9 629.1 = 5661.9 kN
As the ultimate load for individual pile failure is less than the pile group
load, the safe load is given by
5661.9
= 1887.3 kN
Qn =
3

Qg

10 m

0.75 m
1.8 m
0.75 m

0.75 m 0.75 m

1.8 m

T2 : Solution
From the Modified Hileys Formula
We know that, the Ultimate load on pile

Qu =
Where

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( hWH b )

. . . (i)

(S + C / 2)

h = Efficiency of hammer = 75% = 0.75

W = 2.0 tonne
H = 91 cm

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Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

32

S = Avg. penetration under the last 5 blows = 10 mm = 1cm

eP = 0.55 1.5 = 0.825 tonne
W > eP

b =

W + e 2P 2 + (0.55) 2 1.5
=
= 0.701
(W + P )
(2 + 1.5)

In order to find out the value of Qu, assume as a first approximation,

C = 2.5 cm
hWH b 0.75 2 91 0.701
=
= 42.52 tonne
(S + C / 2)
1 + 2.5 / 2

Qu =

Now using

C1 = 1.77

42.52
Qu
= 1.77
= 0.106 cm
A

2
p
4

C2 = 0.657

(30)

(42.52 22)
Qu L
= 0.657
= 0.869
A

2
p

(30)

42.52
Q
= 0.213 cm
C3 = 3.55 u = 3.55

A
2
p
(30)
4

Let

C = (C1 + C2 + C3) = 1.1885 < 2.5 cm

Qu = 50 tonne

1.188 50
= 1.397
(42.52)

C =

Qu =

Let

Qu = 55 tonne

C =

Qu =

(0.75 2 91 0.701)
(1 + 1.397 / 2)

= 56.33 tonne

1.188 55
= 1.537
(42.52)
0.75 2 91 0.7
= 54.03 tonne
(1.0 + 1.537 / 2)

In the second iteration, the assumed and computed values of Qu are quite close. Hence the ultimate load
bearing capacity of the pile is 54 tonne
Therefore, the safe bearing capacity

Q 54
= 21.6 tonne
Qs = u =
F 2.5

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T3 : Solution

0.75

Compact fill

3m
Loose fill

B = 2.5 m

B = 3 0.75 + 0.25 = 2.5 m

Assume
m = 0.4
(a) Pile acting individually
Qun = n (mcpLf )
= 16(0.4 18 0.25 3)
= 271.4 kN

...(1)

(b) Pile acting in a group

Qug = c(4 B) Lf + Lf B 2
= 18 4 2.5 3 + 15 3(2.5)2
= 540 + 281.3 = 821.3 kN
Greater of the above two = 821.3 kN
Hence negative skin friction = 821.3 kN

...(2)

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13

Soil Exploration and Machine

Foundations

T1 : Solution
The depth of the boundary between the two strata can be given by

D =

d V 2 V1
30 4000 600
=
= 12.9 m
2 V 2 + V1
2 4000 + 600

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