Wi Max Delmar 08

Fundamentals of
WiMAX
Broadband Wireless Access
Technology
May 2008
John
JohnMoring
Moring
www.moring.net
www.moring.net
760-633-1790
760-633-1790
John Moring 2007-2008
Objectives
WiMAX
May 2008
Familiarity with available standards and their scope

Understanding of WiMAX related to competing
technologies
View of work in progress
Overview of features and capabilities
2007-2008 John Moring
page 2
Outline
WiMAX
May 2008
WiMAX Intro - 1 hour

OOverview
OWhat is WiMAX?
OIndustry activities
WiMAX Technology - 1 hour

OTechnology overview
O802.16 elements
OTechnology features
OEquipment characteristics
page 3
Overview
WiMAX
May 2008
What is WiMAX?
OBroadband wireless access
OCompetition
Industry activities
OIEEE
OWiMAX Forum
OIndustry
Technology overview
OSpectrum
OOSI/IEEE model
IEEE:
IEEE:Institute
InstituteofofElectrical
Electricaland
andElectronics
ElectronicsEngineers
Engineers
OSI:
Open
System
Interconnect
OSI: Open System Interconnect
page 4
WiMAX
May 2008
Overview
802.16 elements
OMAC sublayers
MAC:
MAC: medium
mediumaccess
accesscontrol
control
OFDM:
orthogonal
frequency
OFDM: orthogonal frequencydivision
division
multiplexing
multiplexing
OFDMA:
OFDMA:orthogonal
orthogonalfrequency
frequencydivision
division
multiple
access
multiple access
PHY:
PHY: physical
physicallayer
layer
Service-specific convergence
MAC common part
Security
OPHY options
Single carrier, OFDM, OFDMA

Line of sight (10+ GHz),
Non-line of sight (<11 GHz)
Licensed, unlicensed
page 5
Overview
WiMAX
May 2008
Technology features
OTopology, symmetry, duplex, TDD, FDD
OQuality of service (QoS)
OSecurity
Encryption
Authentication
OReliability
Forward error correction (FEC)
Automatic repeat request (ARQ)
Adaptive modulation and coding
TDD:
TDD:time
timedivision
divisionduplex
duplex
FDD:
frequency
division
FDD: frequency divisionduplex
duplex
page 6
Overview
WiMAX
May 2008
Performance
OPropagation & coverage
OThroughput
OCapacity, frequency planning
Advanced features
OMesh
OMobility
OMIMO
OAdvanced antenna systems
MIMO:
MIMO:multiple
multipleinput,
input,multiple
multipleoutput
output
page 7
WiMAX
May 2008
What is WiMAX?
A marketing term
OWiMAX Forum
OWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
representing the IEEE 802.16 standards

OAir Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband
Wireless Access Systems
OWirelessMAN
for a broadband wireless access (BWA)

technology supporting multimedia services
page 8
WiMAX Targets Multiple Markets
WiMAX
May 2008
Last mile connectivity

ODSL/cable alternative
Backhaul
OT-1/microwave alternative
Mobility/portability
O3G cellular/Wi-Fi alternative
page 9
WiMAX Employs Familiar Components
WiMAX
May 2008
Fixed
Subscriber
Station
(SS)
Base
Station
(BS)
Do w
nli
(DL nk
)
Up
(U link
L)
Infrastructure
Backhaul
Mobile
Subscriber
Station
(MS)
page 10
802.16 Covers Lowest 1.5 OSI Layers

User/program interface
7. Application
User information format
6. Presentation
Management of sessions
End to end reliability
(e.g., TCP)
End to end delivery
(e.g., IP)
Point to point delivery
Electrical, mechanical
WiMAX
May 2008
5. Session
4. Transport
3. Network
2. Data Link
1. Physical
Medium Access Control
802.16
802.16 specifies layers 1 (PHY) and part of Layer 2

Can support any higher layer protocols and services
page 11
WiMAX
May 2008
Competition
A number of broadband access technologies exist
ODSL
OCable
OT1/T3
OFiber
OMicrowave
OSatellite
OCellular
OWi-Fi
OProprietary technologies
What distinguishes WiMAX?
page 12
WiMAX
May 2008
Wireless Data Landscape
THROUGHPUT
109bps
Fixed wireless
Microwave
WiMAX
802.11
106bpsVSAT Bluetooth
ZigBee
Short range
103bps
1m
bps:
bps:bits
bitsper
persecond
second
G:
G:generation
generation
LEO:
LEO:low
lowearth
earthorbit
orbit
VSAT:
VSAT:very
verysmall
smallaperture
aperture[satellite]
[satellite]terminal
terminal
WiMAX
3G Cellular Wide area
2G Cellular LEO
satellite
Paging
1 km
COVERAGE ZONE
1000 km
page 13
Metrics
WiMAX
May 2008
Capacity
Throughput
Coverage
Mobility
Quality of Service
Security
Reliability
Costs
Availability/maturity
page 14
What Distinguishes WiMAX?
WiMAX
May 2008
Wide area, wireless, broadband, point to

multipoint
OMobility option
OMesh option
Multiple frequency bands, including unlicensed

OFlexible & efficient use of spectrum
Advanced, adaptive modulation
Adaptive antenna technologies
Multi-vendor interoperability
Economies of scale (expected)
Inherent quality of service (QoS)
Carrier-grade security
page 15
WiMAX vs Wi-Fi
WiMAX
May 2008
Longer range
More spectrum options
Quality of service
Mobility
Richer security features
page 16
WiMAX
May 2008
WiMAX vs Cellular
Better channel efficiency
More flexible quality of service
Potentially better economies of scale
In the cellular arena, WiMAX faces LTE

(Long Term Evolution) being
standardized by 3GPP
OChosen by AT&T, Verizon, Ericsson, etc.
3GPP:
3GPP:third
thirdgeneration
generationpartnership
partnershipproject
project
page 17
WiMAX vs Proprietary
WiMAX
May 2008
Standards-based
OConfidence
OMulti-vendor interoperability
OEconomies of scale
page 18
Tradeoffs
WiMAX
May 2008
page 19
Representative Performance
WiMAX
May 2008
Simulation results for 3.5GHz band, paired 3.5 MHz FDD channel
Fixed user devices
Average shared downlink throughput, per channel, including
overhead
Source: WiMAX Forum
page 20
WiMAX Deployment Considerations for Fixed Wireless Access in the 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz Licensed Bands
The Many Faces of WiMAX
WiMAX
May 2008
Fixed / mobile
Line of sight / non-line of sight
ODifferent bands and channel bandwidths
Licensed / unlicensed spectrum

Frequency division / time division / half-duplex
frequency division channel usage
Single carrier / OFDM / OFDMA
Plus many configurable options
OSecurity
OReliability
OAdvanced antennas
OEtc.
Profiles collect reasonable feature sets for

certification and interoperability
OFDM:
OFDM:orthogonal
orthogonalfrequency
frequencydivision
divisionmultiplexing
multiplexing
OFDMA:
orthogonal
frequency
division
OFDMA: orthogonal frequency divisionmultiple
multipleaccess
access
page 21
WiMAX Features Related to Spectrum
Mobile
OFDMA
66GHz
LOS
Single carrier
Mostly licensed
Fixed
11GHz
10GHz
6GHz
2GHz
NLOS
OFDM, OFDMA, SC
Fixed
Added
2004
WiMAX
May 2008
Added
2005
LOS:
LOS: line
line of
of sight
sight
NLOS:
NLOS: non-line
non-line of
of sight
sight
OFDM:
OFDM: orthogonal
orthogonal frequency
frequency division
division multiplex
multiplex
OFDMA:
OFDMA: orthogonal
frequency division
division multiple
multiple access
access
SC:
SC: single
single carrier
carrier
page 22
Outline
WiMAX
May 2008
WiMAX Intro
OOverview
OWhat is WiMAX?
WiMAX Technology
O802.16 elements
page 23
Industry Activities
WiMAX
May 2008
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

OStandards
O802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wi-Fi, etc.
O802.16 WiMAX
WiMAX Forum
OIndustry consortium
O400+ members
OPromotes the technology, defines profiles, certifies equipment
International bodies
Major commitments from industry leaders, e.g.,
OIntel
OSprint
OClearwire
OMotorola
OEtc.
page 24
Three Standards Specify Air Interface
WiMAX
May 2008
IEEE Std 802.16-2004

OEncompasses and supercedes
802.16-2001, original standard
802.16a, adds <11 GHz
802.16c, adds profiles
OSometimes called 802.16d
IEEE Std 802.16-2004/Cor1

OCorrigendum, adds corrections
IEEE Std 802.16e-2005

OAmendment, adds mobility, etc.
Other amendments cover specific areas

page 25
WiMAX Forum Promotes and Certifies
WiMAX
May 2008
The WiMAX Forum is an industry-led, not-forprofit organization formed to certify and promote the
compatibility and interoperability of broadband
wireless products based upon the harmonized IEEE
802.16/ETSI HiperMAN standard.
A WiMAX Forum goal is to accelerate the
introduction of these systems into the marketplace.
WiMAX Forum Certified products are fully
interoperable and support broadband fixed, portable and
mobile services.
Along these lines, the WiMAX Forum works closely
with service providers and regulators to ensure that
WiMAX Forum Certified systems meet customer and
government requirements
www.wimaxforum.org
page 26
WiBro Uses 802.16 in Asia
WiMAX
May 2008
Korean WiBro = Wireless Broadband

Omust comply with IEEE 802.16-2004 and
IEEE 802.16e/Draft3 or later versions.
2.3 GHz band, 8.75 MHz channels

OOFDMA, TDD
OMobility 60 km/hr
OCoverage 1 km
OPer-user throughput: 128 kbps 3 Mbps
Nationwide service 4/2007

OMultiple carriers
O100,000+ subscribers by 12/2007
OPrice per month ~$20
page 27
802.16 Also Active in Europe
WiMAX
May 2008
ETSI HiPerMAN
OSubset of IEEE 802.16
OFixed, 2 GHz 11 GHz
OSeparate test regime from WiMAX
International Telecommunications Union

OSubsets of 802.16 proposed/approved for inclusion
in the IMT-2000 family of 3G/4G wireless standards
OApproval allows deployment in Europe in bands
reserved for IMT (traditionally cellular)
technologies
3.5 GHz deployments in progress

ETSI
ETSIEuropean
EuropeanTelecommunications
TelecommunicationsStandards
StandardsInstitute
Institute
HiPerMAN
high
performance
metro
area
network
HiPerMAN high performance metro area network
IMT
IMTInternational
InternationalMobile
MobileTelecommunications
Telecommunications
page 28
Provider Example: Clearwire
Source: Clearwire website 9/07
WiMAX
May 2008
page 29
Example: Clearwire
WiMAX
May 2008
Clearwire Corporation is unwiring Nashville with the introduction of its

next-generation wireless broadband solution. The company announced
today the official launch of its wireless high-speed Internet access and
phone service to the city.
Nashville residents and businesses can now have a fast, simple, portable,
reliable and affordable alternative to traditional dial-up, cable and
DSL. Clearwire service eliminates the confines of traditional cable or
telephone wiring, allowing customers to connect at home, a local
coffeehouse, the office or virtually anywhere else in the Clearwire
service area.
Simply purchase a modem at Circuit City, Best Buy or online at
www.clearwire.com, and within minutes, Internet access or phone service
will be up and running.
Clearwires next-generation, non-line-of-sight wireless broadband
network solution connects customers through licensed or secured
spectrum.
Clearwire Internet Phone Service works with a customers existing
high-speed Internet access and provides unlimited local and longdistance calling from a regular telephone.
Note: Clearwire uses Motorola Expedience WiMAX-class technology

Clearwire
press release 9/07
page 30
Example: Clearwire
Source: Clearwire website 9/07
WiMAX
May 2008
page 31
Vendor Quotes: Intel
WiMAX
May 2008
Intel currently plans to integrate WiMAX and WiFi into its

notebook platforms based on Intel Centrino Mobile
Technologies. Pairing the two will help bring users the ultimate in
high-speed mobile broadband. Intel believes that WiMAX, with its
technical and economic advantages, should help enable mainstream
adoption of personal broadband.
Intel WiMAX Connection 2250 is a low-cost system-on-chip
that supports IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005, enabling
WiMAX modems for use with fixed or mobile networks.
The Intel NetStructure WiMAX Baseband Card integrates
control plane, MAC and PHY processing in a single standardsbased card, .
Source: Intel website 9/07
page 32
Provider Quotes: Sprint Nextel
WiMAX
May 2008
8/8/06. Sprint Nextel Corp. announced its plans to develop and deploy the first
fourth generation (4G) nationwide broadband mobile network. The 4G wireless
broadband network will use the mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16e-2005 technology
standard.
Working together with Intel, Motorola and Samsung, Sprint Nextel will develop a
nationwide network designed to offer faster speeds, lower cost, and greater
convenience and enhanced multimedia quality.
The Sprint Nextel 4G mobility network will use the company's extensive 2.5GHz
spectrum holdings, which cover 85 percent of the households in the top 100 U.S.
markets
The company's deployment plans target a launch of the advanced wireless
broadband services in trial markets by the end of 2007 with plans to deploy a
network that reaches as many as 100 million people in 2008. Sprint Nextel plans to
expand mobile WiMAX network coverage thereafter.
The company will continue to invest in and offer access to its current wireless and
Sprint PowerVision mobile broadband networks to serve customer communications
needs today and into the future.
Sprint Nextel is expecting to invest $1 billion in 2007 and between $1.5 billion and
$2 billion in 2008
Motorola and Samsung will also support Sprint's current and CDMA/EV-DO
network technologies by creating multimode devices that will support services on
both the 4G network and the 3G network will provide voice service using the
core 3G network.
News services
2007-2008
John Moring
page 33
Sprint XOHMTM
WiMAX
May 2008
Aug. 16 2007 -- Sprint announced today that its WiMAX service

will be marketed under the XOHMTM ingredient brand
(pronounced ZOAM). A soft launch of the WiMAX network is
expected by the end of 2007 in the Chicago and
Baltimore/Washington markets. XOHM commercial services are
expected to be available beginning in the first half of 2008.
... partners have committed to embed 50 million WiMAX chipsets
in devices. The company expects to begin offering 4G mobile
broadband services up to two years ahead of other national
wireless carriers.
Sprint Nextel expects to invest approximately $2.5 billion in
capital for WiMAX through year-end 2008. Beyond 2008, network
build is expected to be increasingly success-based. The company
currently expects that extending its coverage to approximately 125
million people by year-end 2010 would require an additional
capital expenditure of approximately $2.5 billion..
News services
2007-2008
John Moring
page 34
Sprint Quiet on WiMax Launch Date
WiMAX
May 2008
April 2008 -- Sprint Nextel says provisioning of backhaul is the primary

hold-up to the operator's nationwide deployment of mobile WiMAX.
Sprint, which was supposed to launch its Xohm network this month, is
having difficulty finding high-capacity transport links to connect cell sites
as typical T-1 lines that feed today's mobile networks are inefficient for
high-speed wireless broadband data, said Xohm President and Sprint
Chief Technology Officer Barry West in an interview with Telephony.
To build the network, Sprint is provisioning fiber where economically
feasible, West said. In other areas, Sprint is using microwave. The entire
process has moved slower than what Sprint expected, causing the delay of
the commercial launch.
"Clearly I wanted to hit the April date," West said. "Having missed that
date, I want to make sure we come out with a robust service. Right now
I'm building sites."
page 35
Cisco Buys WiMAX Infrastructure Player
WiMAX
May 2008
SAN JOSE, Calif. -- Cisco(R) announced a definitive agreement to

purchase Richardson, TX-based Navini Networks, Inc. a leader in the
Mobile WiMAX 802.16e-2005 broadband wireless industry. Navini is a
pioneer in the integration of "Smart Beamforming" technologies with
Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antennas, a combination that improves
the performance and range for WiMAX services and lowers the overall
deployment and operational costs for service providers.
Cisco also expects that its broadband wireless solution portfolio, that now
includes WiMAX products, will play a key role in Ciscos Country
Transformation and "Digital Inclusion" initiatives to drive broadband
penetration to consumers and business in emerging countries.
"Emerging country service providers are in expansion mode, building out
broadband wireless networks and are concerned about deployment costs
and the availability of skilled resources," said Brett Galloway, vice
president and general manager of the Wireless Networking Business Unit,
Cisco. "Around the world broadband wireless networks based upon
WiMAX have the potential to add millions of new Internet users who
cannot be reached economically using copper or fiber infrastructures.
Additionally, WiMAX networks will help drive the transition to open IPbased broadband wireless architectures and accelerate the rollout of new
applications and services."
Byteandswitch.com
11/07
page 36
Summary
WiMAX
May 2008
New entrant to crowded market

Large potential
OIndustry backing
OState of the art technologies
Adaptable to diverse niches

O4G in developed markets
OLast mile in underdeveloped markets
page 37
Outline
WiMAX
May 2008
WiMAX Intro - 1 hour

OWhat is WiMAX?
WiMAX Technology - 1 hour

O802.16 elements
page 38
WiMAX
May 2008
The Many Faces of WiMAX

Line of sight / non-line of sight
ODifferent bands and channel bandwidths
Licensed / unlicensed spectrum

Frequency division / time division / half-duplex
frequency division channel usage
Fixed / mobile
Single carrier / OFDM / OFDMA
Plus many configurable options
OSecurity
OReliability
OAdvanced antennas
OEtc.
OFDM: orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
OFDM: orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

OFDMA:
OFDMA:orthogonal
orthogonalfrequency
frequencydivision
divisionmultiple
multipleaccess
access
page 39
WiMAX
May 2008
Spectrum Allocation
3.5 GHz
OWidely allocated and available for WiMAX in
Europe & elsewhere
2.5 GHz
OIn US, mostly licensed by Sprint/Clearwire
OTo be allocated in Europe in 2008
OAllocations exist elsewhere
5.8 GHz
OLicensed-free in the US, parts of Europe
Other bands to watch

O2.3 GHz used for WiBro in Korea
O700 MHz, 900 MHz, 3.6 GHz, 5.4 GHz
page 40
WiMAX Features Related to Spectrum
Mobile
OFDMA
66GHz
LOS
Single carrier
Mostly licensed
Fixed
11GHz
10GHz
6GHz
2GHz
NLOS
OFDM, OFDMA, SC
Fixed
Added
2004
WiMAX
May 2008
Added
2005
LOS:
LOS: line
line of
of sight
sight
NLOS:
NLOS: non-line
non-line of
of sight
sight
OFDM:
OFDM: orthogonal
frequency division
division multiplex
multiplex
OFDMA:
OFDMA: orthogonal
frequency division
division multiple
multiple access
access
SC:
SC: single
single carrier
carrier
page 41
Mobile Network Model
WiMAX
May 2008
ASP
R6
R4
Rn designates reference interface

R1 specified in 802.16
2007-2008
John Moring
From
WiMAX
Forum Network Architecture
AAA:
AAA: authentication,
authentication,
authorization,
authorization, accounting
accounting
ASN:
access
service
ASN: access service network
network
ASP:
ASP: application
application service
service provider
provider
CSN:
CSN: connectivity
connectivity service
service network
network
GW:
GW: gateway
gateway
HA:
HA: home
home agent
agent
NAP:
NAP: network
network access
access provider
provider
NSP:
NSP: network
network service
service provider
provider
PF:
PF: policy
policy function
function
page 42
Outline
WiMAX
May 2008
WiMAX Intro
OOverview
OWhat is WiMAX?
WiMAX Technology
O802.16 elements
Protocol model
Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer

MAC Common Part Sublayer
Security Sublayer
Physical layer
Modulation
page 43
WiMAX
May 2008
Protocol Models
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Logical Link
Control 802.2
Service-Specific
Convergence Sublayer
MAC Common
Part Sublayer
Data Link
Medium
Access
Control
Security Sublayer
Physical
Physical
Physical
OSI Model
IEEE Model
Note: mappings are approximate
802.16 Model
page 44
Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer
WiMAX
May 2008
Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer (CS)

OSupports higher layer services
ATM
Packet
ATM:
ATM:asynchronous
asynchronoustransfer
transfermode
mode
IP:
Internet
protocol
IP: Internet protocol
MAC:
MAC:medium
mediumaccess
accesscontrol
control
PHY:
physical
layer
PHY: physical layer
QoS:
QoS:quality
qualityofofservice
service
VLAN:
virtual
local
VLAN: virtual localarea
areanetwork
network
IPv4
IPv6
Ethernet
VLAN
Classify data to the proper MAC connection,

preserve or enable QoS, and enable bandwidth
allocation; optional header suppression
There may be multiple CS per MAC/PHY
IP
ATM
CS
CS
MAC
PHY
page 45
MAC Common Part Sublayer
WiMAX
May 2008
Core MAC functions

OQuality of service (QoS) management
OReliability
Dynamic forward error correction (FEC) and
modulation management
Automatic repeat request (ARQ)
OPacket fragmentation/defragmentation
OScheduling
MAC:
MAC:medium
mediumaccess
accesscontrol
control
page 46
WiMAX
May 2008
WiMAX is Connection Oriented

Allows robust QoS
Connection-oriented
OA connection, session, or association is formed
between the communicating end devices
OAll circuit technologies
OSome packet technologies
"Virtual circuits"
E.g., TCP, Frame Relay, ATM, WiMAX
vs Connectionless
ONo association, each packet treated individually
OEthernet, IP, UDP
ATM:
ATM:Asynchronous
AsynchronousTransfer
TransferMode
Mode
IP:
Internet
Protocol
IP: Internet Protocol
TCP:
TCP:Transmission
TransmissionControl
ControlProtocol
Protocol
UDP:
User
Datagram
Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
page 47
WiMAX
May 2008
Security Sublayer
Encryption
OProvides user data privacy
OUses encryption algorithms and crypto keys
Authentication/authorization
OVerifies identity of SS
OVerifies identity of BS (added in 802.16e)
OUses certificates, digital signatures, trusted thirdparty verification
BS:
BS:base
basestation
station
SS:
subscriber
SS: subscriberstation
station
page 48
WiMAX
May 2008
Security Features
Encryption
OProvides user data privacy
NOT MAC header or most management messages
OUses encryption algorithms and crypto keys

Traffic encryption key (TEK)
Authentication/authorization
OVerifies identity of SS
OVerifies identity of BS (added in 802.16e)
OUses certificates, digital signatures, trusted third-party
verification
Key exchange
OManagement plane
Control message validation

BS:
BS:base
basestation
station
SS:
subscriber
station
page 49
Security Concepts
WiMAX
May 2008
Crypto suites
OTriple Data Encryption Standard (3DES)
OAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining with Message
Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP)
Privacy Key Management (PKM)

OPKMv1
OPKMv2
RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Aldeman)
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol)
Security Associations (SA)

OHolds security info (e.g., keys) for each connection
page 50
WiMAX
May 2008
Modulations used in 802.16
Modulation and coding adjusted to adapt to signal path

BPSK
1.5 2
O1 bit/symbol
1.5
1
1
QPSK
0.50.5
O2 bits/symbol
0
-2
16-QAM
O4 bits/symbol
64-QAM
O8 bits/symbol
256-QAM
O16 bits/symbol
BPSK:
BPSK:binary
binaryphase
phaseshift
shiftkeying
keying
QAM:
quadrature
amplitude
QAM: quadrature amplitudemodulation
modulation
QPSK:
quadrature
phase
shift
QPSK: quadrature phase shiftkeying
keying
-1.5
-1.5
-1
-1
-0.5
-0.5
0
-0.5
e
d
itu
l
p
m
a
0.5
0.5
1.5
phase
2
1.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1
-2
-1.5
Example: 16-QAM uses both

Example: BPSK uses phase shift
phase (angle from horizontal) and
to represent
(here
45 and
-135)from
amplitude
(distance
origin)
2 values
page 51
Outline
WiMAX
May 2008
WiMAX Intro
OWhat is WiMAX?
WiMAX Technology
O802.16 elements
Topology
Time/frequency division
Quality of service (QoS)
Reliability
Mobility
page 52
WiMAX
May 2008
Topologies Illustrated
Point to point
act
ive
Point to multipoint
Mesh
Infrastructure
relay
Dynamic mobile mesh
Mesh BS
Mesh BS
Nodes
Mesh BS
Nodes
page 53
WiMAX
May 2008
TDD and FDD
WiMAX includes support for both Frequency Division

Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
FDD
ORequires paired channels
Usually licensed
Each unit requires dual transceivers
OGood for symmetric traffic

OMay be full duplex or half duplex at subscriber
TDD
OSingle shared channel
Some channel inefficiencies when radio switches between
transmit and receive
OHalf duplex
OMay use fixed or adaptive slot sizes
Good for asymmetric traffic
page 54
WiMAX
May 2008
Single Carrier
One radio channel carries each
transmitters signal
Power
Bandwidth (BW)
Frequency
page 55
OFDM Employs Subcarriers
WiMAX
May 2008
OFDM:
Data
OFDM:orthogonal
orthogonalfrequency
frequency
division
multiplexing
division multiplexing
Pilot - reference
Guard interference avoidance
Power
Bandwidth (BW)
Frequency
Subcarriers typically ~10 kHz wide
Number of subcarriers related to Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) size
page 56
Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM)
WiMAX
May 2008
Essentially sends data over several parallel channels

Provides frequency diversity
Reduces inter-symbol interference
Used in 802.11a/g (Wi-Fi) and elsewhere
Users share the channel via time slots
Radio Antenna
Data
Split to
subcarriers
page 57
WiMAX
May 2008
OFDM with TDMA
User1
User2
User3
Power
Each transmitters signal is carried in a series of

related subcarriers
One transmitter on the channel at a time
e
m
Ti
f0
fn
Frequency
OFDM:
OFDM:orthogonal
orthogonalfrequency
frequencydivision
divisionmultiplexing
multiplexing
TDMA:
time
division
multiple
access
TDMA: time division multiple access
page 58
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple

Access (OFDMA)
WiMAX
May 2008
Subsets of subcarriers are allocated to different users

OUplink and downlink
Multiple users may share the channel simultaneously

A superior frequency can be chosen for a given user
User 1
Data
Radio Antenna
User 2
Data
Split to
subcarriers
Downlink side illustrated

page 59
WiMAX
May 2008
OFDMA
Each transmitters signal is assigned to a subchannel,

i.e., subset of the available subcarriers
User5
e
m
Ti
User2
Power
User4
User1
User4
User1
User3
User5
User3
Frequency
page 60
Quality of Service (QoS)
WiMAX
May 2008
QoS is required to support the requirements of

different traffic types
Access to the channel is controlled by the BS
OUnlike Wi-Fi or Ethernet, which use contention
access schemes under control of the stations
BS can efficiently allocate uplink and downlink

resources based on requests from SS
BS:
BS:base
basestation
station
SS:
subscriber
station
page 61
Fundamental QoS Metrics
WiMAX
May 2008
Throughput
How much
OConnection capacity, in bits per second
How quick
Latency
OConnection delay, in milliseconds (ms)
Jitter
How consistent
OVariability of delay, in milliseconds
page 62
Robust Reliability Options
WiMAX
May 2008
Forward error correction (FEC)

OCode rates adapt to link quality
OReed-Solomon (RS)
OOptional Block Turbo Codes and Convolutional Turbo Codes
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

OMAC Block based
OAcknowledgements (ACKs) can be selective or cumulative;
standalone or piggybacked
OOptional Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
Incorporates FEC as well ACKs and resends
page 63
Mobility
WiMAX
May 2008
802.16e introduces the Mobile Station (MS)

class of SS
Moving MS may cross BS coverage boundaries
Handover: MS migrates from one BS to another
OBreak-before-make
OMake-before-break
Fast BS switching
Macro diversity handover
OASN-anchored vs. CSN anchored

ASN:
ASN:access
accessservice
servicenetwork
network
BS:
base
station
BS: base station
CSN:
CSN:connectivity
connectivityservice
servicenetwork
network
SS:
subscriber
station
SS: subscriber station
page 64
Outline
WiMAX
May 2008
WiMAX Intro
OWhat is WiMAX?
WiMAX Technology
O802.16 elements
page 65
Equipment Characteristics
WiMAX
May 2008
Subscriber station
Base station
Certification
Antennas
Alvarion BreezeMAX
page 66
Subscriber Station
WiMAX
May 2008
Fixed
OIndoor
Consumer installation
Inexpensive, low performance
OOutdoor
Technician mounted
Expensive, high gain, better path
Mobile
ODedicated WiMAX devices (e.g., tablet, phone)
OAdd on (PC card)
OEmbedded in multipurpose devices (e.g., PC, phone)
page 67
Base Station
WiMAX
May 2008
Comparable to cellular base stations

Indoor equipment
Outdoor equipment
OAntenna spec, mounting
Technical features
OBand, bandwidth, FDD/TDD, .
OSupport for optional features
OManagement interface
Capacity
OSectors, channels, connections, .
Performance specs
OPower, sensitivity, .
Interfaces
page 68
WiMAX Forum Certification
WiMAX
May 2008
Includes conformance and interoperability tests

Certified equipment must conform to
OSpecific IEEE 802.16 standard
OA particular defined profile
OWiMAX Forum test documentation
System Profiles
Test Suite Structure (TSS) and Test Purposes (TP)
Protocol/Profile Implementation Conformance Statements (PICS)
Tests must be performed by a Designated Certification

Laboratory
OAT4 Wireless (Spain), Telecommunications Technology
Association (Korea), China Academy of Telecommunication
Research (China)
page 69
act
ive
Certification Stages
WiMAX
May 2008
Wave 1: Air interface

O3.5 GHz, 2.3 GHz, other
Wave 2: QoS, security, advanced radio

features for outdoor customer premise
equipment (CPE)
Wave 3: Indoor CPE, PC cards, nomadic
service
Wave 4: Handoffs, simple mobility
Wave 5: Full mobility
page 70
Availability
WiMAX
May 2008
Certified products*
OFixed only
2.3 and 3.5 GHz only
O10+ companies
O30+ products
Base station, subscriber
OA number on WiMAX-class
products are on the market
*As of April 2007
page 71
Antennas
WiMAX
May 2008
802.16 offers protocol support for advanced

antenna options under 11 GHz
OAdaptive antenna systems (AAS)
AKA smart antennas, beam forming
OMultiple input/multiple output (MIMO)

OSpace time coding (STC)
Line of sight systems above 11 GHz do not get

much benefit from these features
page 72
MIMO Exploits
Spatial & Frequency Diversity
WiMAX
May 2008
Multiple Input Multiple Output

OEssentially sends data over several parallel radios/channels
OProvides spatial and frequency diversity
OUsed in 802.11n and elsewhere
802.16 provides protocol support for MIMO

OExtended in 802.16e
OOptions include open loop and closed loop (i.e., with feedback)
Data
Split to
subcarriers
Radios
Antennas
page 73
Performance
WiMAX
May 2008
Can be evaluated using many different criteria

OCoverage
OUser data throughput
OUser capacity
OReliability
OCost
TNSTAAFL
OOptimizing one aspect of performance generally
impacts performance in other areas
TNSTAAFL:
TNSTAAFL:Theres
Theresno
nosuch
suchthing
thingasasaafree
freelunch!
lunch!
page 74
Representative Performance
WiMAX
May 2008
Simulation results for 3.5GHz band, paired 3.5 MHz FDD channel
Fixed user devices
Average shared downlink throughput, per channel, including
overhead
Source: WiMAX Forum
page 75
WiMAX Deployment Considerations for Fixed Wireless Access in the 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz Licensed Bands
References
WiMAX
May 2008
IEEE (specs)
WiMAX Forum (white papers,
certification)
News feeds
Texts
page 76
Summary
WiMAX
May 2008
New entrant to crowded market

Large potential
OIndustry backing
OState of the art technologies
Adaptable to diverse niches

O4G in developed markets
OLast mile in underdeveloped markets
page 77

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Fundamentals of

Familiarity with available standards and their scope

2007-2008 John Moring

WiMAX Intro - 1 hour

WiMAX Technology - 1 hour

2007-2008 John Moring

Single carrier, OFDM, OFDMA

2007-2008 John Moring

2007-2008 John Moring

representing the IEEE 802.16 standards

for a broadband wireless access (BWA)

2007-2008 John Moring

WiMAX Targets Multiple Markets

Last mile connectivity

2007-2008 John Moring

WiMAX Employs Familiar Components

2007-2008 John Moring

802.16 Covers Lowest 1.5 OSI Layers

User information format

Medium Access Control

802.16 specifies layers 1 (PHY) and part of Layer 2

What distinguishes WiMAX?

2007-2008 John Moring

Wireless Data Landscape

What Distinguishes WiMAX?

Wide area, wireless, broadband, point to

Multiple frequency bands, including unlicensed

2007-2008 John Moring

In the cellular arena, WiMAX faces LTE

2007-2008 John Moring

2007-2008 John Moring

The Many Faces of WiMAX

Licensed / unlicensed spectrum

Profiles collect reasonable feature sets for

WiMAX Features Related to Spectrum

2007-2008 John Moring

2007-2008 John Moring

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Three Standards Specify Air Interface

IEEE Std 802.16-2004

OSometimes called 802.16d

IEEE Std 802.16-2004/Cor1

IEEE Std 802.16e-2005

Other amendments cover specific areas

WiMAX Forum Promotes and Certifies

WiBro Uses 802.16 in Asia

Korean WiBro = Wireless Broadband

2.3 GHz band, 8.75 MHz channels

Nationwide service 4/2007

2007-2008 John Moring

802.16 Also Active in Europe

International Telecommunications Union

3.5 GHz deployments in progress

Provider Example: Clearwire

Source: Clearwire website 9/07

2007-2008 John Moring

Clearwire Corporation is unwiring Nashville with the introduction of its

Note: Clearwire uses Motorola Expedience WiMAX-class technology

Source: Clearwire website 9/07

2007-2008 John Moring

Vendor Quotes: Intel

Intel currently plans to integrate WiMAX and WiFi into its

Source: Intel website 9/07

2007-2008 John Moring