Preliminaries: 0.1 Concepts Review

CHAPTER
0.1 Concepts Review

1. rational numbers
Preliminaries
1 2 1 1 1
1
8. =
3 5 2 3 5
2 1 5 3
3
5 2 15 15
2. dense
1 2 1 2
1 2 1
= =
3 5 2 15
3 5 15
1 6 1
1 5
1
= = =
3 15 15
3 15
9
3. If not Q then not P.

4. theorems
Problem Set 0.1

1. 4 2(8 11) + 6 = 4 2(3) + 6
= 4 + 6 + 6 = 16
2. 3 2 4 ( 7 12 ) = 3[ 2 4(5) ]
= 3[ 2 + 20] = 3(22) = 66
3.
4[5(3 + 12 4) + 2(13 7)]

= 4[5(5) + 2(6)] = 4[25 + 12]
= 4(37) = 148
4.
5 [ 1(7 + 12 16) + 4] + 2
= 5 [ 1(3) + 4] + 2 = 5 ( 3 + 4 ) + 2
= 5 (1) + 2 = 5 + 2 = 7
5.
6.
7.
5 1 65 7 58
=
=
7 13 91 91 91
3
3 1 3
3 1
+ =
+
4 7 21 6 3 21 6
42 6
7
43
= +
=
42 42 42
42
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1
=
+
+
3 2 4 3 6 3 2 12 6
1 1 1 1
= +
3 2 12 6
1 1
4
= +
3 24 24
1 3 1
= =
3 24 24
Instructors Resource Manual
2
14 2
14 2
14 6
= =
9.
21 5 1
21 14
21 14
3
3
2
14 3
2 9 6
= =
21 7
3 49 49
2
2 35 33
5
7
= 7 7 = 7 = 33 = 11
10.
6
2
1 7 1
6
1

7 7 7
7
7
11 12 11 4
7
7
21
7
7
=
= 7 =
11.
11 + 12 11 + 4 15 15
7 21 7 7
7
1 3 7 4 6 7 5
+
+
5
12. 2 4 8 = 8 8 8 = 8 =
1 3 7 4 6 7 3 3
+
+
2 4 8 8 8 8 8
13. 1
1
1
2 3 2 1
=1 =1 = =
1
3
3 3 3 3
1+ 2
2
14. 2 +
15.
3
5
1+
2
5+ 3
3
3
= 2+
2 5
7
2 2
2
6 14 6 20
= 2+ = + =
7 7 7 7
= 2+
)(
) ( 5) ( 3)
5 3 =
=53= 2
Section 0.1
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they
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16.
5 3
) = ( 5)
2
( 5 )( 3 ) + ( 3 )
27.
= 5 2 15 + 3 = 8 2 15
17. (3x 4)( x + 1) = 3 x 2 + 3 x 4 x 4
= 3x2 x 4
18. (2 x 3)2 = (2 x 3)(2 x 3)
12
4
2
+
x + 2x x x + 2
12
4( x + 2)
2x
=
+
+
x( x + 2) x( x + 2) x( x + 2)
12 + 4 x + 8 + 2 x 6 x + 20
=
=
x( x + 2)
x( x + 2)
2(3 x + 10)
=
x( x + 2)
2
= 4 x2 6 x 6 x + 9
= 4 x 2 12 x + 9
19.
28.
(3x 9)(2 x + 1) = 6 x 2 + 3 x 18 x 9
2
y
+
2(3 y 1) (3 y + 1)(3 y 1)
2(3 y + 1)
2y
=
+
2(3 y + 1)(3 y 1) 2(3 y + 1)(3 y 1)
=
= 6 x 15 x 9
20. (4 x 11)(3x 7) = 12 x 2 28 x 33 x + 77
= 12 x 2 61x + 77
21. (3t 2 t + 1) 2 = (3t 2 t + 1)(3t 2 t + 1)

4
2
y
+
6 y 2 9 y2 1
= 9t 3t + 3t 3t + t t + 3t t + 1
6y + 2 + 2y
8y + 2
=
2(3 y + 1)(3 y 1) 2(3 y + 1)(3 y 1)
2(4 y + 1)
4y +1
=
2(3 y + 1)(3 y 1) (3 y + 1)(3 y 1)
= 9t 4 6t 3 + 7t 2 2t + 1
00 = 0
b.
0
is undefined.
0
c.
0
=0
17
d.
3
is undefined.
0
e.
05 = 0
f. 170 = 1
29. a.
22. (2t + 3)3 = (2t + 3)(2t + 3)(2t + 3)
= (4t 2 + 12t + 9)(2t + 3)
= 8t 3 + 12t 2 + 24t 2 + 36t + 18t + 27
= 8t 3 + 36t 2 + 54t + 27
23.
x 2 4 ( x 2)( x + 2)
=
= x+2, x 2
x2
x2
24.
x 2 x 6 ( x 3)( x + 2)
=
= x+2, x 3
x3
( x 3)
25.
t 2 4t 21 (t + 3)(t 7)
=
= t 7 , t 3
t +3
t +3
26.
2x 2x
3
x 2x + x
2 x(1 x)
2
x( x 2 x + 1)
2 x( x 1)
=
x( x 1)( x 1)
2
=
x 1
Section 0.1
0
= a , then 0 = 0 a , but this is meaningless
0
because a could be any real number. No
0
single value satisfies = a .
0
30. If
31.
.083
12 1.000
96
40
36
4
32.
.285714
7 2.000000
14
60
56
40
35
50
49
10
7
30
28
2
33.
.142857
21 3.000000
21
90
84
60
42
180
168
120
105
150
147
3
34.
.294117...
17 5.000000... 0.2941176470588235
34
160
153
70
68
20
17
30
17
130
119
11
35.
3.6
3 11.0
9
20
18
2
36.
.846153
13 11.000000
10 4
60
52
80
78
20
13
70
65
50
39
11
37. x = 0.123123123...
1000 x = 123.123123...
x = 0.123123...
999 x = 123
123 41
x=
=
999 333
38. x = 0.217171717
1000 x = 217.171717...
10 x = 2.171717...
990 x = 215
215 43
x=
=
990 198
39. x = 2.56565656...
100 x = 256.565656...
x = 2.565656...
99 x = 254
254
x=
99
40. x = 3.929292
100 x = 392.929292...
x = 3.929292...
99 x = 389
389
x=
99
Section 0.1
41. x = 0.199999...
100 x = 19.99999...
52.
10 x = 1.99999...
90 x = 18
18 1
x=
=
90 5
54.
55.
10 x = 3.99999...
90 x = 36
36 2
x=
=
90 5
56.
43. Those rational numbers that can be expressed

by a terminating decimal followed by zeros.
1
p
1
= p , so we only need to look at . If
q
q
q
q = 2n 5m , then
n
1 1 1
= = (0.5)n (0.2)m . The product
q 2 5
of any number of terminating decimals is also a
n
terminating decimal, so (0.5) and (0.2) ,

and hence their product,
decimal. Thus
1
, is a terminating
q
p
has a terminating decimal
q
expansion.
45. Answers will vary. Possible answer: 0.000001,
1
0.0000010819...
12
46. Smallest positive integer: 1; There is no

smallest positive rational or irrational number.
47. Answers will vary. Possible answer:
3.14159101001...
48. There is no real number between 0.9999
(repeating 9's) and 1. 0.9999 and 1 represent

the same real number.
49. Irrational
50. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
and , 2 and 2
51. ( 3 + 1)3 20.39230485
Section 0.1
2 3
0.0102051443
53. 4 1.123 3 1.09 0.00028307388
42. x = 0.399999
100 x = 39.99999...
44.
( 3.1415 )1/ 2 0.5641979034

8.92 + 1 3 0.000691744752
4 (6 2
2) 3.661591807
57. Let a and b be real numbers with a < b . Let n

be a natural number that satisfies
1 / n < b a . Let S = {k : k n > b} . Since
a nonempty set of integers that is bounded
below contains a least element, there is a
k 0 S such that k 0 / n > b but
(k 0 1) / n b . Then
k0 1 k0 1
1
=
>b > a
n
n n
n
k 0 1
k 0 1
Thus, a < n b . If n < b , then choose
r=
k 0 1
n
. Otherwise, choose r =
k0 2
n
1
<r.
n
Given a < b , choose r so that a < r1 < b . Then
choose r2 , r3 so that a < r2 < r1 < r3 < b , and so
on.
Note that a < b
58. Answers will vary. Possible answer: 120 in 3

ft
= 21,120, 000 ft
mi
equator = 2 r = 2 (21,120, 000)
132, 700,874 ft
59. r = 4000 mi 5280

beats
min
hr
day
60
24
365
20 yr
70
min
hr
day
year
= 735,840, 000 beats
2
16
61. V = r 2 h = 12 (270 12)

2
93,807, 453.98 in.3

volume of one board foot (in inches):
1 12 12 = 144 in.3
number of board feet:
93,807, 453.98
651, 441 board ft
144
b. Every circle has area less than or equal to

9. The original statement is true.
62. V = (8.004) 2 (270) (8)2 (270) 54.3 ft.3

63. a.
If I stay home from work today then it

rains. If I do not stay home from work,
then it does not rain.
b. If the candidate will be hired then she

meets all the qualifications. If the
candidate will not be hired then she does
not meet all the qualifications.
64. a.
c.
Some real number is less than or equal to

its square. The negation is true.
71. a.
True; If x is positive, then x 2 is positive.
b. False; Take x = 2 . Then x 2 > 0 but

x<0.
If I pass the course, then I got an A on the

final exam. If I did not pass the course,
thn I did not get an A on the final exam.
c.
e.
a + b = c . If a triangle is not a right

2
72. a.
triangle, then a + b c .
c.
If angle ABC is an acute angle, then its

measure is 45o. If angle ABC is not an
acute angle, then its measure is not 45o.
2
The statement, converse, and

contrapositive are all true.
True; 1/ 2n can be made arbitrarily close

to 0.
73. a.
If n is odd, then there is an integer k such

that n = 2k + 1. Then
n 2 = (2k + 1) 2 = 4k 2 + 4k + 1
= 2(2k 2 + 2k ) + 1
The statement and contrapositive are true.

The converse is false.
Some isosceles triangles are not

equilateral. The negation is true.
b. All real numbers are integers. The original

statement is true.
c.
70. a.
True; Let x be any number. Take

1
1
y = + 1 . Then y > .
x
x
e.
b.
b. The statement, converse, and

contrapositive are all false.
69. a.
True; x + ( x ) < x + 1 + ( x ) : 0 < 1
b. The statement, converse, and

contrapositive are all true.
68. a.
True; Let y be any positive number. Take

y
x = . Then 0 < x < y .
2
d. True; 1/ n can be made arbitrarily close

to 0.
b. If a < b then a < b. If a b then

a b.
67. a.
<x
b. False; There are infinitely many prime

numbers.
b. If the measure of angle ABC is greater than

0o and less than 90o, it is acute. If the
measure of angle ABC is less than 0o or
greater than 90o, then it is not acute.
66. a.
1
4
y = x 2 + 1 . Then y > x 2 .
If a triangle is a right triangle, then

2
1
2
. Then x =
2
d. True; Let x be any number. Take
b. If I take off next week, then I finished my

research paper. If I do not take off next
week, then I did not finish my research
paper.
65. a.
False; Take x =
Some natural number is larger than its

square. The original statement is true.
Prove the contrapositive. Suppose n is

even. Then there is an integer k such that
n = 2k . Then n 2 = (2k )2 = 4k 2 = 2(2k 2 ) .
Thus n 2 is even.
Parts (a) and (b) prove that n is odd if and
74.
only if n 2 is odd.
75. a.
b.
243 = 3 3 3 3 3
124 = 4 31 = 2 2 31 or 22 31
Some natural number is not rational. The

original statement is true.
Section 0.1
5100 = 2 2550 = 2 2 1275
c.
82. a.
= 2 2 3 425 = 2 2 3 5 85
= 2 2 3 5 5 17 or 22 3 52 17
c.
76. For example, let A = b c 2 d 3 ; then
A2 = b 2 c 4 d 6 , so the square of the number

is the product of primes which occur an even
number of times.
77.
p
p2
;2 =
; 2q 2 = p 2 ; Since the prime
2
q
q
2
factors of p must occur an even number of
p
times, 2q2 would not be valid and = 2
q
must be irrational.
3=
p
p2
; 3=
; 3q 2 = p 2 ; Since the prime
q
q2
factors of p 2 must occur an even number of

times, 3q 2 would not be valid and
e.
f.
83. a.
p
= 3
q
x = 2.4444...;
10 x = 24.4444...
x = 2.4444...
9 x = 22
22
x=
9
2
3
n = 1: x = 0, n = 2: x = , n = 3: x = ,
3
2
5
n = 4: x =
4
3
The upper bound is .
2
2
Answers will vary. Possible answer: An

example
is S = {x : x 2 < 5, x a rational number}.
Here the least upper bound is 5, which is
real but irrational.
must be irrational.
79. Let a, b, p, and q be natural numbers, so
b. 2
d. 1
2=
78.
a
b
p
a p aq + bp
are rational. + =
This
q
b q
bq
sum is the quotient of natural numbers, so it is
also rational.
and
b. True
0.2 Concepts Review

1. [1,5); (, 2]
2. b > 0; b < 0
p
80. Assume a is irrational, 0 is rational, and
q
p r
qr
is
= is rational. Then a =
q s
ps
rational, which is a contradiction.
a
81. a.
9 = 3; rational
b.
3
0.375 = ; rational
8
c.
(3 2)(5 2) = 15 4 = 30; rational
d.
(1 + 3)2 = 1 + 2 3 + 3 = 4 + 2 3;
irrational
3. (b) and (c)

4. 1 x 5
Problem Set 0.2

1. a.
b.
c.
d.
Section 0.2
3 < 1 6 x 4
9. 4 < 6 x 3
e.
2
1 1 2
> x ; ,
3
2 2 3
f.
2. a.
c.
(2, 7)
(, 2]
b.
d.
[3, 4)
[1, 3]
10.
3. x 7 < 2 x 5
2 < x;( 2, )
4 < 5 3x < 7
1 < 3x < 2
1
2 2 1
> x > ; ,
3
3 3 3
4. 3x 5 < 4 x 6
1 < x; (1, )
11. x2 + 2x 12 < 0;
x=
5.
7 x 2 9x + 3
5 2 x
= 1 13
7. 4 < 3 x + 2 < 5
6 < 3 x < 3
2 < x < 1; (2, 1)
x 1 + 13 x 1 13 < 0;
5 5
x ; ,
2 2
6. 5 x 3 > 6 x 4
1 > x;(,1)
2 (2)2 4(1)(12) 2 52
=
2(1)
2
( 1
13, 1 + 13
12. x 2 5 x 6 > 0
( x + 1)( x 6) > 0;
(, 1) (6, )
13. 2x2 + 5x 3 > 0; (2x 1)(x + 3) > 0;

1
(, 3) ,
2
8. 3 < 4 x 9 < 11
6 < 4 x < 20
3
3
< x < 5; ,5
2
2
14.
3
(4 x + 3)( x 2) < 0; , 2
4
15.
4 x2 5x 6 < 0
x+4
0; [4, 3)
x3
Section 0.2
16.
3x 2
2
0; , (1, )
x 1
3
3
>2
x+5
20.
3
2 > 0
x+5
17.
2
5 < 0
x
2 5x
< 0;
x
2
( , 0) ,
5
18.
3 2( x + 5)
>0
x+5
2
<5
x
7
7
4x
7
7 0
4x
7 28 x
0;
4x
1
( , 0 ) ,
4
2 x 7
7
> 0; 5,
2
x+5
21. ( x + 2)( x 1)( x 3) > 0; (2,1) (3,8)
3 1
22. (2 x + 3)(3x 1)( x 2) < 0; , , 2

2 3
23. (2 x - 3)( x -1)2 ( x - 3) 0; , [3, )

2
24. (2 x 3)( x 1) 2 ( x 3) > 0;
19.
( ,1) 1,
3
( 3, )
2
1
4
3x 2
1
4 0
3x 2
1 4(3 x 2)
0
3x 2
9 12 x
2 3
0; , ,
3x 2
3 4
25.
x3 5 x 2 6 x < 0
x( x 2 5 x 6) < 0
x( x + 1)( x 6) < 0;
(, 1) (0, 6)
26. x3 x 2 x + 1 > 0
( x 2 1)( x 1) > 0
( x + 1)( x 1) 2 > 0;
(1,1) (1, )
Section 0.2
27. a.
False.
c.
False.
b.
True.
28. a.
True.
c.
False.
29. a.
b.
True.
33. a.
( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x 7) x 2 1
x3 + 3 x 2 5 x 7 x 2 1
x3 + 2 x 2 5 x 6 0
( x + 3)( x + 1)( x 2) 0
[3, 1] [2, )
Let a < b , so ab < b 2 . Also, a 2 < ab .
Thus, a 2 < ab < b 2 and a 2 < b 2 . Let

a 2 < b 2 , so a b Then
0 < ( a b ) = a 2 2ab + b 2
2
x4 2 x2 8
b.
< b 2 2ab + b 2 = 2b ( b a )
x4 2 x2 8 0
Since b > 0 , we can divide by 2b to get

ba > 0.
( x 2 4)( x 2 + 2) 0
( x 2 + 2)( x + 2)( x 2) 0
b. We can divide or multiply an inequality by

any positive number.
a
1 1
a < b <1 < .
b
b a
(, 2] [2, )
c.
[( x 2 + 1) 5][( x 2 + 1) 2] < 0
30. (b) and (c) are true.

(a) is false: Take a = 1, b = 1 .
(d) is false: if a b , then a b .
31. a.
3x + 7 > 1 and 2x + 1 < 3

3x > 6 and 2x < 2
x > 2 and x < 1; (2, 1)
( x 2 4)( x 2 1) < 0
( x + 2)( x + 1)( x 1)( x 2) < 0
(2, 1) (1, 2)
34. a.
32. a.
3x + 7 > 1 and 2x + 1 < 4

5
x > 2 and x < ;
2
1
1
,
2
.
01
1
.
99
2 x 7 > 1 or 2 x + 1 < 3
b.
x > 4 or x < 1
(,1) (4, )
2.99 <
1
< 3.01
x+2
2.99( x + 2) < 1 < 3.01( x + 2)

2.99 x + 5.98 < 1 and 1 < 3.01x + 6.02
4.98 and
5.02
x<
x>
2 x 7 1 or 2 x + 1 < 3
2 x 8 or 2 x < 2
2.99
5.02
4.98
<x<
3.01
2.99
5.02 4.98
,
3.01 2.99
x 4 or x < 1
(, 4]
c.
1
< 2.01
x
1
1
<x<
2.01
1.99
2 x > 8 or 2 x < 2
b.
1.99 <
1.99 x < 1 < 2.01x

1.99 x < 1 and 1 < 2.01x
1
and x > 1
x<
1.99
2.01
b. 3x + 7 > 1 and 2x + 1 > 4

3x > 6 and 2x > 5
5
x > 2 and x > ; ( 2, )
2
c.
( x 2 + 1)2 7( x 2 + 1) + 10 < 0
2 x 7 1 or 2 x + 1 > 3
3.01
2 x 8 or 2 x > 2
x 4 or x > 1
(, )
35.
x 2 5;
x 2 5 or x 2 5
x 3 or x 7
(, 3] [7, )
Section 0.2
36.
x + 2 < 1;
1 < x + 2 < 1
43.
3 < x < 1
(3, 1)
37.
4 x + 5 10;
10 4 x + 5 10
15 4 x 5
38.
15
5 15 5
x ; ,
4
4 4 4
2 x 1 > 2;
2x 1 < 2 or 2x 1 > 2
2x < 1 or 2x > 3;
1
3
1 3
x < or x > , , ,
2
2
2 2
39.
40.
2x
5 7
7
2x
2x
5 7 or
5 7
7
7
2x
2x
2 or
12
7
7
x 7 or x 42;
(, 7] [42, )
x
+1 < 1
4
x
1 < + 1 < 1
4
x
2 < < 0;
4
8 < x < 0; (8, 0)
41. 5 x 6 > 1;
5 x 6 < 1 or 5 x 6 > 1
5 x < 5 or 5 x > 7
7
7
x < 1 or x > ;(,1) ,
5
5
42.
2 x 7 > 3;
2x 7 < 3 or 2x 7 > 3
2x < 4 or 2x > 10
x < 2 or x > 5; (, 2) (5, )
44.
1
3 > 6;
x
1
1
3 < 6 or 3 > 6
x
x
1
1
+ 3 < 0 or 9 > 0
x
x
1 + 3x
1 9x
< 0 or
> 0;
x
x
1 1
, 0 0,
3 9
5
> 1;
x
5
5
2 + < 1 or 2 + > 1
x
x
5
5
3 + < 0 or 1 + > 0
x
x
3x + 5
x+5
< 0 or
> 0;
x
x
5
( , 5) , 0 (0, )
3
2+
45. x 2 3x 4 0;
x=
3 (3)2 4(1)(4) 3 5
=
= 1, 4
2(1)
2
( x + 1)( x 4) = 0; (, 1] [4, )
4 (4)2 4(1)(4)
=2
2(1)
( x 2)( x 2) 0; x = 2
46. x 2 4 x + 4 0; x =
47. 3x2 + 17x 6 > 0;

x=
17 (17) 2 4(3)(6) 17 19
1
=
= 6,
2(3)
6
3
1
(3x 1)(x + 6) > 0; ( , 6) ,
3
48. 14 x 2 + 11x 15 0;
11 (11) 2 4(14)(15) 11 31
=
2(14)
28
3 5
x= ,
2 7
3
5
3 5
x + x 0; ,
2
7
2 7
x=
49. x 3 < 0.5 5 x 3 < 5(0.5) 5 x 15 < 2.5

50. x + 2 < 0.3 4 x + 2 < 4(0.3) 4 x + 18 < 1.2
10
Section 0.2
51.
x2 <
52.
x+4 <
6 x 2 < 6 x 12 <
59.
x 1 < 2 x 6
( x 1) 2 < (2 x 6)2
2 x + 4 < 2x + 8 <
x 2 2 x + 1 < 4 x 2 24 x + 36
3x 2 22 x + 35 > 0
53. 3x 15 < 3( x 5) <
(3x 7)( x 5) > 0;
3 x5 <
x5 <
54.
; =
, (5, )
3
4 x 8 < 4( x 2) <
60.
55.
; =
4 x2 4 x + 1 x2 + 2 x + 1
3x2 6 x 0
3 x( x 2) 0
(, 0] [2, )
6 x+6 <
; =
6 x + 36 < 6( x + 6) <
x+6 <
2x 1 x + 1
(2 x 1)2 ( x + 1)
4 x2 <
x2 <
x 1 < 2 x 3
61.
2 2 x 3 < x + 10
4 x 6 < x + 10
56. 5 x + 25 < 5( x + 5) <
(4 x 6) 2 < ( x + 10)2
5 x+5 <
16 x 2 48 x + 36 < x 2 + 20 x + 100
x+5 <
; =
15 x 2 68 x 64 < 0
(5 x + 4)(3 x 16) < 0;
57. C = d
C 10 0.02
d 10 0.02
10
d 0.02
10 0.02
d
0.0064
We must measure the diameter to an accuracy

of 0.0064 in.
58. C 50 1.5,
5
( F 32 ) 50 1.5;
9
5
( F 32 ) 90 1.5
9
F 122 2.7
4 16
,
5 3
3x 1 < 2 x + 6
62.
3x 1 < 2 x + 12
(3x 1) 2 < (2 x + 12)2
9 x 2 6 x + 1 < 4 x 2 + 48 x + 144
5 x 2 54 x 143 < 0
( 5 x + 11)( x 13) < 0

11
,13
5
We are allowed an error of 2.7 F.
Section 0.2
11
63.
x < y x x x y and x y < y y

2
x < y
Order property: x < y xz < yz when z is positive.
Transitivity
(x
x2 < y 2
Conversely,
2
(x
x2 < y 2 x < y
= x
= x2
x y <0
Subtract y from each side.
( x y )( x + y ) < 0 Factor the difference of two squares.
x y <0
x < y
64. 0 < a < b a =
( a) < ( b)
2
a <
This is the only factor that can be negative.

Add y to each side.
( a)
and b =
( b)
, so
67.
, and, by Problem 63,
x +9
x2
a + b + c = ( a + b) + c a + b + c
a+b+c
66.
1
x2 + 3
1
1
1
=
+
2
x +2
x
+ 2
x +3
1
2
x +3
68.
1
x +2
1
=
+
2
x +2
x +3
1
2
x 2 + 3 3 and x + 2 2, so
1
2
x +3
1
2
x +3
12
1
1
1
, thus,
and
x +2 2
3
1
1 1
+
x +2 3 2
Section 0.2
x2 + 9
x
2
x +9
x
2
2
x 2 x2 + 2 x + 7 x2 + 2 x + 7
Thus,
x2 + 2 x + 7
2
x +1
= x2 + 2 x + 7
1
2
x +1
15 1 = 15
1
x +2
x +3
by the Triangular Inequality, and since
1
1
x 2 + 3 > 0, x + 2 > 0
> 0,
> 0.
2
x
+2
x +3
x + (2)
4 + 4 + 7 = 15
1
and x 2 + 1 1 so
1.
2
x +1
x +9
x +2
2
+
=
2
2
2
x + 9 x + 9 x + 9 x2 + 9
1
1
Since x 2 + 9 9,
2
x +9 9
x +2 x +2
9
x2 + 9
x
+2
x2
2
9
x +9
b a< b.
of absolute values.
c.
x +9
2
a b a b a b Use Property 4
b.
x2
a b = a + (b) a + b = a + b
65. a.
x2
69.
1 3 1 2 1
1
x + x + x+
2
4
8
16
1
1
1
1
x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x +
2
4
8
16
1 1 1 1
1+ + + +
since x 1.
2 4 8 16
1
1
1
1
1.9375 < 2.
So x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x +
2
4
8
16
x4 +
x < x2
70. a.
77.
x x2 < 0
x(1 x) < 0
x < 0 or x > 1
1 11
R 60
x <x
b.
2
x x<0
x( x 1) < 0
0 < x <1
60
11
1
1
1
1
+
+
R 20 30 40
1 6+4+3
R
120
120
R
13
71. a 0
2
1
1
0 a = a2 2 +
a
a2
1
1
or a 2 +
2.
so, 2 a 2 +
2
a
a2
Thus,
72. a < b
a + a < a + b and a + b < b + b
2a < a + b < 2b
a+b
a<
<b
2
60
120
R
11
13
78. A = 4 r 2 ; A = 4 (10)2 = 400

4 r 2 400 < 0.01
4 r 2 100 < 0.01
73. 0 < a < b
r 2 100 <
a 2 < ab and ab < b 2
74.
1 1 1
1
+
+
R 10 20 30
1 6+3+ 2
R
60
0.01
4
0.01 2
0.01
< r 100 <
4
4
a 2 < ab < b 2
a < ab < b
0.01
0.01
< r < 100 +
4
4
0.00004 in
100
1
1
( a + b ) ab a 2 + 2ab + b2
2
4
1 2 1
1 2 1 2
0 a ab + b = a 2ab + b 2
4
2
4
4
1
2
0 (a b) which is always true.
4
ab
)
0.3 Concepts Review
1.
75. For a rectangle the area is ab, while for a

2
a+b
square the area is a 2 =
. From
2
1
a+b
(a + b) ab
2
2
so the square has the largest area.
Problem 74,
ab
76. 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + + x99 0;
(, 1]
( x + 2)2 + ( y 3)2
2. (x + 4)2 + (y 2)2 = 25
2
2 + 5 3 + 7
3.
,
= (1.5,5)
2
2
4.
d b
ca
Section 0.3
13
Problem Set 0.3
5. d1 = (5 + 2) 2 + (3 4)2 = 49 + 1 = 50
d 2 = (5 10)2 + (3 8)2 = 25 + 25 = 50
1.
d3 = (2 10)2 + (4 8)2
= 144 + 16 = 160
d1 = d 2 so the triangle is isosceles.
6. a = (2 4)2 + (4 0) 2 = 4 + 16 = 20
b = (4 8)2 + (0 + 2)2 = 16 + 4 = 20
c = (2 8)2 + (4 + 2) 2 = 36 + 4 = 40
d = (3 1)2 + (1 1)2 = 4 = 2
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , so the triangle is a right triangle.
2.
7. (1, 1), (1, 3); (7, 1), (7, 3); (1, 1), (5, 1)
8.
( x 3) 2 + (0 1) 2 = ( x 6)2 + (0 4) 2 ;
x 2 6 x + 10 = x 2 12 x + 52
6 x = 42
x = 7 ( 7, 0 )
d = (3 2)2 + (5 + 2)2 = 74 8.60
3.
2 + 4 2 + 3 1
9.
,
= 1, ;
2 2
2
2
25
1
d = (1 + 2)2 + 3 = 9 +
3.91
2
4
1+ 2 3 + 6 3 9
10. midpoint of AB =
,
= ,
2 2 2
2
4 + 3 7 + 4 7 11
midpoint of CD =
,
= ,
2 2 2
2
2
3 7 9 11
d = +
2 2 2 2
= 4 + 1 = 5 2.24
d = (4 5)2 + (5 + 8) 2 = 170 13.04
4.
11 (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 1
12. ( x + 2)2 + ( y 3)2 = 42
( x + 2)2 + ( y 3)2 = 16
13. ( x 2) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = r 2
(5 2)2 + (3 + 1) 2 = r 2
r 2 = 9 + 16 = 25
( x 2) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 25
d = (1 6)2 + (5 3) 2 = 49 + 4 = 53
7.28
14
Section 0.3
14. ( x 4) 2 + ( y 3) 2 = r 2
21. 4 x 2 + 16 x + 15 + 4 y 2 + 6 y = 0
(6 4) 2 + (2 3) 2 = r 2
3
9
9
4( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 4 y 2 + y + = 15 + 16 +
2
16
4
r = 4 +1 = 5
3
13
4( x + 2)2 + 4 y + =
4
4
( x 4)2 + ( y 3)2 = 5
1+ 3 3 + 7
15. center =
,
= (2, 5)
2
2
1
1
radius =
(1 3)2 + (3 7)2 =
4 + 16
2
2
1
=
20 = 5
2
2
( x 2) + ( y 5) = 5
3
13
( x + 2)2 + y + =
4
16
center = 2, ; radius =
4
105
+ 4 y2 + 3 y = 0
16
3
9
2
4( x + 4 x + 4) + 4 y 2 + y +
4
64
105
9
=
+ 16 +
16
16
22. 4 x 2 + 16 x +
16. Since the circle is tangent to the x-axis, r = 4.

( x 3)2 + ( y 4) 2 = 16
17. x 2 + 2 x + 10 + y 2 6 y 10 = 0
4( x + 2)2 + 4 y + = 10
8
x2 + 2 x + y 2 6 y = 0
( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 6 y + 9) = 1 + 9
3
5
( x + 2)2 + y + =
8
2
( x + 1) 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 10
3
5
10
center = 2, ; radius =
=
8
2
2
center = (1, 3); radius = 10

x 2 + y 2 6 y = 16
18.
x 2 + ( y 2 6 y + 9) = 16 + 9
23.
2 1
=1
2 1
24.
75
=2
43
25.
6 3 9
=
5 2 7
26.
6 + 4
=1
02
27.
50
5
=
03
3
28.
60
=1
0+6
x 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 25
19. x 2 + y 2 12 x + 35 = 0
x 2 12 x + y 2 = 35
( x 2 12 x + 36) + y 2 = 35 + 36
( x 6) 2 + y 2 = 1
x 2 + y 2 10 x + 10 y = 0
20.
2
29.
y 2 = 1( x 2)
y 2 = x + 2
x+ y4 = 0
30.
y 4 = 1( x 3)
y 4 = x + 3
( x 10 x + 25) + ( y + 10 y + 25) = 25 + 25
x+ y7 = 0
( x 5) 2 + ( y + 5)2 = 50
center = ( 5, 5 ) ; radius = 50 = 5 2
13
4
31.
y = 2x + 3
2x y + 3 = 0
32.
y = 0x + 5
0x + y 5 = 0
Section 0.3
15
33. m =
83 5
= ;
42 2
5
y 3 = ( x 2)
2
2 y 6 = 5 x 10
c.
3 y = 2 x + 6
y=
x 4y + 0 = 0
2
y + 3 = ( x 3)
3
2
y = x 1
3
d.
3
m= ;
2
3
( x 3)
2
3
15
y= x
2
2
y+3=
2
1
2
35. 3y = 2x + 1; y = x + ; slope = ;
3
3
3
1
y -intercept =
3
1 2
3
= ;
3 +1
4
3
y + 3 = ( x 3)
4
3
3
y= x
4
4
36. 4 y = 5 x 6
5
3
y = x+
4
2
5
3
slope = ; y -intercept =
4
2
e.
m=
37. 6 2 y = 10 x 2
2 y = 10 x 8
y = 5 x + 4;
slope = 5; y-intercept = 4
f.
x=3
38. 4 x + 5 y = 20
5 y = 4 x 20
4
y = x4
5
4
slope = ; y -intercept = 4
5
39. a.
b.
m = 2;
y + 3 = 2( x 3)
y = 2x 9
1
m= ;
2
1
y + 3 = ( x 3)
2
1
3
y= x
2
2
16
Section 0.3
2
x + 2;
3
2
m= ;
3
5x 2 y 4 = 0
2 1 1
34. m =
= ;
84 4
1
y 1 = ( x 4)
4
4y 4 = x 4
2x + 3 y = 6
40. a.
g. y = 3
3 x + cy = 5
3(3) + c(1) = 5
c = 4
b.
c=0
c.
2 x + y = 1
y = 2 x 1
m = 2;
3x + cy = 5
cy = 3x + 5
3
5
y = x+
c
c
3
2 =
c
3
c=
2
d. c must be the same as the coefficient of x,

so c = 3.
e.
y 2 = 3( x + 3);
1
perpendicular slope = ;
3
1
3
=
3
c
c=9
3
( x + 2)
2
3
y = x+2
2
y +1 =
b.
c.
2x + 3 y = 4
9 x 3 y = 15
= 11
11x
x = 1
3(1) + y = 5
3
41. m = ;
2
42. a.
45. 2 x + 3 y = 4
3x + y = 5
m = 2;
kx 3 y = 10
3 y = kx + 10
10
k
y = x
3
3
k
= 2; k = 6
3
1
m= ;
2
k
1
=
3
2
3
k=
2
2x + 3 y = 6
3 y = 2 x + 6
2
y = x + 2;
3
3 k 3
9
m= ; = ; k=
2 3 2
2
y=2
Point of intersection: (1, 2)

3 y = 2 x + 4
2
4
y = x+
3
3
3
m=
2
3
y 2 = ( x + 1)
2
3
7
y = x+
2
2
46. 4 x 5 y = 8
2 x + y = 10
4x 5 y = 8
4 x 2 y = 20
7 y = 28
y = 4
4 x 5(4) = 8
4 x = 12
x = 3
Point of intersection: ( 3, 4 ) ;
4x 5 y = 8
5 y = 4 x + 8
y=
43. y = 3(3) 1 = 8; (3, 9) is above the line.

b0
b
=
0a
a
b
bx
x y
y = x + b;
+ y = b; + = 1
a
a
a b
44. (a, 0), (0, b); m =
m=
4
8
x
5
5
5
4
5
y + 4 = ( x + 3)
4
5
31
y = x
4
4
Section 0.3
17
47. 3x 4 y = 5
2x + 3y = 9
9 x 12 y = 15
8 x + 12 y = 36
17 x
= 51
x=3
3(3) 4 y = 5
4 y = 4
y =1
Point of intersection: (3, 1); 3x 4y = 5;

4 y = 3x + 5
3
5
y= x
4
4
4
m=
3
4
y 1 = ( x 3)
3
4
y = x+5
3
48. 5 x 2 y = 5
2x + 3y = 6
15 x 6 y = 15
4 x + 6 y = 12
19 x
= 27
27
x=
19
27
2 + 3y = 6
19
60
3y =
19
20
y=
19
27 20
Point of intersection: , ;
19 19
5x 2 y = 5
2 y = 5 x + 5
5
5
y= x
2
2
2
m=
5
20
2
27
y
= x
19
5
19
2
54 20
y = x+ +
5
95 19
2
154
y = x+
5
95
18
Section 0.3
2 + 6 1 + 3
,
49. center:
= (4, 1)
2
2
2+ 6 3+3
midpoint =
,
= (4, 3)
2
2
inscribed circle: radius = (4 4)2 + (1 3)2
= 4=2
2
( x 4) + ( y 1)2 = 4
circumscribed circle:
radius = (4 2)2 + (1 3)2 = 8
( x 4)2 + ( y 1)2 = 8
50. The radius of each circle is 16 = 4. The centers

are (1, 2 ) and ( 9,10 ) . The length of the belt is
the sum of half the circumference of the first

circle, half the circumference of the second circle,
and twice the distance between their centers.
1
1
L = 2 (4) + 2 (4) + 2 (1 + 9)2 + (2 10)2
2
2
= 8 + 2 100 + 144
56.37
51. Put the vertex of the right angle at the origin
with the other vertices at (a, 0) and (0, b). The
a b
midpoint of the hypotenuse is , . The
2 2
distances from the vertices are
2
a
b
a +0 =
2
2

=
2
a
b
0 + b =
2
2
=
2
a
b
0 + 0 =
2
2
a 2 b2
+
4
4
1 2
a + b2 ,
2
a 2 b2
+
4
4
1 2
a + b 2 , and
2
a 2 b2
+
4
4
1 2
a + b2 ,
2
which are all the same.

52. From Problem 51, the midpoint of the
hypotenuse, ( 4,3, ) , is equidistant from the
vertices. This is the center of the circle. The

radius is 16 + 9 = 5. The equation of the
circle is
( x 4) 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 25.
53. x 2 + y 2 4 x 2 y 11 = 0
( x 2 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 2 y + 1) = 11 + 4 + 1
( x 2)2 + ( y 1)2 = 16
x 2 + y 2 + 20 x 12 y + 72 = 0
( x 2 + 20 x + 100) + ( y 2 12 y + 36)
= 72 + 100 + 36
2
( x + 10) + ( y 6) = 64
center of first circle: (2, 1)
center of second circle: (10, 6)
d = (2 + 10)2 + (1 6) 2 = 144 + 25
= 169 = 13
However, the radii only sum to 4 + 8 = 12, so
the circles must not intersect if the distance
between their centers is 13.
54. x 2 + ax + y 2 + by + c = 0
2
a2 2
b2
x + ax +
+ y + by +
4
4
= c +
a 2 b2
+
4
4
2
2
a
b
a 2 + b 2 4c
x+ + y+ =
2
2
4
a + b 4c
> 0 a 2 + b 2 > 4c
4
55. Label the points C, P, Q, and R as shown in the

figure below. Let d = OP , h = OR , and
a = PR . Triangles OPR and CQR are
similar because each contains a right angle and

they share angle QRC . For an angle of
30 ,
a 1
d
3
and = h = 2a . Using a
=
h 2
h
2
56. The equations of the two circles are

( x R)2 + ( y R)2 = R 2
( x r )2 + ( y r )2 = r 2
Let ( a, a ) denote the point where the two

circles touch. This point must satisfy
(a R)2 + (a R)2 = R 2
R2
2
2
a = 1
R
2
(a R)2 =
2
Since a < R , a = 1
R.
2
At the same time, the point where the two

circles touch must satisfy
(a r )2 + (a r )2 = r 2
2
a = 1
r
2
2
Since a > r , a = 1 +
r.
2
Equating the two expressions for a yields
2
2
1 2 R = 1 + 2 r
2
1
2
r=
R=
2
1+
2
r=
1 2 +
2
1
2
2
1 +
1
2
2
1
2R
1
2
r = (3 2 2) R 0.1716 R
1
property of similar triangles, QC / RC = 3 / 2 ,

2
3
4
=
a = 2+
a2
2
3
By the Pythagorean Theorem, we have
d = h 2 a 2 = 3a = 2 3 + 4 7.464
Section 0.3
19
57. Refer to figure 15 in the text. Given ine l1 with

slope m, draw ABC with vertical and
horizontal sides m, 1.
Line l2 is obtained from l1 by rotating it
around the point A by 90 counter-clockwise.
Triangle ABC is rotated into triangle AED .
We read off
1
1
slope of l2 =
= .
m
m
60. See the figure below. The angle at T is a right

angle, so the Pythagorean Theorem gives
( PM + r )2 = ( PT )2 + r 2
( PM )2 + 2rPM + r 2 = ( PT )2 + r 2
PM ( PM + 2r ) = ( PT )2
PM + 2r = PN so this gives ( PM )( PN ) = ( PT ) 2
58. 2 ( x 1)2 + ( y 1)2 = ( x 3) 2 + ( y 4)2

4( x 2 2 x + 1 + y 2 2 y + 1)
= x 2 6 x + 9 + y 2 8 y + 16
3x 2 2 x + 3 y 2 = 9 + 16 4 4;
2
17
x + y2 = ;
3
3
1
17
1
2 2
2
x x+ + y = +
3
9
3 9
3x 2 2 x + 3 y 2 = 17; x 2
1
52
2
x + y =
3
9
B = (6)2 + (8)2 = 100 = 10
52
1
center: , 0 ; radius:
3
3
59. Let a, b, and c be the lengths of the sides of the

right triangle, with c the length of the
hypotenuse. Then the Pythagorean Theorem
says that a 2 + b 2 = c 2
Thus,
a 2 b 2 c 2
+
=
or
8
8
8
2
61. The lengths A, B, and C are the same as the

corresponding distances between the centers of
the circles:
A = (2)2 + (8)2 = 68 8.2
1 a
1 b
1 c
+ =
2 2
2 2
2 2
C = (8)2 + (0)2 = 64 = 8
Each circle has radius 2, so the part of the belt
around the wheels is
2(2 a ) + 2(2 b ) + 2(2 c )
= 2[3 - (a + b + c)] = 2(2 ) = 4
Since a + b + c = , the sum of the angles of a
triangle.
The length of the belt is 8.2 + 10 + 8 + 4
38.8 units.
1 x
is the area of a semicircle with
2 2
diameter x, so the circles on the legs of the
triangle have total area equal to the area of the
semicircle on the hypotenuse.
From a 2 + b 2 = c 2 ,
3 2
3 2
3 2
a +
b =
c
4
4
4
3 2
x is the area of an equilateral triangle
4
with sides of length x, so the equilateral
triangles on the legs of the right triangle have
total area equal to the area of the equilateral
triangle on the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
20
Section 0.3
62 As in Problems 50 and 61, the curved portions

of the belt have total length 2 r. The lengths
of the straight portions will be the same as the
lengths of the sides. The belt will have length
2 r + d1 + d 2 + + d n .
63. A = 3, B = 4, C = 6
3(3) + 4(2) + (6) 7
d=
=
5
(3) 2 + (4)2
64. A = 2, B = 2, C = 4
d=
2(4) 2(1) + 4)
2
(2) + (2)
14
8
7 2
2
65. A = 12, B = 5, C = 1
12(2) 5(1) + 1 18
d=
=
13
(12) 2 + (5) 2
66. A = 2, B = 1, C = 5
d=
2(3) 1(1) 5
2
(2) + (1)
2
5
2 5
5
67. 2 x + 4(0) = 5
5
x=
2
d=
( 52 ) + 4(0) 7 =
(2)2 + (4) 2
2
20
5
5
68. 7(0) 5 y = 1
1
y=
5
1
7(0) 5 6
7
7 74
5
d=
=
=
2
2
74
74
(7) + (5)
2 3
5
3
= ; m = ; passes through
1+ 2
3
5
2 + 1 3 2 1 1
,
= ,
2 2 2
2
1 3
1
y = x+
2 5
2
3
4
y = x+
5
5
69. m =
04
1
= 2; m = ; passes through
20
2
0+2 4+0
,
= (1, 2)
2
2
1
y 2 = ( x 1)
2
1
3
y = x+
2
2
60
1
m=
= 3; m = ; passes through
42
3
2+4 0+6
,
= (3, 3)
2
2
1
y 3 = ( x 3)
3
1
y = x+4
3
1
3
1
x+ = x+4
2
2
3
5
5
x=
6
2
x=3
1
3
y = (3) + = 3
2
2
center = (3, 3)
70. m =
71. Let the origin be at the vertex as shown in the

figure below. The center of the circle is then
( 4 r , r ) , so it has equation
( x (4 r ))2 + ( y r )2 = r 2 . Along the side of
length 5, the y-coordinate is always
3
4
times
the x-coordinate. Thus, we need to find the

value of r for which there is exactly one x2
solution to ( x 4 + r ) 2 + x r = r 2 .
4
Solving for x in this equation gives

16
x = 16 r 24 r 2 + 7r 6 . There is
25
exactly one solution when r 2 + 7 r 6 = 0,

that is, when r = 1 or r = 6 . The root r = 6 is
extraneous. Thus, the largest circle that can be
inscribed in this triangle has radius r = 1.
Section 0.3
21
72. The line tangent to the circle at ( a, b ) will be
The slope of PS is
1
[ y1 + y4 ( y1 + y2 )] y y
2
2
= 4
. The slope of
1
x
x
4
2
x
+
x
x
+
x
(
)
[1 4 1 2]
2
1
[ y3 + y4 ( y2 + y3 )] y y
2
. Thus
QR is 2
= 4
1
x
x
[ x3 + x4 ( x2 + x3 )] 4 2
2
PS and QR are parallel. The slopes of SR and
y y
PQ are both 3 1 , so PQRS is a
x3 x1
parallelogram.
perpendicular to the line through ( a, b ) and the

center of the circle, which is ( 0, 0 ) . The line
through ( a, b ) and ( 0, 0 ) has slope
0b b
a
r2
= ; ax + by = r 2 y = x +
0a a
b
b
a
so ax + by = r 2 has slope and is
b
perpendicular to the line through ( a, b ) and
m=
( 0, 0 ) ,
so it is tangent to the circle at ( a, b ) .
73. 12a + 0b = 36
a=3
32 + b 2 = 36
b = 3 3
3x 3 3 y = 36
x 3 y = 12
3x + 3 3 y = 36
x + 3 y = 12
74. Use the formula given for problems 63-66, for

( x, y ) = ( 0, 0 ) .
77. x 2 + ( y 6) 2 = 25; passes through (3, 2)

tangent line: 3x 4y = 1
The dirt hits the wall at y = 8.
A = m, B = 1, C = B b;(0, 0)
d=
m(0) 1(0) + B b
m2 + (1) 2
Bb
m2 + 1
75. The midpoint of the side from (0, 0) to (a, 0) is

0+a 0+0 a
,
= , 0
2 2
2
The midpoint of the side from (0, 0) to (b, c) is
0+b 0+c b c
,
= ,
2 2 2
2
c0
c
m1 =
=
ba ba
c 0
c
m2 = 2
=
; m1 = m2
ba
ba
2
0.4 Concepts Review

1. y-axis
2.
( 4, 2 )
3. 8; 2, 1, 4
4. line; parabola
Problem Set 0.4

1. y = x2 + 1; y-intercept = 1; y = (1 + x)(1 x);
x-intercepts = 1, 1
Symmetric with respect to the y-axis
76. See the figure below. The midpoints of the

sides are
x + x y + y3
x + x y + y2
P 1 2 , 1
, Q 2 3 , 2
,
2
2
2
2
x + x y + y4
R 3 4 , 3
, and
2
2
x + x y + y4
S 1 4 , 1
.
2
2
22
Section 0.4
2. x = y 2 + 1; y -intercepts = 1,1;
x-intercept = 1 .
Symmetric with respect to the x-axis.
3. x = 4y2 1; x-intercept = 1
Symmetric with respect to the x-axis
4.
y = 4 x 2 1; y -intercept = 1
1 1
y = (2 x + 1)(2 x 1); x-intercepts = ,
2 2
Symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
5. x2 + y = 0; y = x2
x-intercept = 0, y-intercept = 0
6. y = x 2 2 x; y -intercept = 0
y = x(2 x); x-intercepts = 0, 2
7
7. 7x2 + 3y = 0; 3y = 7x2; y = x 2
3
x-intercept = 0, y-intercept = 0
8. y = 3x 2 2 x + 2; y -intercept = 2
Section 0.4
23
9. x2 + y2 = 4
x-intercepts = -2, 2; y-intercepts = -2, 2
Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis,
and origin
10. 3x 2 + 4 y 2 = 12; y-intercepts = 3, 3

x-intercepts = 2, 2
and origin
11. y = x2 2x + 2: y-intercept = 2
2 4+8 22 3
x-intercepts =
=
= 1 3
2
2
24
Section 0.4
12. 4 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 12; y -intercepts = 2, 2
x-intercepts = 3, 3
and origin
13. x2 y2 = 4
x-intercept = -2, 2
and origin
14. x 2 + ( y 1)2 = 9; y -intercepts = 2, 4
x-intercepts = 2 2, 2 2
15. 4(x 1)2 + y2 = 36;

y-intercepts = 32 = 4 2
x-intercepts = 2, 4
18. x 4 + y 4 = 1; y -intercepts = 1,1

x-intercepts = 1,1
and origin
16. x 2 4 x + 3 y 2 = 2
19. x4 + y4 = 16; y-intercepts = 2, 2

x-intercepts = 2, 2
Symmetric with respect to the y-axis, x-axis
and origin
x-intercepts = 2 2
17. x2 + 9(y + 2)2 = 36; y-intercepts = 4, 0

x-intercept = 0
20. y = x3 x; y-intercepts = 0;
y = x(x2 1) = x(x + 1)(x 1);
x-intercepts = 1, 0, 1
Symmetric with respect to the origin
Section 0.4
25
21. y =
1
2
; y-intercept = 1
x +1
24. 4 ( x 5 ) + 9( y + 2) 2 = 36; x-intercept = 5
25. y = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3); y-intercept = 6

22. y =
; y -intercept = 0
x +1
x-intercept = 0
Symmetric with respect to the origin
2
26. y = x2(x 1)(x 2); y-intercept = 0

23. 2 x 2 4 x + 3 y 2 + 12 y = 2
2( x 2 2 x + 1) + 3( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = 2 + 2 + 12
2( x 1)2 + 3( y + 2)2 = 12
y-intercepts = 2
30
3
x-intercept = 1
27. y = x 2 ( x 1)2 ; y-intercept = 0
x-intercepts = 0, 1
26
Section 0.4
28. y = x 4 ( x 1)4 ( x + 1)4 ; y -intercept = 0

x-intercepts = 1, 0,1
Intersection points: (0, 1) and (3, 4)
32. 2 x + 3 = ( x 1) 2
29.
x + y = 1; y-intercepts = 1, 1;
x-intercepts = 1, 1
Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis
and origin
2 x + 3 = x2 + 2 x 1
x2 + 4 = 0
No points of intersection
33. 2 x + 3 = 2( x 4)2
30.
x + y = 4; y-intercepts = 4, 4;
x-intercepts = 4, 4
Symmetric with respect to the x-axis, y-axis
and origin
2 x + 3 = 2 x 2 + 16 x 32
2 x 2 18 x + 35 = 0
x=
18 324 280 18 2 11 9 11
=
=
;
4
4
2
9 11
, 6 + 11 ,
Intersection points:
2
9 + 11
, 6 11
31.
x + 1 = ( x + 1)2
x + 1 = x2 + 2 x + 1
x 2 + 3x = 0
x( x + 3) = 0
x = 0, 3
Section 0.4
27
37. y = 3x + 1
34. 2 x + 3 = 3x 2 3 x + 12
x 2 + 2 x + (3 x + 1) 2 = 15
3x 2 x + 9 = 0
No points of intersection
x 2 + 2 x + 9 x 2 + 6 x + 1 = 15
10 x 2 + 8 x 14 = 0
2(5 x 2 + 4 x 7) = 0
2 39
1.65, 0.85
5
2 39 1 3 39
,
and
5
5
2 + 39 1 + 3 39
,
5
5
[ or roughly (1.65, 3.95) and (0.85, 3.55) ]

x=
35. x 2 + x 2 = 4
x2 = 2
x= 2
)(
Intersection points: 2, 2 ,
2, 2
38. x 2 + (4 x + 3) 2 = 81
x 2 + 16 x 2 + 24 x + 9 = 81
17 x 2 + 24 x 72 = 0
12 38
2.88, 1.47
17
12 38 3 24 38
,
and
17
17
12 + 38 3 + 24 38
,
17
17
[ or roughly ( 2.88, 8.52 ) , (1.47,8.88 ) ]

x=
36. 2 x 2 + 3( x 1)2 = 12
2 x 2 + 3 x 2 6 x + 3 = 12
5x2 6 x 9 = 0
6 36 + 180 6 6 6 3 3 6
=
=
10
10
5
3 3 6 2 3 6 3 + 3 6 2 + 3 6
,
,
5
5
5
5
x=
28
Section 0.4
39. a.
y = x 2 ; (2)
b.
ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , with a > 0 : (1)
c.
ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , with a < 0 : (3)
d.
y = ax3 , with a > 0 : (4)
40. x 2 + y 2 = 13;(2, 3), (2,3), (2, 3), (2,3)

2
d1 = (2 + 2) + (3 + 3) = 4
d3 = (2 2) + (3 + 3) = 6
Three such distances.
)(
d1 = (2 2) 2 + 1 + 21 1 + 13
21 13
d3 = (2 + 2)2 + 1 + 21 1 21
21 + 21
2.
( 2 21)
f (1) = 1 12 = 0
f (2) = 1 (2)2 = 3
c.
f (0) = 1 02 = 1
d.
f (k ) = 1 k 2
e.
f (5) = 1 (5) 2 = 24
f.
1 15
1
1
f =1 =1 =
16 16
4
4
g.
f (1 + h ) = 1 (1 + h ) = 2h h 2
h.
f (1 + h ) f (1) = 2h h 2 0 = 2h h 2
i.
f ( 2 + h ) f ( 2) = 1 ( 2 + h ) + 3
d 4 = (2 2)2 + 1 21 (1 + 13)
= 4h h 2
= 50 + 2 273 9.11
d5 = (2 2)2 + 1 21 1 13
= 16 +
13 21
2. a.
b.
F (1) = 13 + 3 1 = 4
F ( 2) = ( 2)3 + 3( 2) = 2 2 + 3 2
=5 2
= 50 2 273 4.12
c.
b.
= 2 21 9.17
= 16 + 21 13
( 2 13 )
f (2u ) = 3(2u ) 2 = 12u 2 ; f ( x + h) = 3( x + h)2
1. a.
= 50 + 2 273 9.11
= 0+
0.5 Concepts Review
21 + 13
Problem Set 0.5
d 2 = (2 2)2 + 1 + 21 1 13
= 2 13 7.21
Four such distances ( d 2 = d 4 and d1 = d5 ).
= 50 2 273 4.12
= 16 +
13 + 13
4. even; odd; y-axis; origin
21 , 2, 1 + 13 , 2, 1 13
= 16 +
3. asymptote
41. x2 + 2x + y2 2y = 20; 2, 1 + 21 ,
)(
= 0+
1. domain; range
d 2 = (2 + 2) + (3 3) = 52 = 2 13
( 2, 1
d6 = (2 2)2 + 1 + 13 1 13
1 1
1 1 3 49
F = + 3 =
+ =
4 4
4 64 4 64
Section 0.5
29
d.
F (1 + h ) = (1 + h ) + 3 (1 + h )
3
f.
( x 2 + x) =
= 1 + 3h + 3h 2 + h3 + 3 + 3h
= 4 + 6h + 3h 2 + h3
e.
F (1 + h ) 1 = 3 + 6h + 3h + h
f.
F ( 2 + h) F ( 2)
= 15h + 6h + h
3. a.
b.
G (0) =
d.
e.
f.
4. a.
b.
30
0.25 3
1
f ( x) =
c.
f (3 + 2) =
1
= 1
0 1
f (0.25) =
b.
G( y ) =
G ( x) =
c.
1
1
=
x 1
x +1
7. a.
1
x
=
1 1 x2
1
2
0.841
3.293
(12.26) 2 + 9
12.26 3
1.199
t
1
2
c.
1
=
2
d.
(u + 1) =
e.
( x2 ) =
( 12 )
1
2
x2
x2 + y2 = 1
c.
x = 2 y +1
x2 = 2 y + 1
1.06
(u + 1) + (u + 1) 2
( x2 ) + ( x2 )2
Section 0.5
u +1
; undefined
b. xy + y + x = 1
y(x + 1) = 1 x
1 x
1 x
y=
; f ( x) =
x +1
x +1
t2 t
3
4
1
2
3 3
y = 1 x 2 ; not a function
=2
t + ( t ) 2
( 3)2 + 9
f ( 3) =
y 2 = 1 x 2
1
x2
1 + 12
(t ) =
is not
y 2 1
1
G =
x2
(1) =
3+ 2 3
0.25
0.79 3
b. f(12.26) =
2.75
2.658
(0.79) 2 + 9
f(0.79) =
1
G (1.01) =
= 100
1.01 1
2
=2
1
G (0.999) =
= 1000
0.999 1
6. a.
c.
x2 + x
defined
= ( 2 + h ) + 3 ( 2 + h ) 23 3 ( 2 )
= 8 + 12h + 6h 2 + h3 + 6 + 3h 14
x2 + x
x 4 + 2 x3 + 2 x 2 + x
5. a.
( x 2 + x) + ( x 2 + x) 2
y=
u 2 + 3u + 2
x2 + x4
x
u +1
d.
x2 1
x2 1
; f ( x) =
2
2
y
y+1
xy + x = y
x = y xy
x = y(1 x)
x
x
; f ( x) =
y=
1 x
1 x
x=
8. The graphs on the left are not graphs of

functions, the graphs on the right are graphs of
functions.
9.
f (a + h) f (a) [2(a + h) 2 1] (2a 2 1)

=
h
h
4ah + 2h 2
=
= 4a + 2h
h
x 2 9 0; x 2 9; x 3
Domain: {x
d.
F (a + h) F (a ) 4(a + h) 4a
=
h
h
=
4a3 + 12a 2 h + 12ah 2 + 4h3 4a3

h
12a 2 h + 12ah 2 + 4h3

h
= x 4 x + hx 2h + 4
h
3h
=
2
h( x 4 x + hx 2h + 4)
3
=
2
x 4 x + hx 2h + 4
a+h
a + h+ 4
: y 5}
14. a.
b.
f ( x) =
4 x2
4 x2
( x 3)( x + 2)
x2 x 6
Domain: {x : x 2, 3}
G ( y ) = ( y + 1) 1
1
0; y > 1
y +1
3
3
g ( x + h) g ( x) x + h 2 x 2
=
h
h
3x 6 3x 3h + 6
G ( a + h) G ( a )
=
h
H ( y ) = 625 y 4
Domain: { y
Domain: { y
: y > 1}
c.
(u ) = 2u + 3
(all real numbers)
Domain:
d.
F (t ) = t 2 / 3 4
(all real numbers)
Domain:
12.
: x 3}
= 12a 2 + 12ah + 4h 2
11.
( x) = x 2 9
625 y 4 0; 625 y 4 ; y 5
3
10.
c.
15. f(x) = 4; f(x) = 4; even function
a +a 4
a + 4a + ah + 4h a 2 ah 4a
a 2 + 8a + ah + 4h + 16
h
4h
=
=
=
13. a.
h(a 2 + 8a + ah + 4h + 16)
4
a 2 + 8a + ah + 4h + 16
F ( z) = 2 z + 3
2z + 3 0; z
Domain: z
b.
16. f(x) = 3x; f(x) = 3x; odd function
g (v ) =
3
2
3
:z
2
1
4v 1
4v 1 = 0; v =
Domain: v
1
4
1
:v
4
Section 0.5
31
17. F(x) = 2x + 1; F(x) = 2x + 1; neither
20. g (u ) =
18. F ( x) = 3x 2; F ( x) = 3x 2; neither
21. g ( x) =
19. g ( x) = 3x 2 + 2 x 1; g ( x) = 3 x 2 2 x 1 ;
neither
32
Section 0.5
22. ( z ) =
u3
u3
; g ( u ) = ; odd function
8
8
x
2
x 1
; g ( x) =
x
2
x 1
; odd
2z +1
2 z + 1
; ( z ) =
; neither
z 1
z 1
23.
f ( w) = w 1; f ( w) = w 1; neither
24. h( x ) = x + 4; h( x) = x + 4; even
function
26. F (t ) = t + 3 ; F ( t ) = t + 3 ; neither
27. g ( x) =
x
x
; g ( x ) = ; neither
2
2
28. G ( x) = 2 x 1 ; G ( x) = 2 x + 1 ; neither
25.
f ( x) = 2 x ; f ( x) = 2 x = 2 x ; even
function
1
if t 0
29. g (t ) = t + 1 if 0 < t < 2

2
t 1 if t 2
neither
Section 0.5
33
x 2 + 4 if x 1
30. h( x ) =
if x > 1
3x
neither
35. Let y denote the length of the other leg. Then

x2 + y 2 = h2
y 2 = h2 x 2
y = h2 x 2
L ( x ) = h2 x 2
36. The area is

1
1
A ( x ) = base height = x h 2 x 2
2
2
37. a.
31. T(x) = 5000 + 805x

Domain: {x integers: 0 x 100}
T ( x) 5000
u ( x) =
=
+ 805
x
x
Domain: {x integers: 0 < x 100}
P ( x) = 6 x (400 + 5 x( x 4))
32. a.
= 6 x 400 5 x( x 4)
E(x) = 24 + 0.40x
b. 120 = 24 + 0.40x
0.40x = 96; x = 240 mi
38. The volume of the cylinder is r 2 h, where h is
the height of the cylinder. From the figure,
2
2
2 h
2 h
2
= 3r ;
r + = (2r ) ;
2
4
h = 12r 2 = 2r 3.
V (r ) = r 2 (2r 3) = 2r 3 3
P(200) 190 ; P (1000 ) 610
b.
c. ABC breaks even when P(x) = 0;

6 x 400 5 x( x 4) = 0; x 390
33. E ( x) = x x 2
y
0.5
39. The area of the two semicircular ends is

0.5
0.5
1
exceeds its square by the maximum amount.
2
34. Each side has length
p
. The height of the
3
d 2
.
4
1 d
.
2
2
d 2
d d 2
1 d d
A(d ) =
+d
+
=
4
4
2
2
The length of each parallel side is
2d d 2
4
Since the track is one mile long, d < 1, so
1
1
d < . Domain: d : 0 < d <
3p
.
6
1 p 3p
3 p2
A( p ) =
=
2 3 6
36
triangle is
34
Section 0.5
40. a.
1
3
A(1) = 1(1) + (1)(2 1) =
2
2
42. a.
f(x + y) = 2(x + y) = 2x + 2y = f(x) + f(y)
b.
f ( x + y ) = ( x + y )2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
f ( x) + f ( y )
c.
f(x + y) = 2(x + y) + 1 = 2x + 2y + 1
f(x) + f(y)
d. f(x + y) = 3(x + y) = 3x 3y = f(x) + f(y)
b.
1
A(2) = 2(1) + (2)(3 1) = 4
2
c.
A(0) = 0
d.
1
1
A(c) = c(1) + (c)(c + 1 1) = c 2 + c
2
2
e.
43. For any x, x + 0 = x, so

f(x) = f(x + 0) = f(x) + f(0), hence f(0) = 0.
Let m be the value of f(1). For p in N,
p = p 1 = 1 + 1 + ... + 1, so
f(p) = f(1 + 1 + ... + 1) = f(1) + f(1) + ... + f(1)
= pf(1) = pm.
1 1 1
1
1 = p = + + ... + , so
p
p p p
1 1
1
m = f (1) = f + + ... +
p
p
p
1
1
1
1
= f + f + ... + f = pf ,
p
p
p
p
1 m
hence f = . Any rational number can
p p
be written as
f.
Domain: {c
Range: { y
41. a.
b.
: c 0}
: y 0}
B (0) = 0
1 1 1
1 1
B = B (1) = =
2 6 12
2 2
p
with p, q in N.
q
1 1 1
p
1
= p = + + ... + ,
q
q
q q q
p
1 1
1
so f = f + + ... +
q
q
q
q

1
1
1
= f + f + ... + f
q
q
q
1
m
p
= pf = p = m
q
q
q
c.
Section 0.5
35
44. The player has run 10t feet after t seconds. He

reaches first base when t = 9, second base when
t = 18, third base when t = 27, and home plate
when t = 36. The player is 10t 90 feet from
first base when 9 t 18, hence
46. a.
f(x)
6.1902
0.4118
13.7651
9.9579
7.3369
17.7388
if 18 < t 27
0.4521
if 27 < t 36
4.4378
b.
902 + (10t 90)2 feet from home plate. The

player is 10t 180 feet from second base when
18 t 27, thus he is
90 (10t 180) = 270 10t feet from third base
and 902 + (270 10t ) 2 feet from home plate.

The player is 10t 270 feet from third base
when 27 t 36, thus he is
90 (10t 270) = 360 10t feet from home
plate.
a.
b.
45. a.
b.
10t
2
2
90 + (10t 90)
s=
902 + (270 10t ) 2
360 10t
if 0 t 9
180 180 10t
s = 902 + (10t 90) 2
2
2
90 + (270 10t )
if 0 t 9
if 9 < t 18
or 27 < t 36
47.
if 9 < t 18
if 18 < t 27
f(1.38) 0.2994
f(4.12) 3.6852
x
f(x)
4.05
3.1538
a.
2.375
b. f(x) = 0 when x 1.1, 1.7, 4.3

f(x) 0 on [1.1, 1.7] [4.3, 5]
1.8
1.25
0.2
1.125
2.3846
3.55
Section 0.5
Range: {y R: 22 y 13}
48.
a.
36
f(1.38) 76.8204
f(4.12) 6.7508
f(x) = g(x) at x 0.6, 3.0, 4.6

b. f(x) g(x) on [-0.6, 3.0] [4.6, 5]

c.
f ( x) g ( x)
= x3 5 x 2 + x + 8 2 x 2 + 8 x + 1
= x3 7 x 2 + 9 x + 9
b. On 6, 3) , g increases from
13
g ( 6 ) = 4.3333 to . On ( 2, 6 , g
3
26
2.8889 . On
decreased from to
9
( 3, 2 ) the maximum occurs around
Largest value f (2) g (2) = 45
x = 0.1451 with value 0.6748 . Thus, the

range is ( , 0.6748 2.8889, ) .
49.
c.
x 2 + x 6 = 0; (x + 3)(x 2) = 0
Vertical asymptotes at x = 3, x = 2
d. Horizontal asymptote at y = 3
0.6 Concepts Review

1. ( x 2 + 1)3
a.
x-intercept: 3x 4 = 0; x =
4
3
3 0 4
2
=
y-intercept:
2
0 +06 3
2. f(g(x))
3. 2; left
4. a quotient of two polynomial functions
b.
c.
x 2 + x 6 = 0; (x + 3)(x 2) = 0
Vertical asymptotes at x = 3, x = 2
Problem Set 0.6

1. a.
( f + g )(2) = (2 + 3) + 22 = 9
d. Horizontal asymptote at y = 0
50.
a.
( f g )(0) = (0 + 3)(02 ) = 0
c.
( g f )(3) =
d.
( f g )(1) = f (12 ) = 1 + 3 = 4
e.
( g f )(1) = g (1 + 3) = 4 2 = 16
f.
( g f )(8) = g (8 + 3) = (5) 2 = 25
2. a.
x-intercepts:
3x 2 4 = 0; x =
b.
4
2 3
=
3
3
2
y-intercept:
3
32
9 3
= =
3+3 6 2
( f g )(2) = (22 + 2)
12 + 1
c.
1
2
1
g 2 (3) =
= 3 = 9
+
3
3
b.
( f g )(1) =
2
1+ 3
2
2 28
=6 =
2+3
5 5
2
4
=4
Section 0.6
37
d.
e.
f.
3. a.
(f
2 1 1 3
g )(1) = f
= + =
1+ 3 2 2 4
2
2
=
2+3 5
2
( g g )(3) = g
=
3+3
2
2 3
= 10 =
1
+3 3 5
3
= x2 + 2 x 3
c.
( )(r ) = (r + 1) =
d.
3 ( z ) = ( z 3 + 1) 3
e.
( )(5t) = [(5t) 3 +1]
= g[(x 2 + 1) 2 + 1] = g( x 4 + 2x 2 + 2)
= ( x 4 + 2x 2 + 2) 2 + 1
= x 8 + 4x 6 + 8x 4 + 8x 2 + 5
7. g(3.141) 1.188
8. g(2.03) 0.000205
r 3 +1
1/ 3
9. g 2 ( ) g ( )
4.789
1
5t
1/ 3
2
= (11 7 ) 11 7
10. [ g 3 () g ()]1/ 3 = [(6 11)3 (6 11)]1/ 3

7.807
1
5t
1
(( ) )(t ) = ( )
t
3
1 1
1
= + 1 1 = 3 + 1 t
t
t
t
11. a.
b.
12. a.
b.
= x + 3x + 3x + 1
( g g g )( x) = ( g g )( x 2 + 1)
1
t
b.
4. a.
f ) ( x) = g x 2 4 = 1 + x 2 4
6. g 3 (x) = (x 2 +1) 3 = (x 4 + 2x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 1)
f.
= 1 + x2 4
1
1 1
( )(r ) = = + 1 = 3 + 1
r
r
r

= 125t3 + 1
g ) ( x) = f ( 1 + x ) = 1 + x 4
(f
(g
( g f )(1) = g (12 + 1) =
( + )(t ) = t 3 + 1 +
5.
g ( x) = x , f ( x) = x + 7
g (x) = x15 , f (x) = x 2 + x

2
f ( x) =
2 x2 1
x
Domain: ( , 1] [1, )
, g ( x) = x 2 + x + 1
( f g )( x) =
b.
4
2
f 4 ( x) + g 4 ( x) = x 2 1 +
x
16
= ( x 2 1)2 +
x4
Domain: ( , 0 ) (0, )
2
c.
2
2
g )( x) = f = 1 =
x
x
Domain: [2, 0) (0, 2]
d.
( g f )( x) = g x 2 1 =
(f
f ( x) =
13. p = f
1
, g (x) = x 3 + 3 x
x
g h if f(x) =1/ x , g ( x) = x ,
h( x ) = x 2 + 1
p= f
g h if f ( x) = 1/ x , g(x) = x + 1,
h( x) = x 2
4
1
x2
14. p = f g h l if f ( x) = 1/ x , g ( x) = x ,
2
h(x) = x + 1, l( x) = x
2
2
x 1
Domain: ( , 1) (1, )
38
Section 0.6
15. Translate the graph of g ( x) = x to the right 2

units and down 3 units.
17. Translate the graph of y = x 2 to the right 2

18. Translate the graph of y = x 3 to the left 1 unit

and down 3 units.
16. Translate the graph of h( x) = x to the left 3

19. ( f + g )( x) =
x3
+ x
2
20. ( f + g )( x) = x + x
Section 0.6
39
21. F (t ) =
t t
24. a.
F(x) F(x) is odd because

F(x) F(x) = [F(x) F(x)]
b. F(x) + F(x) is even because

F(x) + F((x)) = F(x) + F(x)
= F(x) + F(x)
c.
22. G (t ) = t t
25. Not every polynomial of even degree is an

even function. For example f ( x) = x 2 + x is
neither even nor odd. Not every polynomial of
odd degree is an odd function. For example
g ( x) = x 3 + x 2 is neither even nor odd.
26. a.
23. a.
Even;
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = f(x) + g(x)
= (f + g)(x) if f and g are both even
functions.
b. Odd;
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = f(x) g(x)
= (f + g)(x) if f and g are both odd
functions.
c.
Even;
( f g )( x) = [ f ( x)][ g ( x)]
= [ f ( x)][ g ( x)] = ( f g )( x)
if f and g are both even functions.
d. Even;
( f g )( x) = [ f ( x)][ g ( x)]
= [ f ( x)][ g ( x)] = [ f ( x)][ g ( x)]
= ( f g )( x)
if f and g are both odd functions.
e.
40
F ( x ) F ( x)
F ( x ) + F ( x)
is odd and
is
2
2
even.
F ( x ) F ( x) F ( x) + F ( x) 2 F ( x)
+
=
= F ( x)
2
2
2
Neither
b.
PF
c.
RF
d.
PF
e.
RF
f.
Neither
27. a.
P = 29 3(2 + t ) + (2 + t )2
= t + t + 27
b. When t = 15, P = 15 + 15 + 27 6.773

28. R(t) = (120 + 2t + 3t2 )(6000 + 700t )
= 2100 t3 + 19, 400t 2 + 96, 000t + 720, 000
400t
29. D(t ) =
2
2
(400t ) + [300(t 1)]
if 0 < t < 1
if t 1
if 0 < t < 1
400t
D(t ) =
2
250, 000t 180, 000t + 90, 000 if t 1
30. D(2.5) 1097 mi
Odd;
( f g )( x) = [ f ( x)][ g ( x)]
= [ f ( x)][ g ( x)] = [ f ( x)][ g ( x)]
= ( f g )( x)
if f is an even function and g is an odd
function.
Section 0.6
31.
(axcx +ab ) + b
(axcx +ab ) a
36.
ax + b a
f ( f ( x)) = f
=
cx a c
=
a 2 x + ab + bcx ab
x(a 2 + bc)
=x
acx + bc acx + a 2
a 2 + bc
2
If a + bc = 0 , f(f(x)) is undefined, while if
x = a , f(x) is undefined.
c
x 3 3
x 3
x +1
(
(
(
)))
32. f f f x = f f
= f x 3
+
1
x
1
+

x +1
x 3 3x 3
2 x 6
x 3
= f
= f
= f
x 3 + x +1
2x 2
x 1
x3
3 x 3 3x + 3 4 x
= xx13
=
=
=x
x 3+ x 1
4
+1
x 1
If x = 1, f(x) is undefined, while if x = 1,

f(f(x)) is undefined.
33. a.
b.
1
f =
x
34. a.
b.
1
x
1
1 x
1
f1 ( f 2 ( x)) = ;
x
f1 ( f3 ( x)) = 1 x;
1
;
1 x
x 1
f1 ( f5 ( x)) =
;
x
x
;
f1 ( f6 ( x)) =
x 1
f1 ( f 4 ( x)) =
f 2 ( f1 ( x)) =
f 2 ( f 2 ( x)) =
x
x 1
x
1
x 1
= x;
1
;
1 x
1
f 2 ( f 4 ( x)) =
= 1 x;
f 2 ( f 6 ( x)) =
x
=x
x x +1
1
x 1
x
1
x
x 1
x
;
x 1
x 1
;
x
f3 ( f1 ( x)) = 1 x;
1
x 1
= f
f
=
f
(
x
)
x
=1x
1/ x
1 / x 1
x 1
x
x 1
1
x
x 1
x 1 x
1 x 1
;
=
x
x
f3 ( f3 ( x)) = 1 (1 x) = x;
f3 ( f 2 ( x)) = 1
1
x
=
;
1 x x 1
x 1 1
= ;
f3 ( f5 ( x)) = 1
x
x
x
1
f3 ( f 6 ( x)) = 1
=
;
x 1 1 x
f3 ( f 4 ( x)) = 1
xx
f ( f ( x)) = f ( x /( x 1)) =
1
x
f 2 ( f3 ( x)) =
f 2 ( f 5 ( x )) =
f (1 / x) =
1
;
x
1
1
1 x
x
f ( f ( x)) = f
=
x 1
c.
1
x
f1 ( f1 ( x)) = x;
x /( x 1)
x
x( x 1) + 1 x
35. ( f1 ( f 2 f3 ))( x) = f1 (( f 2 f3 )( x))

= f1 ( f 2 ( f3 ( x)))
(( f1 f 2 ) f3 )( x) = ( f1 f 2 )( f3 ( x))
= f1 ( f 2 ( f3 ( x)))
= ( f1 ( f 2 f3 ))( x)
x
1
x 1
1
;
1 x
1
x
;
f 4 ( f 2 ( x)) =
=
1
1 x x 1
f 4 ( f1 ( x)) =
f 4 ( f3 ( x)) =
f 4 ( f 4 ( x)) =
f 4 ( f5 ( x)) =
f 4 ( f 6 ( x)) =
1
1
= ;
1 (1 x) x
1
1 11x
1
1
x 1
x
1 x
x 1
=
;
x
1 x 1
x
= x;
x ( x 1)
1
x 1
=
= 1 x;
x
1 x 1 x 1 x
Section 0.6
41
a.
x 1
f5 ( f1 ( x)) =
;
x
1 1
f5 ( f 2 ( x)) = x
= 1 x;
42
b.
f 5 ( f 5 ( x)) =
x 1
1
x
x 1
x
x 1 x
1
=
=
;
x 1
1 x
f 5 ( f 6 ( x)) =
x
1
x 1
x
x 1
f3
f4
f5
f6
f3 )
f4 )
f5 )
f6 )
= ( f 4 f 4 ) ( f5 f 6 )
= f5 f 2 = f3
c.
x ( x 1) 1
= ;
x
x
If F
f 6 = f 1 , then F = f 6 .
d. If G f 3
G = f5.
1
;
1 x
f 6 = f 1 , then G f 4 = f 1 so
If f 2 f 5 H = f 5 , then f 6 H = f 5 so
H = f3.
37.
f 6 ( f3 ( x)) =
x 1
1 x
;
=
1 x 1
x
f 6 ( f 4 ( x)) =
1
1 x
1
1
1 x
1
1
= ;
1 (1 x) x
f 6 ( f 5 ( x)) =
x 1
x
x 1
1
x
x 1
= 1 x;
x 1 x
f 6 ( f 6 ( x )) =
x
x 1
x
1
x 1
x
=x
x ( x 1)
38.
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f1
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f2
f2
f1
f4
f3
f6
f5
f3
f3
f5
f1
f6
f2
f4
f4
f4
f6
f2
f5
f1
f3
f5
f5
f3
f6
f1
f4
f2
f6
f6
f4
f5
f2
f3
f1
Section 0.6
f1 f 2
= (((( f 2
e.
=
f3 ) f3 ) f3 ) f3 )
= ((((( f 1 f 2 ) f 3 ) f 4 ) f 5 ) f 6 )
1 (1 x)
= x;
1
x
;
x 1
1
f3
= f1 f 3 = f 3
1
1
1 x
1
1 x
1
x
f3
= (( f3 f3 ) f3 )
f 5 ( f 4 ( x)) =
f 6 ( f 2 ( x)) =
f3
= ((( f1 f3 ) f3 ) f3 )
1 x 1
x
f5 ( f3 ( x)) =
=
;
1 x
x 1
1
x
f3
= (((( f 3
1
x
f 6 ( f1 ( x)) =
f3
39.
Problem Set 0.7
40.
41. a.
b.
1. a.

30
=
180 6
b.

45
=
180 4
c.

60
=
3
180
d.
4
240
=
180 3
e.
37

370
=
18
180
f.

10
=
180 18
2. a.
c.
3
4
c.
1 180
= 60

3
d.
4 180
= 240
e.
f.
3 180
= 30
18
3. a.
4
x
4. r = (4) + 3 = 5; cos = =
5
r
2

33.3
0.5812
180

46
0.8029
180
c.

66.6
1.1624
180
d.

240.11
4.1907
180
e.

369
6.4403
180
f.

11
0.1920
180
3. odd; even
2
35 180
= 350
18
b.
1. ( , ); [1, 1]
2. 2 ; 2 ;
180
= 135

b.
42.
0.7 Concepts Review
7 180
= 210
Section 0.7
43
4. a.
180
3.141
180

Thus
b.
180
6. 28
359. 8

c.
180
286.5
5. 00

d.
180
0. 001
0 .057

e.
180
0.1
5.73

f.
180
36. 0
2062.6

5. a.
56. 4 tan34. 2
68.37
sin 34.1
b.
cos
tan (0.452) 0.4855
d.
sin (0.361) 0.3532
6. a.
b.
7. a.
3
.
2
234.1sin(1.56)
248.3
cos(0.34 )
sin 2 (2.51) + cos(0.51) 1.2828
56. 3 tan34. 2
46.097
sin 56.1
Referring to Figure 2, it is clear that sin
sin 35
0. 0789
sin 26 + cos 26
Identity, cos 2
Section 0.7
= 1 sin 2
=1
= 0 . The rest of the values are

2
obtained using the same kind of reasoning in
the second quadrant.
and cos
8. Referring to Figure 2, it is clear that

sin 0 = 0 and cos 0 = 1 . If the angle is / 6 ,
then the triangle in the figure below is
1
1
equilateral. Thus, PQ = OP = . This
2
2
1
implies that sin = . By the Pythagorean
6 2
44
= cos
and by the Pythagorean Identity, sin
b.
3
. The results
2
2
were derived in the text.
4
4
2
If the angle is / 3 then the triangle in the
1
figure below is equilateral. Thus cos =
3 2
sin
5.34 tan 21.3

0.8845
sin 3.1+ cot 23.5
c.
9. a.

sin
6 = 3
tan =
3
6 cos

6

3
1
= 1 = .
6
4
2
1
= 1
cos()
b.
sec() =
c.
1
3
sec =
= 2
4
cos 3
4
d.
csc =
=1
2
sin
( )
(2)
e.
f.
10. a.
b.
( )
( )
b. cos 3t = cos(2t + t ) = cos 2t cos t sin 2t sin t
cos 4
cot =
=1
4 sin
4
= (2 cos 2 t 1) cos t 2sin 2 t cos t

= 2 cos3 t cos t 2(1 cos 2 t ) cos t
( )
( )
sin 4
tan =
= 1
4 cos
4
( )
( )
= 2 cos3 t cos t 2 cos t + 2 cos3 t
= 4 cos3 t 3cos t
c.
sin 3
tan =
= 3
3 cos
3
= 2(2sin x cos x)(2 cos 2 x 1)

= 2(4sin x cos3 x 2sin x cos x)
= 8sin x cos3 x 4sin x cos x
sec =
=2
3 cos
3
( )
d.
( )
( )
c.
3
cos 3
cot =
=
3
3 sin
3
d.
csc =
= 2
4 sin
e.
3
sin 6
tan =
=
6
3
cos
6
f.
1
cos =
3 2
13. a.
b.
(4)
( )
( )
c.
d.
11. a.
(1 + sin z )(1 sin z ) = 1 sin 2 z

1
= cos 2 z =
sin 4 x = sin[2(2 x)] = 2sin 2 x cos 2 x
(1 + cos )(1 cos ) = 1 cos 2 = sin 2

sin u cos u
+
= sin 2 u + cos 2 u = 1
csc u sec u
(1 cos 2 x)(1 + cot 2 x) = (sin 2 x)(csc2 x)
2 1
= sin x 2 = 1
sin x
1
sin t (csc t sin t ) = sin t

sin t
sin t
2
2
= 1 sin t = cos t
1 csc 2 t
csc 2 t
= cos 2 t =
sec z
b.
(sec t 1)(sec t + 1) = sec 2 t 1 = tan 2 t
c.
sec t sin t tan t =

=
d.
12. a.
14. a.
cot 2 t
csc 2 t
cos 2 t
sin 2 t
1
sin 2 t
1
sec 2 t
y = sin 2x
1
sin 2 t
cos t cos t
1 sin 2 t cos 2 t
=
= cos t
cos t
cos t
sec2 t 1
sec 2 t
sin 2 v +
tan 2 t
sec 2 t
1
2
sin 2 t
cos 2 t
1
cos 2 t
= sin 2 t
= sin 2 v + cos 2 v = 1
sec v
Section 0.7
45
b.
y = 2 sin t
b. y = 2 cos t
c.
y = cos x
4
c.
y = cos 3t
d.
y = sec t
d.

y = cos t +
3
15. a.
y = csc t
46
Section 0.7
x
2
Period = 4 , amplitude = 3
16. y = 3 cos
17. y = 2 sin 2x
Period = , amplitude = 2
21. y = 21 + 7 sin( 2 x + 3)
Period = , amplitude = 7, shift: 21 units up,
3
units left
2
22. y = 3cos x 1
2
18. y = tan x
Period =
Period = 2 , amplitude = 3, shifts:
units
2
right and 1 unit down.
19. y = 2 +
1
cot(2 x)
6
Period =
, shift: 2 units up
23. y = tan 2 x
units right
Period = , shift:
6
2
20. y = 3 + sec( x )
Period = 2 , shift: 3 units up, units right
Section 0.7
47
24. a. and g.: y = sin x + = cos x = cos( x)

2
b. and e.: y = cos x + = sin( x + )

2
= sin( x )
c. and f.: y = cos x = sin x

2
= sin( x + )
d. and h.: y = sin x = cos( x + )

2
= cos( x )
t sin (t) = t sin t; even
25. a.
b.
sin ( t ) = sin t ; even
c.
1
csc( t ) =
= csc t; odd
sin( t )
()
( )
32. a.
sin(cos(t)) = sin(cos t); even
f.
x + sin(x) = x sin x = (x + sin x); odd

cot(t) + sin(t) = cot t sin t
= (cot t + sin t); odd
26. a.
b.
sin 3 (t ) = sin 3 t ; odd
c.
sec( t) =
1
= sec t; even
cos(t )
sin 4 ( t ) = sin 4 t ; even
d.
e.
cos(sin(t)) = cos(sin t) = cos(sin t); even
f.
( x )2 + sin( x ) = x 2 sin x; neither

2
27. cos 2

1
1
= cos = =
3
3
4
2
2
28. sin 2

1
1
= sin = =
6
6
4
2
3
2 2
4
sin(x y) = sin x cos(y) + cos x sin(y)

= sin x cos y cos x sin y
b.
cos(x y) = cos x cos(y) sin x sin (y)

= cos x cos y + sin x sin y
c.
tan( x y ) =
e.
1 cos 4 1 2
1 cos 2 8
31. sin
=
=
=
8
2
2
2
2
sin(t ) = sin t = sin t ; even
d.
1 + cos 6 1 + 2
1 + cos 2 12
=
=
=
30. cos
12
2
2
2
2+ 3
=
4
2
tan x + tan( y )
1 tan x tan( y )
tan x tan y
1 + tan x tan y
tan t + tan
tan t + 0
=
1 tan t tan 1 (tan t )(0)
= tan t
33. tan(t + ) =
34. cos( x ) = cos x cos( ) sin x sin( )

= cos x 0 sin x = cos x
35. s = rt = (2.5 ft)( 2 rad) = 5 ft, so the tire
goes 5 feet per revolution, or 1 revolutions
5
per foot.
ft
1 rev mi 1 hr
60
5280
5
ft
hr
60
min
mi
336 rev/min
36. s = rt = (2 ft)(150 rev)( 2 rad/rev) 1885 ft
37. r1t1 = r2 t2 ; 6(2)t1 = 8(2)(21)
t1 = 28 rev/sec
38. y = sin and x = cos
y sin
m=
=
= tan
x cos
1
1
3
29. sin 6 = sin 6 = 2 = 8
48
Section 0.7
39. a.
b.
tan = 3
=
3
3x + 3 y = 6
3 y = 3x + 6
y=
3
3
x + 2; m =
3
3
3
3
tan =
44. Divide the polygon into n isosceles triangles by

drawing lines from the center of the circle to
the corners of the polygon. If the base of each
triangle is on the perimeter of the polygon, then
2
.
the angle opposite each base has measure
n
Bisect this angle to divide the triangle into two
right triangles (See figure).
5
6
40. m1 = tan 1 and m2 = tan 2

tan 2 + tan(1 )
tan = tan( 2 1 ) =
1 tan 2 tan(1 )
=
tan 2 tan 1
m m1
= 2
1 + tan 2 tan 1 1 + m1m2
h
=
so b = 2r sin and cos = so
n 2r
n
n r
h = r cos .
n
P = nb = 2rn sin
n
1
A = n bh = nr 2 cos sin
n
n
2
sin
32
1
=
1 + 3(2 ) 7
0.1419
41. a.
tan =
b.
tan =
1 12
1+
( 12 ) (1)
= 3
1.8925
c.
2x 6y = 12
2x + y = 0
6y = 2x + 12y = 2x
1
y= x2
3
1
m1 = , m2 = 2
3
2 13
= 7; 1.7127
tan =
1 + 13 (2)
()
42. Recall that the area of the circle is r 2 . The

measure of the vertex angle of the circle is 2 .
Observe that the ratios of the vertex angles
must equal the ratios of the areas. Thus,
t
A
=
, so
2 r 2
1
A = r 2t .
2
43. A =
45. The base of the triangle is the side opposite the

t
angle t. Then the base has length 2r sin
2
(similar to Problem 44). The radius of the
t
semicircle is r sin and the height of the
2
t
triangle is r cos .
2
A=
1
t
t
t
2r sin r cos + r sin
2
2
2 2
2
t
t r 2
t
= r 2 sin cos +
sin 2
2
2
2
2
1
(2)(5) 2 = 25cm 2
2
Section 0.7
49
x
x
x
x
46. cos cos cos cos
2
4
8
16
1
3
1 1
3
1
= cos x + cos x cos x + cos x
2
4
4 2
16
16
1
3
1
3
1
= cos x + cos x cos x + cos x
4
4
4 16
16
1
3
3
3
1
= cos x cos x + cos x cos x
4
4
16
4
16
3
1
1
1
+ cos x cos x + cos x cos x
16
4
16
4
1 1
15
9 1
13
11
= cos + cos x + cos x + cos x
4 2
16
16 2
16
16
1
7
1 1
5
3
+ cos x + cos x + cos x + cos x
2
16
16 2
16
16
1
15
13
11
9
= cos x + cos x + cos x + cos x
8
16
16
16
16
7
5
3
1
+ cos x + cos x + cos x + cos x
16
16
16
16
49. As t increases, the point on the rim of the

wheel will move around the circle of radius 2.
a.
x(2) 1.902
y (2) 0.618
x(6) 1.176
y (6) 1.618
x(10) = 0
y (10) = 2
x(0) = 0
y (0) = 2
b.

x(t ) = 2 sin t , y (t ) = 2 cos t
5
5
c.
The point is at (2, 0) when

is , when t =
t=
; that
5
.
2
2
. When
10
you add functions that have the same
frequency, the sum has the same frequency.
50. Both functions have frequency

47. The temperature function is
2 7
T (t ) = 80 + 25 sin
t .
12 2
The normal high temperature for November

15th is then T (10.5) = 67.5 F.
a.
y (t ) = 3sin( t / 5) 5cos( t / 5)
+2sin(( t / 5) 3)
48. The water level function is

2
F (t ) = 8.5 + 3.5 sin

(t 9) .
12
The water level at 5:30 P.M. is then

F (17.5) 5.12 ft .
b.
50
Section 0.7
y (t ) = 3cos( t / 5 2) + cos( t / 5)
+ cos(( t / 5) 3)
51.
a.
C sin(t + ) = (C cos )sin t + (C sin ) cos t. Thus A = C cos and B = C sin .
b.
A2 + B 2 = (C cos )2 + (C sin ) 2 = C 2 (cos 2 ) + C 2 (sin 2 ) = C 2
Also,
c.
B C sin
=
= tan
A C cos
A1 sin(t + 1 ) + A2 sin(t + 2 ) + A3 (sin t + 3 )

= A1 (sin t cos 1 + cos t sin 1 )
+ A2 (sin t cos 2 + cos t sin 2 )
+ A3 (sin t cos 3 + cos t sin 3 )
= ( A1 cos 1 + A2 cos 2 + A3 cos 3 ) sin t
+ ( A1 sin 1 + A2 sin 2 + A3 sin 3 ) cos t
= C sin (t + )
where C and can be computed from

A = A1 cos 1 + A2 cos 2 + A3 cos 3
B = A1 sin 1 + A2 sin 2 + A3 sin 3
as in part (b).
d.
Written response. Answers will vary.
52. ( a.), (b.), and (c.) all look similar to this:
d.
53. a.
b.
c.
e.
The windows in (a)-(c) are not helpful because

the function oscillates too much over the
domain plotted. Plots in (d) or (e) show the
behavior of the function.
The plot in (a) shows the long term behavior of

the function, but not the short term behavior,
whereas the plot in (c) shows the short term
behavior, but not the long term behavior. The
plot in (b) shows a little of each.
Section 0.7
51
54. a.
h( x ) = ( f g ) ( x )
3
cos(100 x) + 2
100
=
2
1
2
cos (100 x) + 1
100
j ( x) = ( g f )( x) =
56.
2
f ( x ) = ( x 2n ) ,
0.0625,
1
1
x 2n , 2n +
4
4
otherwise
where n is an integer.
y
1
3x + 2
cos 100
100
x2 + 1
0.5
b.
0.25
c.
0.8 Chapter Review

Concepts Test
1. False:
2. True:
4 x x + 1 : x n, n +
4
55. f ( x ) =
4 x x + 7 : x n + 1 , n + 1
3
3
4
where n is an integer.
p and q must be integers.

p1 p2 p1q2 p2 q1
=
; since
q1 q2
q1q2
p1 , q1 , p2 , and q2 are integers, so
are p1q2 p2 q1 and q1q2 .
3. False:
If the numbers are opposites

( and ) then the sum is 0,
which is rational.
4. True:
Between any two distinct real

numbers there are both a rational
and an irrational number.
5. False:
0.999... is equal to 1.
6. True:
( am ) = ( an )
7. False:
(a * b) * c = abc ; a *(b * c) = ab
8. True:
Since x y z and x z , x = y = z
9. True:
52
Section 0.8
= a mn
c
x
would
2
be a positive number less than x .
If x was not 0, then =
10. True:
y x = ( x y ) so
( x y )( y x) = ( x y )(1)( x y )
20. True:
since 1 + r 1 r ,
= (1)( x y ) .
2
11. True:
12. True:
14. True:
15. False:
16. False:
17. True:
If r > 1, r = r , and 1 r = 1 r , so
( x y ) 2 0.
1
1
1
.
=
1 r 1 r 1+ r
[ a, b] and [b, c ]
If r < 1, r = r and 1 r = 1 + r ,
a
1 1
> 1; <
b
b a
a < b < 0; a < b;
so
share point b in
21. True:
If (a, b) and (c, d) share a point then

c < b so they share the infinitely
many points between b and c.
If x and y are the same sign, then

x y = x y . x y x+ y
opposite signs then either

x y = x ( y ) = x + y
For example, if x = 3 , then

x = ( 3) = 3 = 3 which does
(x > 0, y < 0) or
x y = x y = x + y
not equal x.
(x < 0, y > 0). In either case

x y = x+ y .
For example, take x = 1 and

y = 2 .
4
x < y x < y
If either x = 0 or y = 0, the
inequality is easily seen to be true.
22. True:
x = x and y = y , so x < y
4
x + y = ( x + y )
23. True:
If r = 0, then
1
1
1
=
=
= 1.
1+ r 1 r 1 r
For any r, 1 + r 1 r . Since
r < 1, 1 r > 0 so
1
1
;
1+ r 1 r
If y is positive, then x =
x2 =
= x + ( y ) = x + y
19. True:
1
1
1
=
.
1 r 1 r 1+ r
when x and y are the same sign, so

x y x + y . If x and y have
x 2 = x = x if x < 0.
18. True:
1
1
.
1 r 1+ r
( x y ) 2 0 for all x and y, so
common.
13. True:
If r > 1, then 1 r < 0. Thus,
( y)
x3 =
= y.
(3 y )
=y
24. True:
For example x 2 0 has solution

[0].
25. True:
x 2 + ax + y 2 + y = 0
x 2 + ax +
If 1 < r < 0, then r = r and
a2
1 a2 1
+ y2 + y + =
+
4
4 4 4
2
a
a2 + 1
1
+
+
+
=
x
y
2
2
4
is a circle for all values of a.
1 r = 1 + r , so
1
1
1
=
.
1+ r 1 r 1 r
1 r = 1 r , so
y satisfies
For every real number y, whether it

is positive, zero, or negative, the
cube root x = 3 y satisfies
also, 1 < r < 1.
If 0 < r < 1, then r = r and
26. False:
If a = b = 0 and c < 0 , the equation

does not represent a circle.
1
1
1
.
=
1+ r 1 r 1 r
Section 0.8
53
27. True;
28. True:
29. True:
30. True:
31. True:
32. True:
3
( x a)
4
3
3a
y = x + b;
4
4
If x = a + 4:
3
3a
y = (a + 4)
+b
4
4
3a
3a
=
+3
+b = b+3
4
4
y b =
= ( x + 3)( x + 1)
If ab > 0, a and b have the same

sign, so (a, b) is in either the first or
third quadrant.
The domain does not include
n + where n is an integer.
2
43. True:
The domain is ( , ) and the

range is [6, ) .
44. False:
The range is ( , ) .
45. False:
The range ( , ) .
46. True:
If f(x) and g(x) are even functions,

f(x) + g(x) is even.
f(x) + g(x) = f(x) + g(x)
47. True:
If f(x) and g(x) are odd functions,

f(x) + g(x) = f(x) g(x)
= [f(x) + g(x)], so f(x) + g(x) is odd
48. False:

f(x)g(x) = f(x)[g(x)] = f(x)g(x),
so
f(x)g(x) is even.
49. True:
If f(x) is even and g(x) is odd,

f(x)g(x) = f(x)[g(x)]
= f(x)g(x), so f(x)g(x) is odd.
50. False:
If f(x) is even and g(x) is odd,

f(g(x)) = f(g(x)) = f(g(x)); while if
f(x) is odd and g(x) is even,
f(g(x)) = f(g(x)); so f(g(x)) is even.
51. False:

f ( g ( x)) = f(g(x)) = f(g(x)), so
f(g(x)) is odd.
Let x = / 2. If > 0 , then x > 0

and x < .
If ab = 0, a or b is 0, so (a, b) lies
on
the x-axis or the y-axis. If a
= b = 0,
(a, b) is the origin.
( x 2 + 4 x + 3) 0 on 3 x 1 .
y1 = y2 , so ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )
d = [(a + b) (a b)]2 + (a a) 2
34. False:
The equation of a vertical line

cannot be written in point-slope
form.
35. True:
This is the general linear equation.
36. True:
Two non-vertical lines are parallel

if and only if they have the same
slope.
37. False:
The slopes of perpendicular lines

are
negative reciprocals.
38. True:
If a and b are rational and

( a, 0 ) , ( 0, b ) are the intercepts, the
slope is
b
which is rational.
a
52. True:
f ( x) =
2( x)3 + ( x)
ax + y = c y = ax + c
ax y = c y = ax c
(a )( a) 1.
(unless a = 1 )
54
f ( x) = ( x 2 + 4 x + 3)
42. False:
= (2b) 2 = 2b
39. False:
41. True:
The equation is
(3 + 2m) x + (6m 2) y + 4 2m = 0
which is the equation of a straight
line unless 3 + 2m and 6m 2 are
both 0, and there is no real number
m such that
3 + 2m = 0 and 6m 2 = 0.
If the points are on the same line,

they have equal slope. Then the
reciprocals of the slopes are also
equal.
are on the same horizontal line.

33. True:
40. True:
Section 0.8
( x)2 + 1
2 x3 x
x2 + 1
2 x3 + x
x2 + 1
53. True:
f (t ) =
=
(sin(t )) 2 + cos( t )
tan( t ) csc( t )
( sin t )2 + cos t (sin t )2 + cos t

=
tan t ( csc t )
tan t csc t
54. False:
f(x) = c has domain ( , ) and

the only value of the range is c.
55. False:
f(x) = c has domain ( , ) , yet

the range has only one value, c.
g (1.8) =
57. True:
(f
g )( x) = ( x 3 ) 2 = x 6
(g
f )( x) = ( x 2 )3 = x 6
(f
g )( x) = ( x 3 ) 2 = x 6
f ( x) g ( x) = x x = x
2 3
59. False:
60. True:
61. True:
b.
cos x
sin x
cos( x)
cot( x) =
sin( x)
cos x
=
= cot x
sin x
1 1
1
25
n + ; 1 + = 2; 2 + = ;
2
4
n 1
2 +
2
4
25
2
(n 2 n + 1)2 ; (1)2 (1) + 1 = 1;
(2) 2 (2) + 1 = 9;
(2)2 (2) + 1 = 49
c.
43 / n ; 43 /1 = 64; 43 / 2 = 8; 4 3 / 2 =
d.
1
1
; 1 = 1;
n
1
1
= 2
2
f
The domain of
excludes any
g
values where g = 0.
f(a) = 0
Let F(x) = f(x + h), then
F(a h) = f(a h + h) = f(a) = 0
1. a.
1.8
= 0.9 = 1
2
56. True:
58. False:
Sample Test Problems
2. a.
1
1
2
=
=
;
2
2
2
1 1
1 1
1 + + 1 +
m n m n
63. False:
The domain of the tangent function
excludes all n + where n is an

2
integer.
The cosine function is periodic, so
cos s = cos t does not necessarily
imply s = t; e.g.,
cos 0 = cos 2 = 1 , but 0 2 .
c.
1 1
+
m
n
=
1 1
1 +
m n
mn + n + m
=
mn n + m
1+
2
x
2
x
2
x + 1 x x 2 x + 1 ( x 2)( x + 1)
=
3
2
3
2
x +1 x 2
x +1 x 2
=
62. False:
cot x =
b.
1
8
2( x 2) x
3 ( x 2) 2( x + 1)
x4
x 8
(t 3 1) (t 1)(t 2 + t + 1) 2
=
= t + t +1
t 1
t 1
3. Let a, b, c, and d be integers.

a+ c
a
c
ad + bc
b d
which is rational.
=
+
=
2
2b 2d
2bd
Section 0.8
55
4. x = 4.1282828
1000 x = 4128.282828
10 x = 41.282828
13. 21t 2 44t + 12 3; 21t 2 44t + 15 0;

t=
990 x = 4087
4087
x=
990
44 442 4(21)(15) 44 26 3 5
=
= ,
2(21)
42
7 3
3 5
3 5
t t 0; ,
7 3
7 3

13
0.50990...
50
2x 1
1
> 0; , ( 2, )
x2
2
14.
3 8.15 104 1.32
545.39
6.
3.24
7.
2.0
2.5
15. ( x + 4)(2 x 1) 2 ( x 3) 0;[4,3]
3 2.0 2.66
16. 3x 4 < 6; 6 < 3 x 4 < 6; 2 < 3x < 10;

8. sin
( 2.45 ) + cos ( 2.40 ) 1.00 0.0495

2
9. 1 3 x > 0
3x < 1
1
x<
3
1
,
3
10. 6 x + 3 > 2 x 5
4 x > 8
x > 2; ( 2, )
11. 3 2 x 4 x + 1 2 x + 7
3 2 x 4 x + 1 and 4 x + 1 2 x + 7
6 x 2 and 2 x 6
1
1
x and x 3; , 3
3
3
12. 2 x 2 + 5 x 3 < 0;(2 x 1)( x + 3) < 0;

1
1
3 < x < ; 3,
2
2
17.
2
10 2 10
< x < ; ,
3
3 3 3
3
2
1 x
3
20
1 x
3 2(1 x)
0
1 x
2x +1
0;
1 x
1
, (1, )
2
18. 12 3 x x
(12 3 x)2 x 2
144 72 x + 9 x 2 x 2
8 x 2 72 x + 144 0
8( x 3)( x 6) 0
(,3] [6, )
19. For example, if x = 2, (2) = 2 2

x x for any x < 0
20. If x = x, then x = x.
x0
56
Section 0.8
2 + 10 0 + 4
,
27. center =
= (6, 2)
2
2
1
1
radius =
(10 2) 2 + (4 0) 2 =
64 + 16
2
2
=2 5
21. |t 5| = |(5 t)| = |5 t|

If |5 t| = 5 t, then 5 t 0.
t 5
22. t a = (a t ) = a t
If a t = a t , then a t 0.
ta
circle: ( x 6)2 + ( y 2) 2 = 20
23. If x 2, then
28. x 2 + y 2 8 x + 6 y = 0
x 2 8 x + 16 + y 2 + 6 y + 9 = 16 + 9
0 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2 2 x 2 + 3 x + 2 8 + 6 + 2 = 16
( x 4) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 25;
1
. Thus
also x + 2 2 so
2
x +2 2
2
2 x2 + 3x + 2
x2 + 2
= 2 x2 + 3x + 2
1
16
2
2
x +2
1
=8
24. a.
The distance between x and 5 is 3.
b. The distance between x and 1 is less than

or equal to 2.
c.
The distance between x and a is greater

than b.
center = ( 4, 3) , radius = 5
x2 2 x + y 2 + 2 y = 2
29.
x2 2 x + 1 + y2 + 2 y + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1
( x 1) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 4
center = (1, 1)
x 2 + 6 x + y 2 4 y = 7
x 2 + 6 x + 9 + y 2 4 y + 4 = 7 + 9 + 4
( x + 3)2 + ( y 2)2 = 6
center = (3, 2)
d = (3 1) 2 + (2 + 1)2 = 16 + 9 = 5
25.
30. a.
d ( A, B ) = (1 + 2) 2 + (2 6)2
3x + 2 y = 6
2 y = 3 x + 6
3
y = x+3
2
3
m=
2
3
y 2 = ( x 3)
2
3
13
y = x+
2
2
= 9 + 16 = 5
d ( B, C ) = (5 1)2 + (5 2)2
= 16 + 9 = 5
d ( A, C ) = (5 + 2)2 + (5 6) 2
= 49 + 1 = 50 = 5 2
( AB) + ( BC )2 = ( AC ) 2 , so ABC is a right
triangle.
2
1+ 7 2 + 8
,
26. midpoint:
= ( 4,5 )
2
2
d = (4 3)2 + (5 + 6)2 = 1 + 121 = 122
Section 0.8
57
b.
2
m= ;
3
b.
3x 2 y = 5
2 y = 3 x + 5
3
5
y = x ;
2
2
3
m=
2
3
y 1 = ( x + 2)
2
3
y = x+4
2
c.
3 x + 4y = 9
4y = 3x + 9;
4
3
9
y = x+ ; m =
3
4
4
4
y 1 = ( x + 2)
3
4
11
y = x+
3
3
2
( x 1)
3
2
5
y = x
3
3
y +1 =
c.
y=9
d. x = 2
e.
contains (2, 1) and (0, 3); m =
3 1
;
0+2
y=x+3
3 +1 4
11 3 8 4
= ; m2 =
= = ;
52 3
11 5 6 3
11 + 1 12 4
m3 =
=
=
11 2 9 3
m1 = m2 = m3 , so the points lie on the same
line.
32. m1 =
d. x = 3
33. The figure is a cubic with respect to y.
The equation is (b) x = y 3 .

34. The figure is a quadratic, opening downward,
with a negative y-intercept. The equation is (c)
y = ax 2 + bx + c. with a < 0, b > 0, and c < 0.
35.
31. a.
58
3 1 2
m=
= ;
7+2 9
2
y 1 = ( x + 2)
9
2
13
y = x+
9
9
Section 0.8
36.
x2 2 x + y 2 = 3
x2 2 x + 1 + y 2 = 4
( x 1)2 + y 2 = 4
40. 4 x y = 2
y = 4 x 2;
1
4
contains ( a, 0 ) , ( 0, b ) ;
m=
ab
=8
2
ab = 16
16
b=
a
1
b0
b
= = ;
0a
4
a
a = 4b
16
a = 4
a
37.
a 2 = 64
a =8
b=
41. a.
b.
38.
c.
39. y = x2 2x + 4 and y x = 4;
x + 4 = x2 2 x + 4
x 2 3x = 0
x( x 3) = 0
points of intersection: (0, 4) and (3, 7)
f (1) =
1 1
1
=
1+1 1
2
1
1
1
f =
=4
1
1
2
+
1
2
2
f(1) does not exist.

1
1
1 1
=
t 1+1 t 1 t t 1
d.
f (t 1) =
e.
1
1
t
1
f =
=
t
1
1
t t +1 t 1+ t
42. a.
b.
c.
16
1
= 2; y = x + 2
8
4
g (2) =
2 +1 3
=
2
2
1
g =
2
1
2
+1
1
2
=3
2 + h +1
22+1
g ( 2 + h ) g ( 2)
= 2+ h
h
h
h
2 h + 6 3h 6
2( h + 2)
1
2( h + 2)
=
=
=
h
h
2(h + 2)
43. a.
{x
: x 1, 1}
b.
{x
: x 2}
Section 0.8
59
44. a.
b.
f ( x) =
3( x)
( x) + 1
2
3x
x +1
2
; odd
46.
g ( x) = sin( x) + cos( x)
= sin x + cos x = sin x + cos x; even
c.
h( x) = ( x)3 + sin( x) = x3 sin x ; odd
d.
k ( x) =
45. a.
( x )2 + 1
x + ( x) 4
x2 + 1
x + x4
; even
47. V(x) = x(32 2x)(24 2x)

Domain [0, 12]
f (x) = x 1
48. a.
1
13
( f + g )(2) = 2 + (22 + 1) =
2
2
b.
15
3
( f g )(2) = (5) =
2
2
c.
(f
g )(2) = f (5) = 5
d.
(g
13
3 3
f )(2) = g = + 1 =
2
2
4

e.
f 3 (1) = 1 + = 0
1
1 24
=
5 5
2
b.
x
g(x) = 2
x +1
f.
49. a.
c.
60
x2
h(x) =
6 x
Section 0.8
3
f 2 (2) + g 2 (2) = + (5) 2
2
9
109
= + 25 =
4
4
y=
1 2
x
4
if 0 x 2
if x > 2
b.
y=
1
( x + 2)2
4
53. a.
b.
sin (t) = sin t = 0.8

sin 2 t + cos2 t = 1
cos 2 t = 1 (0.8)2 = 0.36
cos t = 0. 6
c.
1
y = 1 + ( x + 2) 2
4
c.
sin 2t = 2 sin t cos t = 2(0.8)(0.6) = 0.96
d.
tan t =
e.

cos t = sin t = 0.8
2
f.
sin( + t ) = sin t = 0.8
sin t
0.8
4
=
= 1.333
cos t 0.6
3
54. sin 3t = sin(2t + t ) = sin 2t cos t + cos 2t sin t

= 2sin t cos 2 t + (1 2sin 2 t ) sin t
= 2sin t (1 sin 2 t ) + sin t 2sin 3 t
= 2sin t 2sin 3 t + sin t 2sin 3 t

= 3sin t 4sin 3 t
55. s = rt
rev rad 1 min
= 9 20
2
(1 sec) = 6
min rev 60 sec
18.85 in.
50. a.
b.
c.
(,16]
f
Review and Preview Problems
g = 16 x 4 ; domain [2, 2]
g f = ( 16 x ) 4 = (16 x) 2 ;
domain (,16]
(note: the simplification
( 16 x ) 4 = (16 x) 2 is only true given
the restricted domain)
51.
f ( x) = x , g ( x) = 1 + x, h( x) = x 2 , k(x) = sin x,
F ( x) = 1 + sin 2 x = f g h k
52. a.
sin(570) = sin(210) =
1
2
b.
cos = cos = 0
2
2
c.
3
13

cos
= cos =
6
6 2
1. a)
b)
2. a)
b)
0 < 2 x < 4; 0 < x < 2

6 < x < 16
13 < 2 x < 14; 6.5 < x < 7
4 < x / 2 < 7; 14 < x < 8
3. x 7 = 3 or x 7 = 3
x = 10 or
x=4
4. x + 3 = 2 or
x = 1 or
x + 3 = 2
x = 5
5. x 7 = 3 or x 7 = 3
x = 10 or
x=4
6. x 7 = d or x 7 = d
x = 7 + d or x = 7 d
7. a)
x 7 < 3 and x 7 > 3

x < 10 and
x>4
4 < x < 10
Review and Preview
61
b)
c)
d)
8. a)
x 7 3 and x 7 3
x 10 and
x4
4 x 10
x 7 1 and
x 8 and
6 x8
x 2 < 1 and x 2 > 1

x < 3 and
x >1
1< x < 3
x 2 < 0.1 and x 2 > 0.1

x < 2.1 and
x > 1.9
1.9 < x < 2.1
d)
x 2 < 0.01 and x 2 > 0.01

x < 2.01 and
x > 1.99
1.99 < x < 2.01
11. a)
g ( 0.999 ) = 0.000333556
g (1.001) = 0.000333111
g (1.1) = 0.03125
x 7 < 0.1 and x 7 > 0.1

x < 7.1 and
x > 6.9
6.9 < x < 7.1
c)
10. a)
g ( 0.99 ) = 0.0033557
g (1.01) = 0.00331126
x 2 1 or x 2 1
x 3 or
x 1
b)
g ( 2) =
12. a)
x 1 0; x 1
2 x 2 x 1 0; x 1, 0.5
x0
b)
g ( 0 ) = 1
g ( 0.9 ) = 0.0357143
x 7 1
x6
b)
9. a)
b)
b)
1
= 1
1
0.1
= 1
F ( 0.1) =
0.1
0.01
F ( 0.01) =
= 1
0.01
0.001
F ( 0.001) =
= 1
0.001
0.001
F ( 0.001) =
=1
0.001
0.01
F ( 0.01) =
=1
0.01
0.01
F ( 0.1) =
=1
0.01
1
F (1) = = 1
1
F ( 1) =
G ( 1) = 0.841471
G ( 0.1) = 0.998334
G ( 0.01) = 0.999983
x0
0 1
f ( 0) =
=1
0 1
0.81 1
f ( 0.9 ) =
= 1.9
0.9 1
0.9801 1
= 1.99
f ( 0.99 ) =
0.99 1
0.998001 1
= 1.999
f ( 0.999 ) =
.999 1
1.002001 1
= 2.001
f (1.001) =
1.001 1
1.0201 1
= 2.01
f (1.01) =
1.01 1
1.21 1
= 2.1
f (1.1) =
1.1 1
4 1
=3
f ( 2) =
2 1
1
5
G ( 0.001) = 0.99999983
G ( 0.001) = 0.99999983
G ( 0.01) = 0.999983
G ( 0.1) = 0.998334
G (1) = 0.841471
13. x 5 < 0.1 and x 5 > 0.1

x < 5.1 and
x > 4.9
4.9 < x < 5.1
14. x 5 <
and x 5 >
x < 5 + and
x > 5
5 < x < 5+
15. a.
True.
b. False: Choose a = 0.
c.
True.
d. True
16. sin ( c + h ) = sin c cos h + cos c sin h

62
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CHAPTER

0.1 Concepts Review

3. If not Q then not P.

Problem Set 0.1

4[5(3 + 12 4) + 2(13 7)]

Instructors Resource Manual

17. (3x 4)( x + 1) = 3 x 2 + 3 x 4 x 4

21. (3t 2 t + 1) 2 = (3t 2 t + 1)(3t 2 t + 1)

Instructors Resource Manual

Instructors Resource Manual

43. Those rational numbers that can be expressed

terminating decimal, so (0.5) and (0.2) ,

46. Smallest positive integer: 1; There is no

(repeating 9's) and 1. 0.9999 and 1 represent

53. 4 1.123 3 1.09 0.00028307388

( 3.1415 )1/ 2 0.5641979034

57. Let a and b be real numbers with a < b . Let n

58. Answers will vary. Possible answer: 120 in 3

59. r = 4000 mi 5280

60. Answers will vary. Possible answer:

61. V = r 2 h = 12 (270 12)

93,807, 453.98 in.3

Instructors Resource Manual

b. Every circle has area less than or equal to

62. V = (8.004) 2 (270) (8)2 (270) 54.3 ft.3

If I stay home from work today then it

b. If the candidate will be hired then she

Some real number is less than or equal to

True; If x is positive, then x 2 is positive.

b. False; Take x = 2 . Then x 2 > 0 but

If I pass the course, then I got an A on the

a + b = c . If a triangle is not a right

If angle ABC is an acute angle, then its

The statement, converse, and

True; 1/ 2n can be made arbitrarily close

If n is odd, then there is an integer k such

The statement and contrapositive are true.

Some isosceles triangles are not

b. All real numbers are integers. The original

True; Let x be any number. Take

b. The statement, converse, and

True; x + ( x ) < x + 1 + ( x ) : 0 < 1

b. The statement, converse, and

True; Let y be any positive number. Take

d. True; 1/ n can be made arbitrarily close

b. If a < b then a < b. If a b then

b. False; There are infinitely many prime

b. If the measure of angle ABC is greater than

If a triangle is a right triangle, then

d. True; Let x be any number. Take

b. If I take off next week, then I finished my

Some natural number is larger than its

Prove the contrapositive. Suppose n is

Some natural number is not rational. The

Instructors Resource Manual

5100 = 2 2550 = 2 2 1275

76. For example, let A = b c 2 d 3 ; then

A2 = b 2 c 4 d 6 , so the square of the number

factors of p 2 must occur an even number of

Answers will vary. Possible answer: An

0.2 Concepts Review

(3 2)(5 2) = 15 4 = 30; rational