LUBRICATION

By

 Friction generates heat

Some part of energy applied in

rubbing the two surfaces is thus

lost
It is essential to reduce friction
The fluids which minimize friction
are called lubricants
The main purpose of a lubricant is
to save mechanical energy
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO ASST PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Functions of lubricating oil

Reduces friction between the moving parts
Reduces wear of the moving parts as far as

possible
Acts like a cooling medium
Reduces noise between striking surfaces
To provide sealing action
To provide cushioning effect
To provide cleaning action

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO ASST PROFESSOR

GITAM UNIVERSITY

Requirements of lubricants
Viscosity high viscosity index (VI)
Petroleum lube oils VI - 100-100

Can be increased to 120-130 by means of additives

Physical stability
Chemical stability

Resistance against corrosion

Flash point should be high
Cleanliness

Resistance against extreme pressure

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO ASST PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Types of lubricants
Animal oils
Vegetable oils
Mineral oils
Synthetic lubricants

Greases
Solid lubricants Graphite

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

Viscosity
rating
According to The Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE)
0W,5W,10W,20W,25W for winter use
10,15,20,30,40,50,60,80,100,150,200,300 for

summer use
Multigrade oils 10W/30

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

Oil additives
The chemical substances which are added to the
lubricating oil either to reinforce some of its
natural properties or to provide it with certain
new properties which it does not possess
originally
Oxidation inhibitors amines, sulphides or
phenols with metals like tin, zinc or barium
Corrosion inhibitors - oxidation inhibitors
with metal salts
Detergents high temperature deposits gums
and varnishes
and dispersants low temp deposits cold
sludge
Anti scuff additives - to polish moving parts
like piston, cylinder walls, cams etc.,
Viscosity index improvers
Anti foaming additives polyorganosiloxanes
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO ASST PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Parts which require lubrication

Main crankshaft bearing
Big end bearings

Gudgeon pin bearings

Piston rings and cylinder walls
Timing gear

Camshaft and camshaft bearings

Valve mechanism
Electrical equipment

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

Lubrication systems

mist system
Splash system
Pressure system

Dry-sump system
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GITAM UNIVERSITY

mist system
Used generally for

two-stroke engines
Simplest of all types
of lubrication
systems
Certain amount of
lubricating oil is
mixed with the petrol
itself (2-3% of oil)
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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Splash system
Employed for motorcycles
Cheapest method

The scoop causes the oil

to splash on the cylinder
walls each time it passes
through its BDC position
Con rod

or
scoop
CH KODANDA RAMA
RAO
GITAM UNIVERSITY

This
affects
the
lubrication of engine walls,
gudgeon pin, crank shaft
bearings, big end bearings
etc
ASST PROFESSOR
11

Pressure system of lubrication

Universally used in modern car engines
An oil pump takes the oil from the wet sump

through a strainer and delivers it through a filter

to the mail oil gallery at a pressure of 200-400 kPa

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gasoline engine lubrication system.

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Dry sump lubrication

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Oil pumps
Its function is to supply oil

under pressure to the

various engine parts
Generally located inside
the crank case below the
oil level
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO ASST PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

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 Its construction is very

Gear pump
Universally used type pump
It can deliver oil at a pressure
of about 2-4kg/cm2

simple
One gear is driven from
cam or crank shaft
The other gear is free to
revolve on its own
bearing
The oil is driven between
the gear teeth from the
inlet side and forced out
the outlet side

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Rotor oil pump

The two gears

mesh internally
The oil is
displaced from
the inlet to the
outlet side in the
same way as in
the gear pump

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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The cam shaft rotates the drive shaft which rotates

the inner rotor which turns the outer rotor
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Plunger pump
The
plunger
reciprocates in

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the pump body

While moving
up the plunder
sucks oil from
the inlet
And
while
moving down it
forces out the
oil from the
outlet
Used in splash
system
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Vane pump

Vane pumps are used for

liquid
transfer
applications
Vanes extend from slots
in the rotor, sweeping
liquid through a camshaped cavity. The vanes
provide very low slip and
high
volumetric
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efficiency.
GITAM UNIVERSITY

28

Oil filters
An oil filter is a device used to

decontaminate oil that contains

suspended impurities.
A major application is in forming
part of the lubrication system of
engines in which filters are typically
detachable units due to the need for
regular service or replacement.
The filtration of oil in engines is
essential for enhancing longevity
and performance.
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO ASST PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Oil filter system

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Obsolete

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Types of oil filters

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Centrifugal type oil filter

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Oil cooler

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Oil pressure gauges

Oil pressure warning light and switch

Electrically operated

Oil pressure warning system

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Engine Servicing

Automobile service is necessary

to keep the motor vehicles in a

condition of
Safety
Reliability
Comfort

Cleanliness
Performance and
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GITAM UNIVERSITY

Economy

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It includes
High pressure lubrication
Power washing
Wheel alignment
Wheel balancing
Body and wing repairs
Transmission
service
and
testing
Repair of automobile engine
and electrical equipment
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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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By servicing and tuning of the

engine
Greater power

Faster acceleration and

High road speeds

can be obtained
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Types of service
Self diagnosed services
Lubrication
Washing body
Wing repairs
Repairs of brakes, tyres
Steering alignment etc

Performance services
For correcting engine performance

and

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Procedure of engine service

Engine disassembly
Cleaning of parts

Inspection of parts
Condition of engine parts
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Engine Decarburization
Engine decarburization is a process utilizing chemicals

gum, varnish,
resin and carbon deposits from the air/fuel
to remove soft and semi-hardened

delivery systems and combustion chambers of internal

combustion engines.
Benefits of the service include improved fuel economy,

engine performance and reduced emissions.

This process is performed to reduce or remove deposits
Recommendations will be time and mileage based.

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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 A wire brush is used to remove

heavy
carbon
deposits
from
cylinder heads and valves. {Some
special wire brush operates on an
electric drill motor}
Scrapers should be used to clean the
piston heads and grooves
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO ASST PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Nitriding of crank shaft

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 Nitriding is a process that infuses

nitrogen ions into the surface of steel

to increase its surface hardness on a
molecular level.
Nitriding offers the end-user a
uniform hardened layer without
internal stresses, and thats what
makes it perfect for crankshafts.

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Engine Reboring
A
cylinder is rebored because:
1. The piston to cylinder bore
clearance is too large

2. There are deep scratches, grooves

in the bore that hinder cylinder
sealing
3. The bore is out round compared
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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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To increase the power of an

engine we can increase the

cylinder capacity.
The best way to increase the
cylinder capacity of an
engine is by physically
making each cylinder a larger
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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Engine

block reboring
means that the engine block
is machined to a bigger size
cylinder.

It

smoothes out the bores

and makes them like new.
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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Blow-by
If
the
cylinder
becomes oval due to
wear some of the gas

escapes through the

piston rings.
The gas which leaks
through the piston
rings is called blowby.
It
reduces
the
efficiency
of
an
engine.
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GITAM UNIVERSITY

49

Effects of piston blow-by

The partially burnt A/F mixture

contaminate the lube oil in the

crank
case,
which
may
deteriorate the performance of
the engine lubricating oil
This A/F mixture may cause an
explosion in the crank case
Corrosion of engine parts
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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Crankcase ventilation
A steady flow of air is carried

through the engine crank case

which carries away the products
of combustion along with it in
the form of vapour or mist.
Methods
1. Road draft system
2. Manifold suction system
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Road draft system

The air stream due to motion of the vehicle, and
supplemented by the cooling fan enters the
engine at the top and is then circulated in the
crank case where it carries the vapor after
which it comes out through the outlet and goes
into the atmosphere

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Positive Crank case ventilation

The

Positive
Crankcase
Ventilation valve, or PCV valve,
is a one-way valve that ensures
continual evacuation of gases
from inside a gasoline internal
combustion engine's crankcase.

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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Positive Crank case ventilation

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Positive Crank case ventilation

Fuel and

air saver
technolog
y (FAST)

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GITAM UNIVERSITY

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