CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Distribution of the fuel energy

Useful work at the crank shaft = 25 %

Loss to the cylinder walls = 30%

Loss in exhaust gases
Loss in friction
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

= 35%
= 10%

 About 30% of heat produced in the

engine cylinder is going to cylinder

walls
So optimum cooling must be provided
Over cooling is also not desirable
the overall efficiency decreases
Vaporization of fuel is less
Low temperature increases the viscosity of

lube oil

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Methods of cooling

Air cooling

Water/liquid cooling
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Air
cooling
Current
of air

flowing
continuously
over & around
the
heated
metal surface
Fins are cast on
the
cylinder
head
and
cylinder barrel
Fins
are
arranged
at
right angles to
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
cylinder axis
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

BAFFLES
To deflect air through the fin area baffles are used
near the cylinders

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Advantages
Air cooled engines are lighter

Can be operated in extreme

climates where the water may

freeze or water scarcity is
there
Easy to maintain
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Disadvantages
No even cooling all around

the cylinder
Coefficient of heat transfer
for air is less than that of
water
More noisy
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Water cooling System

The cooling medium used is water
The engine cylinder is surrounded by water jackets

through which the cooling water flows

Heat flows from the cylinder walls into water which
goes to the radiator where it loses its heat to the air

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Methods used for circulating

water around the engine cylinder
Thermosyphon system
obsolete now a days

Forced or Pump circulation system

Pump circulation with out
thermostat
Pump circulation with thermostat
Pressure sealed coolong
Evaporative cooling
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Thermosyphon system

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Cannot be
used for high
output
engines due
to small flow
rates of
water

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Complicat
ed
and
costlier
than
thermosy
phon
system

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Pump circulation system

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Thermostatically controlled cooling system

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

FORCED CIRCULATION

THERMO-SYPHON SYSTEM

Circulation of water by a centrifugal

pump

By natural convection. No pump is

used

Cooling is independent of
temperature, but depends on the
engine speed

Cooling depends only on

temperature and independendent of
engine speed

Rate of circulation is fast

Rate of cooling is slow and

insufficient

Water pump needs maintenance

Simple, automatic and no

maintenance is required

Cooling is ensured under all

conditions of operation

Circulation of water starts only the

engine has become hot enough to
cause thermosyphon action

Radiator position w.r.t engine not

restricted

The radiator must be placed above

the engine for gravity flow of water

It is costly

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Cheaper

 Radiator

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Tubular type radiator cores

a) Serpantine fins
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

b) Spiral fins

c) Plate fins

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Thermostat

DOLE THERMOSTAT

A thermostat is used to keep a

rigid control over the cooling
It automatically keeps the
cooling water temperature at a
CH KODANDA RAMA RAOpredetermined value
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY
Bellows
type thermostat

WATER PUMP

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Pressure sealed water cooling

In case of radiators, in order to reduce
the size of radiators, the cooling
system is sealed from the atmosphere,
and the system is allowed to be under
certain amount of pressure
by a
radiator pressure cap (up to 2 bar)
The boiling temperature of the
water increases as the pressure on
it is raised
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

 Sealing reduces coolant loss from evaporation

and allows the use of an expansion tank

At normal pressure, water boils at 1000C
Every 1 psi increase in pressure raises the boiling
point of water about 1.80C
There is a greater difference between coolant
temp. and outside temp.

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Pressure cap

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Evaporative cooling
Also called steam or vapour cooling
The water is converted to steam in the cylinder

jacket which flows out at the top of the engine

block and goes to the bottom of the radiator
The steam is condensed in the radiator and the
water thus formed is again circulated by the pump

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Other coolants
Sometimes instead of water, other liquids having higher

boiling points are used

Glycerine
- B.P 2900
Ethylene glycol - B.P 1950
They increase the capacity of the coolant to carry heat
And weight of coolant and hence that of the radiator is

decreased

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Anti
freeze
solutions
To lower the freezing point & boiling point of
water

Most commonly used are

Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, glycerine, ethyl glycol etc
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Requirements of antifreeze solutions

Should be thoroughly miscible with water

Should not have any corrosion action
BP should be high

Should not deposit any foreign matter in the

jackets, hose pipe etc.

Should have high specific heat capacity
Should not be inflammable
Its viscosity should not be excessive

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Corrosion inhibitors
The chemicals which prevent the corrosion of the

metallic parts of the cooling system

constitute about 10% of the antifreeze
Commonly

used

are

chromates

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

silicates

and
and

Temperature gauges

CH KODANDA RAMA RAO

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY

High temperature
less resistance
More current,
high magnetism

Electrically operated
CH KODANDA RAMA RAO
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GITAM UNIVERSITY