FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (SHAH ALAM)

PROGRAM
:
BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(HONS)
PROGRAM CODE
:
EM220
COURSE
:
THERMALFLUIDS LAB (MEC 554)
LECTURER
:
MR. MOHAMMAD SHAMIL BIN JAFFARULLAH
GROUP
:
EMD5M5A
LABORATORY REPORT
TITLE
N
O.
1
2
3
4
5

: ANALYSIS OF AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES

NAME
MUHAMMAD
MUHAMMAD
MUHAMMAD
JOHAN
MUHAMMAD
MUHAMMAD

STUDENT ID SIGNATURE
FAREEZ BIN SANIM
2014624788
ALIF BIN ZAIDI
2014232828
AMIRUL BIN MOHD 2014809958
ARIFF BIN MUSTAMIN
FAZLY BIN RAMLY

ITEM

MAR
K
5
2
SAMPLE 10

INTRODUCTION (CO2)
PROCEDURE (CO2)
DATA/RESULT
&
CALCULATION (CO2)
DISCUSSION (CO3)
CONCLUSION (CO3)
ORGANIZATION
TOTAL

LAB SESSION
_________________

2014557049
2014827516
SCORE
1
2

15
5
3
40

______________STAFF VERIFICATION :
(DATE)

(SIGNATURE)
REPORT SUBMISSION:
______________STAFF VERIFICATION :
_________________
(DATE)
(SIGNATURE)
0

TABLE OF CONTENT

TOPICS

PAGES

1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE
3. THEORY
4. PROCEDURE
5. APPARATUS
6. RESULT AND CALCULATION
7. DISCUSSION
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCES

1. OBJECTIVE :
The objective of this experiment is to study the pressure-mass flow rate characteristic
for convergent-divergent duct. As we know the basic pressure and velocity relation, velocity
is indirectly proportional to pressure, as the velocity increase, the pressure will decrease. In
this experiment, the convergent-divergent duct is connected with tube that connected to
manometer. When the motor is turned on, the air speed is increased and created a vacuum
condition inside the tube. The vacuum will suck the mercury at the U-Tube manometer and
will give reading. At this point, we can measure the pressure inside of the convergentdivergent duct. \

2. INTRODUCTION:
A flow is called compressible when the density variations in the flow field are
considerable. Such flow is called high-speed flow and the flow velocity becomes comparable
to the speed of sound. The examples are flow of steam in a steam turbine nozzle and flow of
exhaust gases through the nozzle of a jet engine. The most important dimensionless
parameter in high-speed flow is the Mach number, M which is defined as the ratio between
the velocity of flow and speed of sound (M=V/C). The flow at speeds less than the speed of
sound (M<1) is called subsonic and at speeds higher than the speed of sound is called
supersonic (M>1).
A high-speed flow nozzle may have different geometrical shapes and in general it may
be either convergent (dA<0) or convergent-divergent (dA<0 in the first part and dA>0 in the
second part) as shown in figure below. The section of minimum area in the C-D nozzle is
called the throat. The pressure and velocity changes in a nozzle are strongly dependent on its
geometrical shape. The governing equations of fluid motion are the mass, momentum and
energy conservation equations together with the equation of state (or relation between
properties) and the second law of thermodynamics.

Convergent nozzle

Convergent-divergent nozzle

3. THEORY :
In order to examine the characteristics of pressure flow of air through a convergent-divergent
duct and clearly visualize on how the properties of air being affected by Mach number, the
development of rightful comprehending on the fundamental theories behind the physics of
compressible flow are significant.
The ideal-gasequation of state can be mathematically expressed as:

Meanwhile, the conservation of mass (the equation of continuity) can be used to determine
the flow rate of afluid through a conduit of variable cross-sectional area. The conservation of
mass is:

So, for this experiment:

Referring to the figure above, the steady energy equation between 0 and 2is given by :

For gas with small elevations differences, gz 0

For isentropic flow where there is no work is transferred, q w 0. 0 is showing the
stagnation conditions, so vo 0.
Therefore,

equation

now

is,

Substitute (3) and (4) into (2),

For isentropic flow,

Substitute (6) into (5),

4. LIST OF APPARATUS :

INCLINE MANOMETER

DC GENERATOR

DC MOTOR

U-TUBE MANOMETER

CONVERGENT-DIVERGENT DUCT

5. PROCEDURE :
1. Make sure all electric supply is turn off before run the experiment.
2. Connect all the tube to the apparatus and compressor inlet.
3. Make sure the path of air is not blocked by anything, such as when adjusting the
speed of the motor, keep your hands of the open section of the nozzle.
4. Start the motor by press the on button.
5. Adjust the motor speed by turning the control knob until the first 0.8 reading is
obtain at the inclined manometer.
6. Record the U-Tube manometer reading, and keep increasing the motor speed by 0.8
until the inclined reached at the maximum reading.
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7. Turn off the motor.

8. Make calculation.

6. RESULT

No

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

P1

H2

H3

(kPa)

(mm)

(mm) (kPa)

0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14

0
7
9
14
19
25
42
52

0
3
4
5
6
8
9
10

P2

0
102.766
102.499
101.832
101.165
100.364
98.0965
96.7623

P3

P0P1

P0-P2

P0-P3

r= (P2 /

(kPa)

(kPa)

(kPa)

(kPa)

P0)

0
103.299
103.166
103.032
102.899
102.632
102.499
102.365

0
103.68
103.66
103.64
103.62
103.6
103.58
103.56

0
0.9339
1.2007
1.8678
2.5349
3.3354
5.6034
6.9376

0
0.4002
0.5336
0.6670
0.8004
1.0673
1.2007
1.3341

0
0.9909
0.9884
0.9819
0.9755
0.9678
0.9459
0.9330

(kg/s

)
0
0.3366
0.3804
0.4728
0.5489
0.6269
0.8026
0.8866
10

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

0.16
0.18
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25

61
75
89
97
104
108
116
122

15
16
18
19
21
24
25
26

95.5616
93.693
91.825
90.758
89.824
89.291
88.223
87.423

101.698
101.565
101.298
101.165
100.898
100.498
100.364
100.231

103.54
103.52
103.5
103.49
103.48
103.47
103.46
103.45

8.1383
10.0062
11.8740
12.9413
13.8752
14.4089
15.4762
16.2767

2.0012
2.1346
2.4014
2.5349
2.8017
3.2019
3.3354
3.4688

0.9215
0.9035
0.8854
0.8752
0.8661
0.8610
0.8507
0.8430

0.9538
1.0464
1.1275
1.1697
1.2044
1.2234
1.2597
1.2855

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

P0 = 103.7 kPa
= 7.0882 x 10 m

= 1.222 kg/m

Hg = 13600 kg/m
oil = 784 kg/m
k = 1.4,

11

(i) To obtain the value of P2 :

P0 - P2 = g h2
P2 = P0 - g h2
= 103.7kPa - 13600 kg/m x 9.81 m/s x (9x10 )m x (1 kPa / 1000 Nm)
x (1N /1kgms )
= 102.4993 kPa
(ii) To obtain the value of P3 :
P0 - P3 = g h3
P3 = 103.7kPa - 13600 kg/m x 9.81 m/s x (5x10 )m x (1 kPa / 1000 Nm)
x (1N /1kgms )
= 103.0329
.

(iii)

To obtain mass flow rate,

= 1.222 x 7.0882 x 10 ( (594.026 kPa) (2.542x10 ))/

= 0.3366 kg/s

12

13

7. DISCUSSION:
Based on the result obtained from the experiment, five types of graph are sketched
which is graph mass flow rate, m versus P 0 P2, m versus P2, m versus P0 P3, m versus P3,
P0 P2 versus P0 P3. The first graph m versus P0 P2 is for the convergent duct, it produce a
quadratic graph. It shows that increasing of pressure difference between P 0 and P2 also
increase the mass flow rate of the liquid.
Furthermore the m versus P0 P3 which is graph for the divergent part of the duct also
produce a quadratic form of graph. However the divergent part produce a larger pressure
difference than the convergent part of the duct. The inconsistency of graph m versus P 0 P3
may due from the turbulent force that produced.

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Other than that, graph m versus P2 and m versus P3 shows the consistency of the pressure at
point 2 and 3 with different mass flow rate, m of the air through the duct. The graphs show
that the pressure of the flow are dropping as the mass flow rate of the system increase.
Last but not least, the graph of pressure different at diverging duct versus pressure different at
converging duct. Theoretically the graph shows a directly proportional line. The graph sketch
from the experiment may due to some error during experiment. The most obvious error that
occur is during reading, which the mercury at the scale is vibrating frequently.

8. CONCLUSION :
Based on the experiment conducted, all objectives have been achieved. From this
experiment, we have studied the pressure-mass flow rate characteristic for convergentdivergent duct. We also have demonstrated the phenomena of choking. There are maybe some
error occur in this experiment. For every error occur, we have come out with counter measure
to overcome the errors so that we can overcome the errors in the future.

15

9. REFERENCES :
1. Cengel, YA, Boles, MA 2007, Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach, 6th edn,
McGraw-HillEducation (Asia), Singapore.
2. Cengel, YA, Cimbala, JM 2010, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd
edn, McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), Singapore.
3. Crowe, CT, Elger DF, Williams, BC, Roberson, JA 2010, Engineering Fluid
Mechanics, 9th edn, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Asia.
4. William J. Devenport, Nozzle Applet, retrieved from
http://www.engapplets.vt.edu/fluids/CDnozzle/cdinfo.html . on 19 November
2015.

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