EXAMPLES OF TEST PROCEDURES

Test 1 Z-test for a population mean (variance known)

Hypotheses and 1. H0: = 0
alternatives H1: _= 0
2. H0: = 0
H1: > 0
Test statistics Z =
.x 0
/

n
n is sample size
.x is sample mean
is population standard deviation
When used When the population variance 2 is known and
the population distribution is normal.
Critical region Using = 0.05 [see Table 1]
1.
0.025 0.025
1.96 1.96

2.
0.05
1.64

Data H0: 0 = 4.0

n = 9, .x = 4.6
= 1.0
Z = 1.8
Conclusion 1. Do not reject H0 [see Table 1].
2. Reject H0
6 100 STATISTICAL TESTS
Test 3 Z-test for two population means (variances known and unequal)
Hypotheses and 1. H0: 1 2 = 0
alternatives H1: 1 2 _= 0
2. H0: 1 2 = 0
H1: 1 2 > 0
Test statistics Z = (.x1 .x2) 0
_
2
1

n1
+ 2
2

n2
_1
2

When used When the variances of both populations, 2

1

and 2
2 , are known. Populations are normally
distributed.
Critical region Using = 0.05 [see Table 1]
1.
0.025 0.025
1.96 1.96

2.
0.05
1.64

Data H0: 1 2 = 0

n1 = 9, n2 = 16

.x1 = 1.2, .x2 = 1.7

2
1

= 1, 2
2

=4
Z = 0.832
Conclusion 1. Do not reject H0.
2. Do not reject H0.
EXAMPLES OF TEST PROCEDURES 7
Test 7 t-test for a population mean (variance unknown)
Hypotheses and 1. H0: = 0
alternatives H1: _= 0
2. H0: = 0
H1: > 0
Test statistics t =
.x 0
s/

n
where
s2 =
_
(x .x)2
n1
.
When used If 2 is not known and the estimate s2 of 2 is
based on a small sample (i.e. n < 20) and a
normal population.
Critical region and
degrees of freedom

1.
0.025 0.025
DF = n 1
tn 1; 0 025 tn 1; 0 025

2.
0.05
tn 1; 0 05

Data H0: 0 = 4.0

n = 9, .x = 3.1
s = 1.0
t = 2.7
Conclusion 1. t8; 0.025 = 2.306 [see Table 2].
Reject H0.
2. t8; 0.05 = 1.860 (left-hand side) [see Table 2].
Reject H0.
8 100 STATISTICAL TESTS
Test 8 t-test for two population means (variance unknown but equal)
Htypotheses and 1. H0: 1 2 = 0
alternative H1: 1 2 _= 0
2. H0: 1 2 = 0
H1: 1 2 > 0
Test statistics t = (.x1 .x2) (1 2)
s
_
1
n1
+1
n2

_1
2

where
s2 = (n1 1)s2
1

+ (n2 1)s2
2

n1 + n2 2
.
When used Given two samples from normal populations

with equal variances 2.

Critical region and
degrees of freedom

1.
0.025 0.025
DF = n1 + n2 2
tn1 + n2 2; 0.025 tn1 + n2 2; 0.025

2.
tn1 + n2 2; 0.05
0.05
Data H0: 1

2 = 0
n1 = 16, n2 = 16
.x1 = 5.0, .x2 = 4
s = 2.0
t = 1.414
Conclusion 1. t30; 0.025 = 2.042 [see Table 2].
Do not reject H0.
2. t30; 0.05 = 1.697 [see Table 2].
Do not reject H0.
EXAMPLES OF TEST PROCEDURES 9
Test 10 Method of paired comparisons
Hypotheses and 1. H0: d = 0
alternatives H1: d _= 0
2. H0: d = 0
H1: d > 0
Test statistics t = d d
s/

n
where di = xi yi, the difference in the n paired
observations.
When used When an experiment is arranged so that each
observation in one sample can be paired
with a value from the second sample and the
populations are normally distributed.
Critical region and
degrees of freedom

1.
0.025 0.025
DF = n 1
tn 1; 0.025 tn 1; 0 025

2.
tn 1; 0.05
0.05

Data n1 = 16, d = 1.0

s = 1.0
t = 4.0
Conclusion 1. t15; 0.025 = 2.131 [see Table 2].

Reject H0.
2. t15; 0.05 = 1.753 [see Table 2].
Raject H0.

10 100 STATISTICAL TESTS

Test 15 2-test for a population variance

Hypotheses and 1. H0: 2 = 2
0

alternatives H1: 2 _= 2
0

2. H0: 2 = 2
0

H1: 2 > 2
0

Test statistics 2 = (n 1)s2

2
0

When used Given a sample from a normal population with

unknown variance.

Critical region and

degrees of freedom

1.
DF = n 1
0.025 0.025

n
2

1; 0 975 n
2
1; 0.025

2.
0.05

n
2
1; 0.05

Data H0: 2 = 4.0

n1 = 17, s2 = 7.0
2 = 28.0
Conclusion 1. 2
16; 0.025

= 28.85 [see Table 5].

Do not reject H0.
2. 2
16; 0.05

= 26.30 [see Table 5].

Reject H0.
EXAMPLES OF TEST PROCEDURES 11
Test 16 F-test for two population variances
Hypotheses and 1. H0: 2
1

= 2
2

alternatives H1: 2
1

_= 2
2

2. H0: 2
1

= 2
2

H1: 2
1 > 2
2

Test statistics F =

s2
1

s2
2

, (s2

1 > s2
2)

where s2
1 and s2
2 are sample variances.
(If, in 2, s2
1 < s2
2, do not reject H0.)
When used Given two sample with unknown variances 2
1

and 2
2 and normal populations.
Critical region and
degrees of freedom

1.
0.025
DF = n1 1 and n2 1
Fn1 1, n2 1; 0.025

2.
0.05
Fn1 1, n2 1; 0.05
Data H0: 2
1
= 2
2
n1 = 11, n2 =

16

s2
1

= 6.0, s2
2

= 3.0
F = 2.0
Conclusion 1. F10, 15; 0.025 = 3.06.

Do not reject H0.

2. F10, 15; 0.05 = 2.54. [see Table 3].
Do not reject H0.
12 100 STATISTICAL TESTS
Test 37 2-test for goodness of fit
Hypotheses and Goodness of fit for Poisson distribution with
alternatives known mean
Test statistics 2 = _ (Oi Ei)2
Ei
Oi is the ith observed frequency, i = 1 to k;
Ei is expected frequency,
where Ei must be >5.
When used To compare observed frequencies against those
obtained under assumptions about the parent
populations.
Critical region and Using = 0.05 [see Table 5]
degrees of freedom DF: variable, normally one less than the
number of frequency comparisons (k) in the
summation in the test statistic.
0.05

Data H0: Distribution.

Poisson with = 2.
xi Oi Ei
0 10 13.5
1 27 27.0
2 30 27.0
3 19 18.0

4 8 9.0
5 6 5.5
2 = 1.45
Conclusion v = 5.

2
5; 0.05

= 11.07 [see Table 5].

Do not reject H0.
EXAMPLES OF TEST PROCEDURES 13
Test 44 2-test for independence
Hypotheses and Contingency table
alternatives
Test statistics 2 = _ (Oi Ei)2

Ei
[see Table 5]
When used Given a bivariate frequency table for

attributes with m and n levels.

Critical region and Using = 0.05 [see Table 5]
degrees of freedom
0.05

2
; 0.05

DF = (n 1) (m 1)

Data

Machine
I II
Grade Oi Ei Oi Ei Total
A 3 4 7 6 10
B 9 8 11 12 20
C 8 8 12 12 20
Total 20 20 30 30 50
2 = 0.625
Conclusion 2
2; 0.05

= 5.99 [see Table 5].

Do not reject H0. The grades are independent
of the machine.