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F
Stress = A , where F = 0.3(weight) = 0.3(480 N) = 144 N,
and A = r2 = (0.50 x 10-2 m)2 = 7.85 x 10-5 m2. Thus,
144 N
Stress =
= 1.8 x 106 Pa
7.85 x 10-5 m2
9.2
Using Y =
So, d =
FLo
FLo
, we get A =
= (d/2)2.
A(L)
Y(L)
4mgLo
=
Y(L)
FLo
with A = (d/2)2 and F = mg, we get
A(L)
mgLo
4(90 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(50 m)
Y=
=
= 3.5 x 108 Pa.
(d/2)2L
(0.01 m)2(1.6 m)
9.3
Using Y =
9.4
d2
But, Amin = 4 , from which,
9.5
We assume a length for the femur of 0.50 m. The amount of compression L is given by:
L(stress)
(5.0 x 10-1 m)(160 x 106 Pa)
L =
=
= 5.52 x 10-3 m = 5.5 mm.
Y
14.5 x 109 Pa
9.6
9.7
(a)
When at rest, the tension in the cable is equal to the weight of the 800 kg mass, 7840 N.
Thus, from the definition of Young's modulus, we find the amount the cable is stretched:
((7840 N)/(4.00 x 10-4 m2))(25.0 m)
(F/A) L
L =
=
= 2.45 x 10-3 m,
Y
(20 x 1010 Pa)
or L = 2.45 mm.
(b) We write down Newton's second law for the block when it is accelerating upward.
T - mg = ma, or T = m(g + a).
(1)
When a = 3 m/s2, we find:
T = 1.02 x 104 N, so
FL
(1.02 x 104 N)(25.0 m)
Lnew =
=
= 3.20 x 10-3 m = 3.20 mm
Y A (20 x 1010 Pa)(4.00 x 10-4 m2)
Therefore, the increase in elongation is:
Lnew - L = 3.20 mm - 2.45 mm = 0.75 mm.
(c)
9.9
9.10
If the stress (F/A) is not to exceed 2.2 x 108 Pa, the maximum force allowed is:
(2.2 x 108 Pa)(4.00 x 10-4 m2) = 8.8 x 104 N.
From (1) we find the largest mass to be:
T
8.8 x 104 N
m=a+g =
= 6.9 x 103 kg.
(3.00 + 9.80)m/s2
F=T=
N
m
mg
F W
Let W be its weight. Then each tire supports W/4, so that P = A = 4A ,
yielding: W = 4AP = 4(0.024 m2)(2.0 x 105 N/m2) = 1.9 x104 N.
9.11
9.12
Let H be the height of the pillar, and let A be its cross-sectional area.
Then, the pressure at the base is:
mg (AH)g
P= A = A
= (g)H = (weight per unit volume)H = (5.0 x 104 N)H
With a maximum pressure of Pmax = 1.7 x 107 Pa, the maximum height is
Pmax
1.7 x 107 Pa
Hmax =
=
= 3.4 x 102 m.
4
3
5.0 x 10 N/m
5.0 x 104 N/m3
9.13
9.14
The gauge pressure of the fluid at the level of the needle must equal the gauge pressure in the artery.
1.33 x 104 Pa
= 1.33 m
(1.02 x 103 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)
Po = 1.10 atm =
9.17
hw
= h w.
We first find the absolute pressure at the interface between oil and water: Pt = Patm + gh, or
F2 F1
First, use Pascal's principle, A = A ,
2
1
to find the piston 1 will exert on the handle:
d12
A1
4
(0.25 in)2
F1 = A F2 = 2 F2 =
(500 lb)
d2
(1.5 in)2
2
4
= 13.9lb
Now, consider torques on the jack handle with the pivot point at the left end.
= 0 = (13.9 lb)(2 in) - F(12 in) = 0,
or F = 2.31 lb.
9.19
9.20
F2 F1
A2 = A1 Pascal's principle becomes:
Abrake cylinder
1.75 cm2
Fbrake = A
(Fpedal) =
(44 N) = 12.0 N
6.4 cm2
master cylinder
This is the normal force exerted on the brake shoe. The frictional force is:
0.50(12.0 N) = 6.0 N, and the torque is
= frtire = (6.0 N)(0.34 m) = 2.0 N m.
f = N =
Since the frog floats, the buoyant force = the weight of the frog. Also, the weight of the displaced
fluid = weight of the frog, so
fluidVg = mfrogg, or,
1 4(6.00 x 10-2 m)3
mfrog = fluidV = (1.35 x 103 kg/m3)2
.
3.00
The weight of the truck,W, is equal to the weight of the additional water displaced when the truck
drives onto the boat. This is:
W = w(V)g = (103 kg/m3)(4.00m)(6.00 m)(0.0400 m)(9.80 m/s2) = 9.41 x 103 N.
The buoyant force, B, on the iceberg must be equal to its weight, w, in order for it to float. Thus:
B = w.
But, the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced. Therefore,
wVuwg =
iceVtotalg where Vuw is the volume of the iceberg under water and Vtotal is the total volume of
the berg.
Vuw
ice
920
We have,
Vtotal = w = 1030 = 0.89.
Therefore, 89% of the volume is submerged and 11% is exposed.
9.23
The balloon is in equilibrium under the action of three forces, Fb, the buoyant force on the balloon,
w, its weight, and T, the tension in the string. We have: Fy = 0
T = Fb - w.
(1)
Fb = weight of displaced air = airVg, or
4
Fb = (1.29 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)3 (0.500 m)3 = 6.62 N.
w = weight of empty balloon + weight of enclosed helium, or
4
w = (0.012 kg)(9.80 m/s2) + (0.181 kg/m3)3 (0.500 m)3 (9.80 m/s2)
= 1.05 N
Then from equation (1), T = 6.62 N - 1.05 N = 5.57 N.
9.24
Fy = B - Fspring - W = 0, or
Fspring = k(L) = B - W,
where B is the buoyant force, k(L) is the downward spring force, and W is the weight of the
block of wood.
But, W = mg = (5.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 49.0 N and
mwood
5.00 kg
B = (wV)g = (w(
))g = (1000 650 (9.80 m/s2) = 75.4 N
wood
Therefore,
which yields
9.25
(a)
(b)
The forces on the object are the tension, T, in the string connecting it to a balance, The weight
of the object, w, and the buoyant force on it, B. Because the object is in equilibrium when
immersed in the alcohol, we have Fy = 0, which gives,
T + B = w , or
200 N + B = 300 N. Thus, B = 100 N.
We also know that the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced alcohol. So, B =
alcoholValcoholg.
But, Valcohol is equal to the volume of the object because the object is completely submerged.
Thus,
B
100 N
Vobject =
=
= 1.46 x 10-2 m3.
alcoholg (700 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)
The mass of the 300 N object is 30.6 kg, and now that we know its volume, its density can be
found as
m
= V = 2.10 x 103 kg/m3.
(a)
9.27
(1)
When the system floats, FB = w, or the weight of the displaced water equals the weight of the
object. Therefore, w(r2z)g = 1.96 N ,
where (r2) z = volume of displaced water. The depth of the bottom end is thus,
1.96 N
z=
= 0.159 m = 15.9 cm.
3
3
(10 kg/m )(2.00 x 10-2 m)2(9.80 m/s2)
9.29
When the mattress is totally submerged, the buoyant force exerted by the water (and hence the total
weight that can be supported) is:
Fm = wVg = (103 kg/m3)(2.0 m)(0.50 m)(0.08 m)(9.80 m/s2) = 784 N
The total mass supported is the sum of the mass of the mattress and the mass of the load, or
784 N
M = mmattress + m =
= 80 kg.
9.80 m/s2
The load mass is therefore: m = M - mmattress = 80 kg - 2.0 kg = 78 kg.
9.30 Looking first at the top scale and the iron block, we have: T1 + B = Wiron,
where T1 is the tension in the spring scale, B is the buoyant force and Wiron is the weight of the iron
block. The volume, V, of the iron block, and hence of the displaced oil, is:
2.00 kg
= 2.54 x 10-4 m3.
7860 kg/m3
Then
B = oilVg = (916 kg/m3)(2.54 x 10-4 m3)()9.80 m/s2) = 2.28 N. Therefore,
T1 = Wiron - B = 19.6 N - 2.28N = 17.3 N.
Next we look at the bottom scale which reads T2. (i.e., exerts an upward force T2 on the system)
Consider the external vertical forces acting on the beaker-oil-iron combination.
Fy = 0 gives
T1 + T2 - wbeaker - woil - wiron = 0, or
V=
iron
The cross-sectional area of the 2.0 cm diameter hose is A = x 10-4 m2, and the flow rate is: Av =
( x 10-4 m2)(1.5 m/s) = 1.5 x 10-4 m3/s.
The volume to be filled is (1.5 m)(0.6 m)(0.4 m) = 3.6 x 10-1 m3.
The time required to fill the trough is:
volume
3.6 x 10-1 m3
time = flow rate =
= 7.6 x 102 s = 13 min
1.5 x 10-4 m3/s
9.33
(a)
(b)
9.34
We select point 1 just above the wing and point 2 just below it. As a result, the difference in
vertical heights between these two points is negligible, and Bernoulli's equation reduces to
1
1
P2 - P1 = 2 v12 - v22) = 2 (1.29 kg/m3) [(300 m/s)2 - (280 m/s)2] , or
P2 - P1 = 7480 Pa. The net upward force is therefore
F = (P2 - P1)A = (7480 Pa)(20.0 m2) = 1.50 x 105 N upward.
9.35
(a)
(b)
9.36
A1v1
We find the flow velocity in the second section from the continuity equation: v2 = A
=
2
10
2.5 v1 = 4(2.75 m/s) = 11.0 m/s.
Choosing the zero level for y along the common center line of the pipes, we have:
1
1
1
P1 + 2 v12 = P2 + 2 v22, or
P2 = P1 + 2 v12 - v22), giving
1
P2 = (1.20 x 105 Pa) + 2 (1650 kg/m3) [(2.75 m/s)2 - (11.0 m/s)2], and
P2 = 2.64 x 104 Pa.
F
2.00 N
=
= 8.00 x 104 Pa.
A1 2.50 x 10-5 m2
We write Bernoulli's equation as:
P1gauge = P1 - Patm =
P1
1
P = P2 - P1 = 2 v12 - v22) (ignoring differences in height), so
1
P = 2 (1.29 kg/m3)(((0.15 m/s)2 - (0.30 m/s)2)) = -4.4 x 10-2 Pa
9.38
First, consider the path from the standpoint of projectile motion to find the speed at which the water
emerges from the tank. The time to drop one meter with an intial vertical velocity of zero is:
1
1
y = voyt + 2 at2 1.00 m = 0 + 2 (9.80 m/s2) t2, or t = 0.452 s,
x 0.600 m
and from the horizontal motion: vx = vo = t = 0.452 s = 1.33 m/s.
We now use Bernoulli's equation, with point 1 at the top of the tank and point 2 at the level of the
1
hole. With P1 = P2 = Patm and v1 approximately equal to zero, we have: 2 v22 = g(y1 -y2) =
gh, giving
vo2
(1.33 m/s)2
h=
=
= 9.00 x 10-2 m = 9.00 cm.
2g
2(9.80 m/s2)
9.39
(a)
(b)
9.40
We choose point 1 at the surface of the tank and point 2 at the hole. Both of these points are
at atmospheric pressure, so the pressure cancels from Bernoulli's equation. We also assume
that v1 is negligibly small. Finally, we choose the zero level for y at the level of the hole.
Under these conditions, we have:
v2 = 2gy = 2g(16.0 m) = 17.7 m/s.
The area of the hole is found from the flow rate as:
flow rate
4.17 x 10-5 m3/s
A= v
=
= 2.35 x 10-6 m2.
17.7 m/s
2
From which the diameter is easily found to be 1.73 mm.
1000 kg/m2
where we have chosen y = 0 at the level of the centerline of the pipe.
This yields v2 = 1.06 m/s, and from the flow rate, we find:
d 2
flow rate 1.80 x 10-4 m3/s
-4 m2 = 2 ,
A2 =
=
=
1.71
x
10
1.06 m/s
4
v2
from which
(a)
(b)
9.42
(a)
(b)
Use Bernoulli's equation with point 1 at the top of the tank and point 2 at the highest point in
the tube:
1
1
P1 + 2 v12 + gy1 = P2 + 2 v22 + gy2, where P1 = Patm.
When the siphon ceases to work, the fluid will be at rest at point 2,
or v2 = v1 = 0, and y2 - y1 = ymax, so Patm = P + gymax.
Patm
The minimum value of P is 0. Therefore, ymax =
.
g
9.43
Because there are two edges (the inside and outside of the ring) we
have,
-2
F
F
F
1.61 x 10 N
=L
= 2(circumference) =
=
= 7.32 x 10-2 N/m
4r
2.20 x 10-1 N
total
9.44
The tension in the string attaching the sheet to the balance is equal to the sum of the vertical
component of the surface force plus the weight of the sheet. This is a two sided surface, so the
surface force is F = 2L. Since L = 3.0 x 10-2 m, the vertical component of this force is:
Fv = 2Lcos = (6 x 10-2 m)cos
When = 0, the tension measures 0.4 N and we have:
T = Fv + w becoming
0.40 N = +(6 x 10-2 m) + w.
(1)
When = 180, T = 0.39 N, and we have
T = Fv + w becoming
0.39 N = -(6 x 10-2 m) + w.
(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously gives
9.47
The vertical component of the surface force is equal to the weight of water inside the capillary tube:
Fv = w, or
Lcos = (2r)cos = w = (r2)hg, where h is the height of the water in the tube. We solve
the above for the surface tension.
rhg
(1080 kg/m3)(5.0 x 10-4 m)(2.1 x 10-2 m)(9.80 m/s2)
=
=
2
2cos
-2
which yields
= 5.6 x 10 N/m
We have
2cos
2(8.80 x 10-2 N/m)
=
gr
(1035 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)r
From which, we find r = 3. 47 x 10-4 m, or a diameter of 0.694 mm.
h = 5 x 10-2 m =
9.48
9.49
9.50
9.51
Flow rate =
(flow rate)8L
R4
-5
3
2
(8.6 x 10 m /s)8(0.12 Ns/m )(50 m)
P1 - P2 =
(5.0 x 10-3 m)4
6
= 2.1 x 10 Pa = 20.7 atm.
Also, since P2 = 1.0 atm, this is also the gauge pressure at the inlet point of the pipe.
(P)R4
(400 Pa)(2.6 x 10-3 m)4
=
8L
8(2.7 x 10-3 Pa s)(8.4 x 10-2 m)
= 3.16 x 10-5 m3/s
Then v =
9.52
9.53
P1 - P2 =
flow rate
3.16 x 10-5 m3/s
=
= 1.5 m/s
area
( 2.6 x 10-3 m)2
(flow rate)8L
.
R4
For water, 1 g/s = 1 cm3/s = 10-6 m3/s.
Therefore,
(10-6 m3/s)8(0.03 m)(1.0 x 10-3 N s/m2)
P =
= 1.5 x 105 Pa
(1.5 x 10-4 m)4
From Poiseuille's law:
P =
500 cm3
The required flow rate = 1800 s = 2.78 x 10-1 cm3/s = 2.78 x 10-7 m3/s
If the solution is elevated 1 m, the pressure differential across the needle is P = gy = (1000
kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(1.0 m) = 9800 Pa
8L(flow rate)
We find the radius via Poiseuille's law. R4 =
, or
P
8(2.5 x 10-2 m)(1.0 x 10-3 N s/m2)(2.78 x 10-7 m3/s)
R4 =
(9800 Pa)
10
9.54
= 4.3 x 103.
9.55
9.56
C =
=
DA
(5.0 x 10-10 m2/s)(6.0 x 10-4 m2)
-3
3
10 kg/m
9.57
= 1.8 x
9.58
9.59
We use vt =
2r2g
( - f)
9
9vt
9(1.0 x 10-3 N s/m2)(1.10 x 10-2 m/s)
or ( - f) = 2 =
= 20.2 kg/m3.
2r g
2(5.0 x 10-4)2(9.80 m/s2)
Thus, = f + 20.2 kg/m3 = 1000 kg/m3 + 20.2 kg/m3 = 1.02 x 103 kg/m3
9.60 If at the end of one hour a particle is still in suspension, then its
terminal velocity must be less than
2g
2r
5.0 cm/h = 1.39 x 10-5 m/s. Thus, we
use vt =
( - f) to find
9
9vt
9(1.00 x 10-3 N s/m2)(1.39 x 10-5 m/s)
r2 =
=
2g( - f)
2(9.80 m/s2)(800 kg/m3)
-6
and
r = 2.82 x 10 m = 2.82 microns is the size of the largest particles
that can still
remain in suspension.
9.61
A2v2
A1 = v , where A2 = 1.96 x 10-5 m2 = area of aorta.
1
Then A1 = total capillary cross-section needed.
(1.96 x 10-5 m2)(1.0 m/s)
-3 2
= 1.96 x 10 m
10-2 m/s
But, A1 = (number of capillaries)Asingle capillary, and
A1 =
number of capillaries =
1.96 x 10-3 m2
= 2.5 x 107 = 25 million.
7.85 x 10-11 m2
11
(a)
The speed at the narrow section is found from the equation of continuity:
A1v1 d12
v2 = A = 2 v1 = 16 v1 = 16.00 m/s.
d2
2
(b)
We choose the zero level for y at the common center line of the horizontal pipes, and solve the
resulting form of Bernoulli's equation for the pressure at the narrow section, point 2.
1
P2 = P1 + 2 (v12 - v22)
1
= (3.00 x 105 Pa) + 2 (1000 kg/m3)(1.00 m/s) 2 - (16.00 m/s)2)
= 1.73 x 105 Pa
9.63
When the sinker alone is submerged, the forces on the system are T1, the tension in the string
attached to the block, wB, the weight of the block, ws, the weight of the sinker, and Bs, the buoyant
force on the sinker. Since equilibrium exists, we have
T1 = wB + ws - Bs.
(1)
When both are submerged, the forces on the system are T2, the tension in the string attached to the
block, the weight of the block, the buoyant force on the block, BB, and the buoyant force on the
sinker. From the first condition for equilibrium, we have
T2 = wB + ws - BB - Bs.
(2)
Subtract (2) from (1) to give:
T1 - T2 = BB.
Thus, the buoyant force on the block is: BB = 200 N - 140 N = 60.0 N.
However, the buoyant force on the block is equal to the weight of water displaced by the block:
BB = 60 N = wVblockg.
60.0 N
Thus,
Vblock =
= 6.12 x 10-3 m3.
(1000 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)
The mass of the 50 N block is 5.10 kg. So, its density is
m
5.10 kg
= V =
= 833 kg/m3.
6.12 x 10-3 m3
9.64
The forces on the balloon while in flight are Ba, the buoyant force of the air, wHe, the weight of the
helium, wB, the weight of the balloon, and wL, the weight of the load. These quantities are found as
follows,
Ba = aVballoong, wHe = HeVballoong, wB = (600 kg)g, and wL = (4000 kg)g.
When floating in equilibrium, we have: Ba = wHe + wB + wL, or
aVballoong =
HeVballoong + (600 kg)g + (4000 kg)g.
The density of Helium is 0.179 kg/m3 and the density of air is
1.29 kg/m3. Thus, we can solve for the volume of the balloon to find
Vballoon = 4.14 x 103 m3.
9.65
12
9.67 Solve by work-energy methods taking where the object is released from rest 10 m above the surface as
the initial state and where the object comes to rest distance d below the surface of the water as the
final state. The work-energy equation becomes:
Wnc = (KEf - KEi) + (PEf - PEi) = (0 - 0) + (mgyf - mgyi).
If we neglect friction effects and energy loss upon impact, the only non-conservative force doing
work is the buoyant force, which acts as a retarding force after the object is in the water. Thus,
Wnc = -Fbd = -(waterVog)d.
Here Vo is the volume of the object. Also, m = oVo where o is the density of the object.
Choosing the zero of gravitional potential energy at the water surface, the work-energy equation
becomes:
-(waterVo g)d = (oVo )g[(-d) - 10 m]. This reduces to
d = (o /water)(d + 10 m). With o/water = 0.60, this last equation yields
d = 15 m.
9.68
When the bar of soap, of cross-sectional area A, is in water only, the forces on it are the buoyant
force of the water and its weight, w. Because it is floating, we know
Bw = w. The buoyant
force, Bw , is
Bw = w(A)(1.5 x 10-2 m)g = w
From this equation, we find
w
-2
(1)
2 cm
Ag = w(1.5 x 10 m)
When the bar is floating in both water and oil, the
forces on it are the buoyant force of the oil, the buoyant
( Water)
force of the water, and its weight. We have
Bo + Bw = w.
(2)
Let us call x the height of the bar that is in oil. Thus,
the portion of the height of the bar which is in water is
(2 x 10-2 m - x). Equation (2) becomes
Oil
o(A)(x)g + wA(2.0 x 10-2 m - x)g = w
w
or, ox + w(2.0 x 10-2 m - x) = Ag .
( Water)
From (1) above, this is ox + w(2.0 x 10-2 m - x) =
Bw
1.5 cm
W
(in water alone)
Bo
Bw
X
2- X
When we substitute 1000 kg/m3 for the density of water and 600 kg/m3 for the density of oil, we
find x = 1.25 x 10-2 m = 1.3 cm.
9.69
Let s stand for the edge of the cube, h for the depth of immersion, ice stand for the density of the
ice, w stand for the density of water, and a stand
for density of the alcohol.
(a) According to Archimedes' principle, at equilibrium we have
13
hw =
ice
a
sh
w
w a
9.70
(a) P =
9.71
(a)
(b)
P atm
air
P atm
h
L = 5 cm
oil
Point A
Point B
w ater
14
1000 - 750
2(9.80 m/s2)(0.05 m) 1.29 = 13.8 m/s.
PB + 2 wvB)2 + wg(0).
Now, recognize that PA = PB = Patmosphere since both
points are open to the atmosphere (neglecting variation of atmospheric pressure with altitude).
Thus, we obtain
L
9.72
2gL(w - o)
(2)
vB =
4
Let V = 3 r3 be the volume of the ball, D the depth of the water, m the mass of the ball. Then
while the ball is under the water
(m + mair)a = B - (m + mair)g, or
15
(water - air)V - m
g.
m + airV
4
3
3
1.0 kg + 1.29 (kg/m ) 3 (0.10)
4
Then we use
v2 = v2o + 2a(y) = 0 + 2(31.0 m/s2(2.0 m)) = 124.1 m2/s2,
to get the velocity of the ball as it emerges from the pool.
This gives:
v = 11.1 m/s.
1
Finally, we use 2 (m + mair) v2 = (m + mair)gh to get h = 6.3 m.
9.75
(a)
(b)
9.76
The pressure on the surface of the two hemispheres is constant at all points and the force on
each element of surface area is directed along the radius of the hemispheres. The applied force
along the axis must balance the force on the "effective" area which is the projection of the
actual surface onto a plane perpendicular to the x axis, A = R2. Therefore,
F = (Patm - P)R2.
For the values given
F = (Patm - 0.10Patm)(0.30 m)2 = 0.254Patm = 2.6 x 104 N
We call the position of the lower hole point 1 and the position of the higher hole point 2. Both of
these points are at atmospheric pressure.
From our earlier study of projectile motion, the range is given by
R = v1t1 = v2t2.
(1)
An expression for the time for the water to reach the floor can also be found through the projectile
motion equations. We have
1
1
2
y = voyt + 2 at2 = 0 + 2 gt2, or
t=
where h is the height through which the
gh
projectile falls before it reaches ground level. Thus, we have the time for the water from the upper
hole to reach the floor to be:
2
t2 =
g(0.120 m) , and the time for the water from the lower hole as
2
t1 =
g(0.0500 m) .
Substitute these two values for the times into (1) above to give
v12 = 2.4v22.
(2)
Since the pressure cancels from Bernoulli's equation, it reduces to
v12 - v22) = 2g(y2 - y1).
(3)
Given: y2 = 0.120 m, y1= 0.0500 m. Then, with the use of (2) and (3) we find
v2 = 0.99 m/s.
Let us now consider Bernoulli's Equation once again, with a point 3 at the top of the tank and point
2 still at the position of the top hole. Both these points are at atmospheric pressure, and the velocity
of fall of water at the top of the tank is negligibly small. We find:
1
1
gy3 = 2 v22 + gy2, or
g(y3 - y2) = gh = 2 v22.
v22
(0.99 m/s)2
From which,
h = 2g =
= 5 x 10-2 m = 5.0 cm.
2(9.80 m/s2)
Thus, the water surface is 5.0 cm above the top hole or 17.0 cm above the bottom of the tank.
16
.04 m - X
Oil
4 cm = 0.04 m
9.77
Water
To have the object float fully submerged in the fluid, its average density must be the same as that of
the fluid. Therefore, we must add ethanol to water until the density of the mixture is 900 kg/m3. If
m = mass of mixture, me = mass of ethanol, and mw = mass of water, we obtain:
m = m e + m w.
(1)
For the volumes: V = Ve + Vw .
(2)
Equation (1) becomes:
V = eVe + wVw and with the use of equation ( 2), this reduces to
2. Both must have the same strength. The force on the back of each dam is the average
pressure of the water times the area of the dam. If both reservoirs are equally deep, the
force is the same.
4. The external pressure on the chest cavity makes it difficult to take a breath while under
water. Thus, a snorkel will not work in deep water.
6. The buoyant force depends on the amount of air displaced by the objects. Since they
have the same dimensions, the buoyant force will be the same on each.
8. The larger the density of a fluid, the higher does an object float in it. Thus, an object
will float lower in low density alcohol.
10. The water level on the side of the glass stays the same. The floating ice cube displaces
its own weight of liquid water, and so does the liquid water into which it melts.
17