Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contoh Kalimat
Im driving a car to
Bandung now.
(Saya sedang menyetir
mobil ke Bandung
sekarang.)
The buses are
arriving in an hour.
(Bus-bus tersebut tiba
dalam satu jam.)
The
toddlers have been
playing a ball for an
hour.
(Balita-balita itu telah
bermain bola selama satu
jam.)
The construction
labors are thirsty since
they have been
removing the
scaffoldings.
(Pekerja konstruksi haus
karena mereka telah
memindahkan perancah.)
The
team was playing basket
ball all day yesterday.
(Tim bermain basket
sepanjang hari kemarin.)
When he came
last night, the cake had
run out.
(Ketika dia datang
semalam, kue sudah
habis.)
Rumus:
Penggunaan:
Simple future tense untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi
dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana.
He will be
sleeping at 10 p.m.
(Dia akan sedang tidur
pada jam 10 malam.)
At this time
next month, Ill have
finishedmy English
course.
(Pada waktu yang sama
bulan depan, saya akan
telah menyelesaikan
kursus bahasa Inggris.)
Penggunaan:
Future continuous tense untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang akan
sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan.
Future Perfect Tense
Rumus:
S + will + have + past participle/V-3
Penggunaan:
Future perfect tense untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu
aktivitas akan sudah selesai pada suatu titik waktu di masa
depan. The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will
occur before another action in the future. It can also show that
something will happen before a specific time in the future.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Rumus:
S + will + have + been + present participle/V-ing
Penggunaan:
Future perfect continuous tense untuk mengungkapkan
bahwa suatu aksi akan sudah berlangsung selama sekian lama
pada titik waktu tertentu di masa depan. Future Perfect
Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and
"be going to have been doing." Unlike Simple Future forms,
Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
Simple Past Future Tense
Rumus:
S + would + bare infinitive
Penggunaan:
Simple past future tense untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan
dilakukan, membuat prediksi, dan membuat janji di masa
depan pada saat berada dimasa lalu.
He would forgive yo
u.
(Dia akan
memaafkanmu.)
Rumus:
S + would + be + present participle
Penggunaan:
Past future continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja
untuk menyatakan aksi atau situasi imajiner yang sedang
berlangsung apabila unreal condition-nya terpenuhi (present
continuous conditional ~ conditional sentence type 2 dengan
continuous tense).
Rumus:
S + would + have + past participle/V-3
Penggunaan:
Past future perfect tense untuk membicarakan suatu aksi yang
tidak terjadi di masa lalu (conditional sentence type 3).
Rumus:
S + would + have + been + present participle
Penggunaan:
Past future perfect continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata
kerja untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi imajiner sedang
berlangsung pada titik tertentu atau selama periode tertentu di
masa lampau (perfect continuous conditional ~ conditional type
3dengan continuous)
2. Conditional Sentence
Conditional Clause and Main Clause
If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
conditional clause
main clause
2. Second conditional:
3. Third conditional:
Conditional clause
1. If + Present Tense
a.
Main clause
will + inf / present tense / imperative
would + inf
2. Second conditional
a. Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.
b. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present,
now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security
system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said
by a schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)
3. Third conditional
a. Nature: unreal
b. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the
past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that
party.(But you didn't, and I have).
Remember!
1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in ifclauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be
used in if-clauses.
e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= please, come this way; please, give me...)
2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:
If I were a rich man...
3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).
If I have some spare time next weekend....or :
If I have any spare time...
4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.
e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.
5.There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the
past:
If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
An adjective clause is also called a relative clause or an adjectival clause. A clause is a group of
words that have a subject and predicate. There are two kinds of clauses: independent and
dependent. Independent clauses are sentences because they express a complete thought.
Examples are: The dog ran away. and Get the door. In the second one, the subject is implied.
To explain the function of an adjective clause, we will look at dependent clauses.( adjective
clause atau relative clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagaiadjective dan
menjelaskan noun atau pronoun pada main clause dari suatu complex sentence (kalimat yang
terdiri dari independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause).
Relativ
e
Function
Example
Who
Untuk menggantikan subyek orang (I, you, we, they, she, he,
Budi (nama orang). Setelah kata who, selalu diikuti oleh verb
(kata kerja)
Whom
Whose
Which
Where
When
Why
ADVERB CLAUSE
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb (predicate). This differs from a
phrase, which does not have a subject and a verb, like to the park. Clauses can be
independent or dependent.
Independent clauses are called sentences as they can stand alone and express a complete
thought.
Dependent clauses, or subordinate clauses, are subordinate to something else, usually an
independent clause, and depend on it for meaning.
(Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan)
dan memberikan informasi tentang verb,adjective, atau adverb yang berada pada independent
clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan: how, when, where, why, atau to what
degree.)
Adverb Clause
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan
kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata
penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata
penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
* Shut the door before you go out.
* You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
* While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
* By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
* No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti
where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
* They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
* The guard stood where he was positioned.
* Where there is a will, there is a way.
* Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
* Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling
berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti
although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
* Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
* Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
* Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that
the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as,
inasmuch as
Contoh:
* Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
* Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
* As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in
a movie.
* Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace
are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
* Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
* Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
* Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb
Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek
dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
* While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
* While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
* Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this
Pesetujuan (Agreement)
Absolutely.
I absolutely agree.
Exactly.
I completely agree.
I think so.
I suppose so.
I agree entirely.
Thats true.
I totally agree.
Youre right.
Ketidaksetujuan
(Disagreement)
I dont agree.
Persetujuan Secara
Sebagian (Partial
Agreement)
I totally disagree.
I completely disagree.
I dont guess so.
I am sorry, but I disagree with you.
I am afraid, I cant agree with your opinion.
I doubt with that.
Your opinion was in complete contradiction
to..
I have a different opinion with you.
I am of different opinion.
I cannot agree with your idea.
I dont think so.
Invitation
(Mengundang
Yes, of course
Seseorang)
All right
I cant say no
I am afraid I cant go
I would like to
Asking Permission
Would
it
possible
for
me
to
May + verb
o
Can + verb
o
Is it okay if
No problem.
Please feel free.
Refusing Permission
Giving Permission
mempelajari
ekspresi
asking
izin
terhadap
sesuatu.
Berikut
beberapa
ekspresinya:
sesuatu.
Yes, please.
Yes, of course.
I am afraid not.
4.
1.
What a surprise!
5.
2.
That cant be
6.
It must be wrong.
3.
Oh! Wow!
7.
4.
Great!
8.
Really?
5.
Incredible
9.
6.
I am amazed at
10.
7.
Unbelieveable!
11.
Thats unbelievable.
8.
12.
9.
13.
10.
14.
Youre kidding?!
11.
I am really surprise
15.
12.
Nonsense
16.
13.
I am surprise at you
17.
14.
My goodness!
18.
Expressing Disbelief
19.
1.
20.
2.
3.
Thats unbelievable
do you?
21.
22.
23.
24.