1.

19
2. 19
3. 20
4. 20 50

1. 1999
2. 1995
3.
1990
4. 1988
5. 1990


19

Philology
Linguistics

4-1

1 Dionisius Thrax 170 90

Techn Grammatik

18

3-2

M. T. Varro 116- 27

25 5-10

1.2.
3. 4.

Priscian 6
Institutiones Grammaticae 18 1000

1898

476 15

11 15

17 20

18
14-16
16

14
Rinascimento15 16
5


14

14

1453

12

14

15
16
16

17
Antoine Arnauld Claude
Lancelot

18
19

1500
Veda veda
8
4-5

4 Panini

3996

10-11
19
19

18 19

1492

G. W.
Leibniz1646-1716

1786-1791 280 1800

300

1610 11
10

1710
500
Mithridates
1806-1817

18

18

Franz Bopp1791-1867
1786

F. Schlegel1772-18291808

R. Rask1787-1832
1814 1818
11

Franz Bopp1791-1867
1816

1833-1852

J. Grimm1785-1863

1819-18371848
15

bdg ptk
ptk fth[]h[x]
bhdhgh bdg

12

August Schleicher1821-1868
1861

19 70
KBrugmann1849-1919
H Osthoff 1847-1909 A Leskien 1840-1916
H Paul 1846-1921 K Verner 1846-1896
BDelbrck1842-1922
1878

13

k
1870
k
k

t
dKarl
Verner1846-1896
ptk
fth[]h[x] bdg

1868

14

phr

ei-mi

dd-mi

bhr-mi

-mi

ddd-mi

mi mi o
mi o
bhr-mi -middd-mi

Hugo Schuchardt1866-1868

1885

J schmidt1872

15


wave theory

G. wenker1876

J. Gillieron 639 1920

"Atlas de la France" 1902-1910

16

1767-1835
1800

1800

350

17

19

18


20 20 50

20 30 50
50
60

20

20
19 20

19

19 20

20

Emile Durkheim,1859-1917
Sigmund
Freud 1856-1939 Ferdinand de
Saussure18571913

21

W. D. Whitney1827-1894

61-62

Ferdinand de Saussure185719131857

Adolf Pictet
22

 15
1873 1874
1875
1876

1878 21

1878 7
1880

A.Meillet
M.GrammontP.Passy

1891

1907 1911

1894
1913 2 22
23

1916

W . Labov

24

25

26

27

a.

b.
c.
d.

28

29

20 Darstellung
AusdruckApell

referentialdenotativeemotiveconative
phaticmetalinguisticpoetic

1939

12

12

1Vocalic-non.vocalic a-p
2consonantal-non.consonantal p-a

3interrupted-continuant p-f,b-v
4checked-non.checked p-p
5strident-mellow s-0
6voiced-voiceless v-f,b-p

30

7conpact-diffuse e-i
8grave-acute m-n
9flat-plain u-i
10sharp-plain dj-d
11tense-lax k-g
12nassal-oral m-p,n-t,g-k

30 1931

31

 Louis Hjelmslev 1899-1965

19431907-19571887-1942

1939

32

1determination
a b b a
2interdependencea b
3constellation
processsystem

selection
specification
solidarity
complementarity
combination
autonomy

function
functivecorrelation
relation
p e t
m a n
pet
pm

33

20

19 20

34


20

20

20
30

35

Franz Boas 1858 1942 Edward

Sapir 1884 1939
Leonard Bloomfield18871949
30
3040
50 Zellig S.
Harris
Franz Boas18581942

1881
1883
1886 1892
20 1911 1938

19071908
6
700

36

37

Edward Sapir18841939
5 1904

1909 19101925
1925 1931
1933
1938

1921
1949

20

38

20

Leonard Bloomfield188719491903
1906 1907

1909 19131914

19211949

1917 1921
1927
1924
1927
1933
1940

39

1949

Zellig S. Harris190919924
1930 1932 1934

1951

20 50

60
1968 1982

1951
1
2

40

1958

1958

A
B
C
S
R

S R
S r s R

r s

s r28 BA C
41

 B 26

42

It's I It's me

43

 b pit p bit

4
IC
Poor John ran away 5
poorJohnrana- wayPoor John ran away Poor
John ran away ran away
ran away-a way
poor John poor John

50

44


NPVP

45


20 50

J. Lyons

30

Noam Chomsky1928 12 7
William Chomsky
46

(Zellig Harris)

1945

1949
1951

1955
900
10 1957

1955

2010 8

47

(Syntactic Structure)
Mouton
1957
108

Language
Robert Lees

B. F. Skinner

1984

1957

48

20 50

19 20 50

20 20-50 SchlickMoritz
CarnapRudolf

1951 W. V. Quine

49

30 5060

Karl. R. Popper

1990
50


J.DWatsonBFSkinner

20 30

51

S
RS
R

70
(CAI)

52

20 20 50
40
50

20 50

60

20 50-60
70

53

1959

Language
Acquisition DeviceLAD LAD

Jean Piaget

54

1933

1985 3 6
-

SRS r
s R r s S R S
R
r s

21 discovery procedure

55

56

acquisition

57

He a girl.
That's right.
There's the animal farmhouse.

3-4

Language Acquisition Device LAD

LAD

evaluation procedure

58

(theorem)

()()

59

(evaluation)
(evaluation procedure)

60

3-4

61

10
5

Robert Lees

(nature history)

62

 rewriting
rules
1SNP+VP
2NPDet+N
3VPV+NP
S NP VP
V N Det

S
NP
Det

VP
N V

NP

Det

DetNVDetN

DettheNgirlVlikesDettheNboy
The girl likes the boy.
S
NP
Det

VP
N V
Det

The

NP
N

girl likes the

boy

63

do You know him.Do you know him?

do not I know him.I do
not know him.
4

Your bike is outside, is it

5

You have no classes today, have you

64

19571964
1957
1.

2.

3.
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

19651971

65

1.

2.
The man saw the ball. *The ball
saw the man.
3.
John married Mary.
Mary is married by John.

1965 Aspect of the Theory of

Syntax
1.
SVPV+ S
N+V+ S(N+V)
2.

3.

4.

66

19721991

a. Everyone loves someone.

b. someone is loved by everyone.
c. Tom doesnt go to town very often.
d. Very often Tom doesnt go to town.
e. Many men read few books.
f. Few books are read by many men.
a bc de f

1972
1975 1977
1981
1. X
2.

trace
3.

4.
5. PRO

A.

67

D-

S-

B. X

D-
S-

X X
X
head
specifiercomplement X

X2X1+Spec
X1X+Comp

X2
Spec

X1

Comp

tall

girl

this
X2
Spec

X1
Comp

John Likes him

e
68

 t t
a. John killed Tom. b. Tom was killed by John.
John + (be) + killed + Tom + (by +(e))

(t) + be + killed + Tom + by + John

Tom + be + killed + (t) + by + John

1981

1John likes him.

2John says Bill likes him.
3John likes himself.
1
S
NP

VP
V

NP

John Likes

him

2
S
NP
John

VP
V
Says

S1
NP

VP

Bill V

NP

Likes him

69

3
S
NP

VP

John

V
Likes

NP
himself

1John him S John

John him
2Bill him S1 Bill him
Bill him him John him
John S1John S1 S1

3John himself S John

himself John himself

binding principle
Abound
Bfree
C
himself himher
JohnBill
C123 JohnBill

B1 him S
John 1 John him

B2 him S1
S1 Bill him Bill
B him S1 John
70

2 him Bill John

C3 himself S
John himself John
PRO
A. John promised Bill PRO to leave.
B. John persuaded Bill PRO to leave.
A leave JohnB leave Bill
promise PRO
persuade PRO

(Theta criterion)
a.
b.
NP
NP NP

NP

that

1992
1986 BarriersThe MIT PressCambridge
Mass configuration
category governmen
wmovement1988

1992
A Minimalist Program of Linguistic
Theory
71

lexiconcomputation

1998

72

43-47

1990 354-375

1
SVO
remote structure VSO

a.John gave a book to Mary.

b.Mary received a book from John.
c.Paul sliced the salami with a knife.
d.Paul used a knife to slice the salami.
e.Bill sold a car to Henry.
73

f.Henry bought a car from Bill.

remote structure

a. I know someone ( who is ) working on English adverbs.

b. I saw something ( that was ) horrible.

The stone didnt hit the boy.
not
a.Neg(X(X be a stone)hit Y (Y is a boy)).
b.X(X Neg be a stone)hit Y (Y is a boy).()
c.X(X be a stone)hit Y (Y Neg is a boy).
John will finish the book.

a.John will finish X which is a book.

b.John will finish X which will a book.
10

74

C. J.
Fillmore 1966 Toward a
Modern Theory of Case 1968 The Case for Case
1971 Some Problem for Case
Grammar)1977 The Case for Case Reopened)

1980

(1)SM+P
(2)PV+C1+C2++Cn
(3)CK+NP
ModalityProposition
SM+P
transitivity relationsV
NPNP

75


1John jumped from one side of the ditch to the other side.

jump AJohn Sfrom one side of

the ditch Gto the other side
[+ASG] ASG Jump
+

1[+ASG]
S G

[+ASG]

[+AOI] A O I

Agent
InstrumentDative/FactitiveLocative,
Place/Object, Patient Source
GoalRangeTimePathComitative
EssiveTranslative

NP
NP
76

 NP

1978

Lucien Tesnire18931954
1912
K.Brugmann
1937 1951
1934

1939

1959

77

Alfred frappe Bernard

frappe
AlfredBernard
Alfred fourre son nez toujours partoutAlfred
toujourspartout

Valence
1il pleut
2il dort
3il mange une pomme
4il donne son livre Charles Charles

1 pleut
2 dort
3 mange bivalent verb
4 livre trivalent verb

78

1.

2.

79

3.

4.

A.

B.

A.

B.

A.

B.

A.

B.

80

1.
2.
3.
4.

NP1 NP2YA

NP1 NP2A
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

81


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
NPX Y
=

7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.

82

.
.Halliday the London
SchoolJ.Firth

MalinowskiB.L.Whorf
20 50
...Halliday

1938 1944

1925
19471949
19491950

1959

83

 20 70

1976
1987
1995

(1957)(
)
(context of situation)

Bhler

J.R.Firth
M.Gregory J.Spencer
R.HudsonHuddlestonHalliday

84

1982 9
1985 12

1991
36
22 1995 7 36 2009
8
Network
Function of Language John Benjamins 1992

85

86

(1961)

(1966)
(1967-1968)
1973

1976
1978
(1985)

87

88

metafunction

ideational function

transitivity

89


interpersonal
moodmodality

text
textual

90

cognitive linguistics

2005
91

M. Johnson1987G. Lakoff
1987R. Langacker
1987 1989 Duisbury
Cognitive
Linguistics ICLAInternational Cognitive
Linguistics Association Cognitive Linguistics
Research 1993
20 90
Jackendoff
TaylorTalmy

20 50

20 50

2001
92

20

20 70

2001
93

autonomous

prototype-based category

Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson. Metaphors We live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,
1980.
2001 6
94

iconicity
imagic iconicity

1995 1
95


diagrammatic iconicity

1.

2003
96

2.

veni, vidi, vici

3.

-s

-er
-est

97


1.
(grammaticalization)

13

2.

S S|S

| VP
98

|VP

3a. Why didnt you read in bed?/

b. Why not read in bed?
a b

a
a

b
b

V+O+V+C
V
OC

3.
reanalysis

since
2005 3
1998 2
2001
99


4a. I have read a lot since we last met.
b. Since Susan left him, John has been very miserable./

c. Since you are not coming with me, Ill have to go alone.

a since b since
c since
since

metaphormetonymy
20 80

1.

mapped
source domain target domainLife is a journey

I am at a crossroads in my life
2005
1987
100

Structural Metaphor Orientational Metaphor

Ontological Metaphor

HIGH STATUS IS UPLOW STATUS IS DOWN

container metaphor

He is in good mood
today Out of sight, out of mindmoodsightmind

2.

metonymy source
metonymy target

2001
101


hand

///
/

1999 1
102

1.

2
3
4

103

2.

10
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

104

1998
1998
1999
2000
2000
2001
2001

2001
2001

2003

2004
2004
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
105

 2006

2008
2008

106