Calcolo Ingranaggi Iso 9336 ABS Part 4 Ottimo

ABS
RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING
STEEL VESSELS
2002
PART 4
VESSEL SYSTEMS AND MACHINERY
American Bureau of Shipping

Incorporated by Act of Legislature of
the State of New York 1862
Copyright 2001
American Bureau of Shipping
ABS Plaza
16855 Northchase Drive
Houston, TX 77060 USA
PART
4
chapter
Propulsion & Maneuvering

M achinery
CONTENTS__________________________________
SECTION 1
G ears..............................................................................107
1
G e n e ra l.............................................................................. 109
M a te ria ls ............................................................................ 112
D e sig n .................................................................................113
Piping S ystem s fo r G e a r s ............................................ 116
Testing, Inspection and C ertification o f G e a rs
SECTION 2
116
Propulsion S hafting................................................... 193

I
G e n e ra l.............................................................................. 195
M a te ria ls ............................................................................ 197
D esign and C o n s tru c tio n ...............................................198
Propulsion S haft A lignm ent and V ib ra tio n s
Inspection, Testing and C e rtific a tio n .........................210
II
Installation and T ria ls .....................................................211
SECTION 3
207
Propellers......................................................................213
1
G e n e ra l..............................................................................215
M a te ria ls ............................................................................217
D e sig n ................................................................................ 217
C e rtific a tio n ...................................................................... 228
Installation, Tests and T r ia l..........................................228
SECTION 4
Steering G ears.............................................................231
I
G e n e ra l..............................................................................233
M a te ria ls ............................................................................235
System A rra n g e m e n ts................................................... 236
M echanical C om ponent D e s ig n ................................. 237
H ydraulic S y s te m ............................................................240
II
Electrical S y s te m s ...........................................................242
13
C ontrol S y ste m s .............................................................. 243
15
In s tru m e n ta tio n ............................................................... 244
17
C o m m u n ic a tio n s .............................................................244
19
C e rtific a tio n ...................................................................... 244
A B S RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 2002
105
SECTION
106
21
Installation, Tests and T r ia ls ........................................ 245
23
A dditional R equirem ents for P assenger

V e s s e ls .............................................................................247
25
A dditional R equirem ents fo r Oil or Fuel Oil

Carriers, C hem ical C arriers and Gas C a rrie rs
247
5 Thrusters........................................................................ 251
I
G e n e ra l...............................................................................253
M a te ria ls ............................................................................ 255
D e s ig n ................................................................................ 255
C ontrols and In stru m e n ta tio n .......................................260
C o m m u n ic a tio n s..............................................................261
II
M iscellaneous R equirem ents for

T h ru ste r R o o m s ............................................................. 261
13
C ertification and T ria l..................................................... 261
15
D ynam ic P ositioning S y s te m s..................................... 262
SECTION
1 Appendix 1 - Rating of Cylindrical and

Bevel G ears..................................................................119
SECTION
1 Appendix 2 - Guidance for Spare Parts..................181
SECTION
1 Appendix 3 - Gear Param eters................................ 183
ABS
RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 2002
PART
4
chapter

M achinery
secti on
1 Gears
CONTENTS__________________________________
1
General.............................................................................................109
1.1
A p p lic a tio n ............................................................................................109
1.3
D e fin itio n s ............................................................................................. 109
1.5
Plans and P articulars to be S u b m itte d ......................................... 110
Materials...........................................................................................112
3.1
M aterial S pecifications and T est R e q u ire m e n ts .........................112
3.3
A lternative Material T est R e q u ire m e n ts .......................................112
D esign..............................................................................................113
5.1
G e a r Tooth F in is h ...............................................................................113
5.3
B e a rin g s ................................................................................................113
5.5
G e a r C a se s...........................................................................................113
5.7
A ccess fo r In sp e ctio n ........................................................................ 114
5.9
C alculation o f S hafts fo r G e a rs ...................................................... 114
5.11
Rating o f C ylindrical and Bevel G e a rs.......................................... 115
5.13
A lternative G ear Rating S ta n d a rd s ............................................... 115
Piping Systems for G ea rs .......................................................... 116
Testing, Inspection and Certification of G e a rs .................... 116

9.1
M aterial T e s ts ...................................................................................... 116
9.3
D ynam ic B a la n c in g ............................................................................ 116
9.5
S hop In s p e c tio n .................................................................................. 116
9.7
C ertification o f G e a rs ........................................................................ 117
9.9
Shipboard T ria ls .................................................................................. 117
Appendix 1Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel G ears........................119

Appendix 2 Guidance for Spare Parts............................................... 181
Appendix 3 Gear Param eters.............................................................. 183
ABS
107
PART
4
c h a p t e r

M achinery
s e c t io n
Gears
G en eral
1.1
A p p lic a t io n
Gears having a rated power o f 100 kW (135 hp) and over intended for propulsion and for auxiliary
services essential for propulsion, maneuvering and safety (see 4-1-1/1.3) o f the vessel are to be
designed, constructed, certified and installed in accordance with the provisions o f this section.
Gears having a rated power o f less than 100 kW (135 hp) are not required to comply with the
provisions o f this section but are to be designed, constructed and equipped in accordance with good
commercial and marine practice. Acceptance o f such gears w ill be based on manufacturers affidavit,
verification o f gear nameplate data and subject to a satisfactory performance test after installation
conducted in the presence o f the Surveyor.
Gears having a rated power o f 100 kW (135 hp) and over intended for services considered not
essential for propulsion, maneuvering and safety are not required to be designed, constructed and
certified by the Bureau in accordance with the requirements o f this section, but are to be installed and
tested to the satisfaction o f the Surveyor.
Piping systems o f gears, in particular, lubricating oil and hydraulic oil, are addressed in Section 4-6-5
and Section 4-6-7 respectively.
1 .3
D e fin itio n s
For the purpose o f this section the following definitions apply:
1.3.1
G ears
The term G ears as used in this section covers external and internal involute spur and helical
cylindrical gears having parallel axis as w ell as bevel gears used for either main propulsion or
auxiliary services.
1 .3 .2
R ated P ow er
The R a te d P o w e r o f a gear is the maximum transmitted power at which the gear is designed
to operate continuously at its rated speed.
ABS
109
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1
1 .3 .3
Vessel Systems and Machinery

Propulsion & Maneuvering Machinery
Gears
4-3-1
R ated Torque
The R a te d Torque is defined by the rated power and speed and is the torque used in the gear
rating calculations.
1 .3 .4
G ear Rating
The G ea r R atin g is the rating for which the gear is designed in order to carry its rated torque.
1 .5
P l a n s a n d P a r t ic u la r s t o b e S u b m it t e d
1.5.1
G ear Construction
General arrangement
Sectional assembly
Details o f gear casings
Bearing load diagram
Quill shafts, gear shafts and hubs
Shrink fit calculations and fitting instructions
Pinions
Wheels and rims
Details o f welded construction o f gears
1 .5 .2
G ear S y s te m s and A pp u rtenances

Couplings
Coupling bolts
Lubricating oil system and oil spray arrangements
1 .5 .3
Data
Transmitted rated power for each gear
Revolutions per minute for each gear at rated transmitted power
Bearing lengths and diameters
Length o f gap between helices, if any
Distance between inner ends o f bearings
Tooth form layout (see 4-3-1A1/Figure 1) or calculated data
Facewidths, net and total
Width o f tooth at highest stressed section
H elix angle at reference and at pitch diameter
H elix deviation
Normal pressure angle
Transverse pressure angle at reference cylinder
Transverse pressure angle at working pitch cylinder
Reference cone angle for gears
110
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Gears
4-3-1
Tip angle for gears

Cone distance for gears
Middle cone distance for gears
Normal module
Transverse module
Bending moment arm for tooth root bending stress for application o f load at the point o f
single tooth pair contact
Working pitch diameter o f gears
Tip diameter o f gears
Root diameter o f gears
Reference diameters
Addendum
Addendum modification coefficient o f gears
Dedendum
Transverse diametral pitch
Normal base pitch
Number o f gear teeth
Virtual number o f spur teeth for gears
Center distance between mating gears
Length o f contact in plane o f rotation
Root fillet radius o f gears in the critical section
Axial lead modification or lead mismatch, if any, for reference
Method o f cutting and finishing gear teeth
Tooth thickness modification coefficient (midface)
Sketch o f basic rack tooth form
Root radius, addendum, dedendum o f basic rack
Degree o f finish o f tooth flank
Grade o f accuracy
Tooth hardness range, including core hardness and total depth o f hardness, surface to core
Mean peak-to-valley roughness o f tooth root fillets
Mass o f rotating parts
Balancing data
Spline data
Shrink allowance for rims and hubs
Type o f coupling between prime mover and reduction gears
Type and viscosity o f lubricating oil recommended by manufacturer
For a comprehensive listing o f data, see Appendix 4-3-1A3.
ABS
111
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1
1 .5 .4

Gears
4-3-1
M aterials
The following typical properties o f gear materials are to be submitted:
range o f chemical composition,
physical properties at room temperature,
endurance limits for pitting resistance, contact stress and tooth root bending stress,
heat treatment o f gears, coupling elements, shafts, quill shafts, and gear cases.
1 .5 .5
Hardening Procedure
The hardening procedure for surface hardened gears is to be submitted for review. The
submittal is to include materials, details for the procedure itself, quality assurance procedures
and testing procedures. The testing procedures are to include surface hardness, surface
hardness depth (e.g. case depth) and core hardness. Surface hardness depth and core hardness
(and their shape) are to be determined from sectioned test samples. These test samples are to
be o f sufficient size to provide for determination o f core hardness and are to be o f the same
material and heat treated as the gears that they represent. Forgings are to be tested in
accordance with Part 2, Chapter 3.
1 .5 .6
C alculations and A n a ly se s
Bearing life calculations
Tooth coupling and spline connection calculations
M a te r ia ls
3 .1
M a te r ia l S p e c i f i c a t i o n s a n d T e s t R e q u ir e m e n t s
3.1.1
Material C ertificates
Material for gears and gear units is to conform to specifications approved in connection with
the design in each case. Copies o f material specifications and purchase orders are to be
submitted to the Surveyor for information.
3 .1 .2
Material T e sts
Except as noted in 4-3-1/3.3, the following materials are to be tested in the presence o f and
inspected by the Surveyor. The materials are to meet the specifications in Part 2, Chapter 3 or
that approved in connection with the design.
Forgings for gears, shafting, couplings, coupling bolts.
Castings approved for use in place o f any o f the above forgings.
3 .3
A lt e r n a t iv e M a te r ia l T e s t R e q u ir e m e n t s
3.3.1
Alternative S p ecification s
The Surveyor w ill inspect and test material manufactured to other specifications than those
given in Part 2, Chapter 3, provided that such specifications are approved in connection with
the designs and that they are clearly indicated on purchase orders which are provided for the
Surveyor's information.
112
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1
3 .3 .2

Gears
4-3-1
G ea rs Certified Under Quality A ssu ra n ce A s s e s s m e n t

For gears units certified under quality assurance assessment provided for in 4-3-1/9.7
hereunder, material tests and inspections required in 4-3-1/3.1 need not be witnessed by the
Surveyor; such tests and inspections are to be conducted by the gear manufacturer whose
certified material test reports w ill be accepted instead.
3 .3 .3
S teel-b ar S to ck
Hot-rolled steel bars up to 305 mm (12 in) in diameter may be used when approved for use in
place o f any o f the forgings as per 4-3-1/3.1(a) above, under the conditions outlined in
Section 2-3-8.
3 .3 .4
G ear Units of 3 7 5 kW (500 hp) or L ess

Material for gear units o f 375 kW (500 hp) or less, including shafting, gears, couplings, and
coupling bolts w ill be accepted on the basis o f the manufacturer's certified material test
reports and a satisfactory surface inspection and hardness check witnessed by the Surveyor.
Coupling bolts manufactured to a recognized bolt standard do not require material testing.
3 .3 .5
P ow er T akeoff G ea rs and C ouplings

Materials for power takeoff gears and couplings that are
for transmission o f power to drive auxiliaries that are for use in port only (e.g. cargo
oil pump), and
declutchable from propulsion shafting
may be treated in the same manner as 4-3-1/3.3.4 above, regardless o f power rating.
D e s ig n
5.1
G e a r T o o t h F in is h
In general the gear teeth surface finish is not to be rougher than 1.05 pm (41 pin.) arithmetic or
centerline average. However, gears having a rated power below 3728 kW (5000 hp) and with a
surface finish rougher than 1.05 pm (41 pin.) arithmetic or centerline average w ill be specially
considered taking into account the lubricant recommended by the manufacturer.
5 .3
B e a r in g s
Bearings o f gear units are to be so designed and arranged that their design lubrication rate is assured
in service under working conditions.
The minimum L10 bearing life is not to be less than 20,000 hours for ahead drives and 5,000 hours for
astern. Shorter life may be considered in conjunction with an approved bearing inspection and
replacement program reflecting the actual calculated bearing life. See 4-3-1/5.9 for application to
thrusters.
5 .5
G ear C a se s
Gear cases are to be o f substantial construction in order to minimize elastic deflections and maintain
accurate mounting o f the gears. They are to be designed to withstand without deleterious deflection:
static loads, the forces generated by the power transmitted and the inertial effects o f the gears within
the case due to the dynamic forces o f the ship's motion in a seaway. The dynamic forces generated by
the ship are to be considered as 1g horizontally and 2 g vertically.
ABS
113
Part
Chapter
Section
5 .7
4
3
1

Gears
4-3-1
A c c e s s fo r I n s p e c tio n
The construction o f gear cases is to be such that sufficient number o f access is provided for adequate
inspection o f gears, checking o f gear teeth contacts and measurement o f thrust bearing clearance.
Alternative methods such as use o f special viewing devices may be considered.
5 .9
C a lc u la t io n o f S h a f t s f o r G e a r s
5.9.1
G eneral
The diameter o f shafts for gears is to be determined by the following equations:
d = k 6 ( b T ) 2 + (m M ) 2
b = 0.073 +-
c
m =
C2 + Y
where (in SI (MKS and US units), respectively):

d
shaft diameter at section under consideration; mm (mm, in.)
yield strength (see 2-1-1/13.3 ); N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
torsional moment at rated speed; N-m (kgf-cm, lbf-in.)
bending moment at section under consideration; N-m (kgf-cm, lbf-in.)
k, n, c 1 and c2 are constants given in the following table:
5 .9 .2
SI units
M K S units
U S units
5.25
2.42
0.10
191.7
19.5
27800
c1
1186
121
172000
C2
413.7
42.2
60000
Shaft D iam eter in w ay of G ear W heel

Where gear wheels are fitted by keying, the diameter o f the shaft in way o f the fitted member
is to be increased not less than 10%.
5 .9 .3
A stern P ow er
In determining the required size o f gear, coupling and shafting transmitting astern power, the
astern torque is to be considered when it exceeds the transmitted ahead torque. See also
4-1-1/7.5.
5 .9 .4
Quill Sh afts
In the specific case o f quill shafts, subjected to small stress raisers and no bending moments,
the least diameter may be determined by the following equation:
SI units
M K S units
U S units
d = 5.25 3 b T
d = 2.42 3 b T
d = 0.1 ^fbT
b = 0.053 +
187.8
b = 0.053 +
114
19.1
'
Y
ABS
b = 0.053 +
27200
Y
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1
5 .9 .5

Gears
4-3-1
Shaft C ouplings
For shaft couplings, coupling bolts, flexible coupling and clutches, see 4-3-2/5.19. For keys,
see 4-3-2/5.7.
5 .9 .6
Torsional Vibration
Gears forming a part o f propulsion shafting system are to be evaluated for harmful torsional
vibratory stresses in accordance with the criteria provided in 4-3-2/7.5.
5 .9 .7
Shrink Fitted P inions and W h eels

For pinions and wheels shrink-fitted on shafts, preloading and stress calculations and fitting
instructions are to be submitted for review. In general, the torsional holding capacity is to be
at least 2.8 times the transmitted mean torque plus vibratory torque due to torsional vibration.
For calculation purpose, to take account o f torsional vibratory torque, the following factors
may be applied to the transmitted torque, unless the actual measured vibratory torque is
higher, in which case the actual vibratory torque is to be used.
for direct diesel engine drives: 1.2 ;
for all other drives, including diesel engine drives with elastic couplings: 1.0.
The preload stress based on the maximum available interference fit or maximum pull-up
length is not to exceed 90% o f the minimum specified yield strength.
The following friction coefficients are to be used:
oil injection method o f fit: 0.13;
dry method o f fit: 0.18.
5 .9 .8
Shrink Fitted W heel Rim

For shrink-fitted wheel rims, preloading and stress calculations and fitting instructions are to
be submitted for consideration. In general, the preloading stress based on the maximum
interference fit or maximum pull-up length is not to exceed 90% o f the minimum specified
yield strength.
5 .1 1
R a t in g o f C y lin d r ic a l a n d B e v e l G e a r s
The calculation procedures for the rating o f external and internal involute spur and helical cylindrical
gears, having parallel axes, and o f bevel gears, with regard to surface durability (pitting) and tooth
root bending strength, may be as given in Appendix 4-3-1A1. These procedures are in substantial
agreement with ISO 6336 and ISO-DIS 10300 for cylinder and bevel gears respectively.
5 .1 3
A lt e r n a t iv e G e a r R a t in g S t a n d a r d s
Consideration w ill be given to gears that are rated based on any o f the following alternative standards.
In which case, gear rating calculations and justification o f the applied gear design coefficients in
accordance with the applicable design standard are to be submitted to the Bureau for review.
ABS
C ylin drical g ea rs
B evel g ea rs
AGMA 6032-A94
AGM A 2003-A86
ISO 6336
ISO-DIS 10300
DIN 3990, Part 31
DIN 3991
115
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Gears
4-3-1
P ip in g S y s t e m s fo r G e a r s
The requirements o f piping systems essential for operation o f gears for propulsion, maneuvering,
electric power generation and v essels safety are in Section 4-6-5 for diesel engine and gas turbine
installations and in Section 4-6-6 for steam turbine installations. Additionally, requirements for
hydraulic and pneumatic systems are provided in Section 4-6-7. Specifically, the following references
are applicable:
lubricating oil system:
4-6-5/5 and 4-6-6/9 ;
cooling system:
4-6-5/7 and 4-6-6/11 ;
hydraulic system:
4-6-7/3 ;
pneumatic system:
4-6-7/5 ;
piping system general requirements:
Section 4-6-1 and Section 4-6-2.
T e s tin g , I n s p e c tio n
9.1
M a te r ia l T e s t s
an d
C e r tific a tio n
o f G ears
For testing o f materials intended for gear construction see 4-3-1/3.1 and 4-3-1/3.3.
9 .3
D y n a m ic B a l a n c i n g
Finished pinions and wheels are to be dynamically balanced in two planes where their pitch line
velocity exceeds 25 m/s (4920 ft/min).
Where their pitch line velocity does not exceed 25 m/s (4920 ft/min) or where dynamic balance is
impracticable due to size, weight, speed or construction o f units, the parts may be statically balanced
in a single plane.
The residual unbalance in each plane is not to exceed the value determined by the following
equations:
SI units
M K S units
U S units
B = 24-W/N
B = 2400-W/N
B = 15.1- W/N
where
9 .5
maximum allowable residual unbalance; Nmm (gf-mm, oz-in)
weight o f rotating part; N (kgf, lbf)
rpm at rated speed
S h o p I n s p e c tio n
Each gear unit that requires to be certified by 4-3-1/1.1 is to be inspected during manufacture by a
Surveyor for conformance with the design approved. This is to include but not limited to checks on
gear teeth hardness, and surface finish and dimension checks o f main load bearing components The
accuracy o f meshing is to be verified for all meshes and the initial tooth contact pattern is to be
checked by the Surveyor.
Reports on pinions and wheels balancing as per 4-3-1/9.3 are to be made available to the Surveyor for
verification.
116
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
9 .7
4
3
1

Gears
4-3-1
C e r t if ic a t io n o f G e a r s
9.7.1
G eneral
Each gear required to be certified by 4-3-1/1.1 is:
9 .7 .2
i)
to have its design approved by the Bureau; for which purpose, plans and data as
required by 4-3-1/1.5 are to be submitted to the Bureau for approval;
ii)
to be surveyed during its construction, which is to include, but not limited to, material
tests as indicated in 4-3-1/9.1, meshing accuracy and tooth contact pattern checks as
indicated in 4-3-1/9.5, and verification o f dynamic balancing as indicated in
4-3-1/9.3.
Approval Under th e Type Approval Program

9.7.2(a) P ro d u ct design assessm ent. Upon application by the manufacturer, each rating o f a
type o f gear may be design assessed as described in 1-1-A3/5.1. For this purpose, each rating
o f a gear type is to be approved in accordance with 4-3-1/9.7.1i). The type test, however, is to
be conducted in accordance with an approved test schedule and is to be witnessed by a
Surveyor. Gear so approved may be applied to the Bureau for listing in the Bureaus
publication L ist o f Type A p p ro v e d Equipm ent. Once listed, gear particulars w ill not be
required to be submitted to the Bureau each time the engine is proposed for use on board a
vessel.
9.7.2(b) P ro d u ct qu ality assurance assessm ent. Manufacturer o f mass-produced gears, who
operates a quality assurance system in the manufacturing facilities, may apply to the Bureau
for quality assurance assessment described in 1-1-A3/5.3. Upon satisfactory assessment, gears
produced in those facilities will not require a Surveyor to witness the tests and inspections
indicated in 4-3-1/9.7.1ii). Such tests and inspections are to be carried out by the
manufacturer whose quality control documents w ill be accepted. Certification o f each gear
w ill be based on verification o f approval o f the design and on an audit o f the quality control
documents. Manufacturing facilities so approved are eligible for listing in L ist o f Type
A p p ro v e d E qu ipm ent .
Gear types which have their ratings approved in

accordance with 4-3-1/9.7.2(a) and the quality assurance system o f their manufacturing
facilities approved in accordance with 4-3-1/9.7.2(b) w ill be deemed Type Approved and will
be eligible for so listing in L ist o f Type A p p ro v e d E quipm ent .
9.7.2(c) Type A p p ro va l P rogram .
9 .9
S h i p b o a r d T r ia ls
After installation on board a vessel, the gear unit is to be operated in the presence o f the Surveyor to
demonstrate its ability to function satisfactorily under operating conditions and its freedom from
harmful vibration at speeds within the operating range. When the propeller is driven through reduction
gears, the Surveyor is to ascertain that no gear-tooth chatter occurs throughout the operating range;
otherwise a barred speed range as specified in 4-3-2/7.5.5 is to be provided.
For conventional propulsion gear units above 1120 kW (1500 hp) a record o f gear-tooth contact is to
be made at the trials. To facilitate the survey o f extent and uniformity o f gear-tooth contact, selected
bands o f pinion or gear teeth on each meshing are to be coated beforehand with copper or layout dye.
See also 7-2-4/1.3 for the first annual survey after the vessel enters service.
Post trial examination o f spur and helical type gears is to indicate essentially uniform contact across
90% o f the effective face width o f the gear teeth excluding end relief.
The gear-tooth examination for spur and helical type gear units o f 1120 kW (1500 hp) and below, all
epicyclical gear units and bevel type gears w ill be subject to special consideration. The gear
manufacturers recommendations w ill be considered.
ABS
117
PART
4
chapter

M achinery
secti on
1 Appendix 1 - Rating of Cylindrical

and Bevel Gears
CONTENTS__________________________________
I
Application.......................................................................................123
Symbols and Units........................................................................ 123
Geometrical Definitions............................................................... 125
Bevel Gear Conversion and Specific Form ulas.................... 126
Nominal Tangential Load, F t , F mt...................................................... 129
II
Application Factor, KA ...................................................................130
13
Load Sharing Factor, K y................................................................130
15
Dynamic Factor, K .........................................................................131
17
19
15.1
D eterm ination of K v - S im plified M e th o d ....................................131
15.3
D eterm ination of K v - Single R esonance M e th o d .................... 132
Face Load Distribution Factors, K H and K F ............................. 139

17.1
Factors Used for the D eterm ination of KH ................................. 139
17.3
Face Load D istribution Factor fo r C ontact Stress KH ..............142
17.5
Face Load D istribution F actor for Tooth R oot Bending

S tress KF ......................................................................................... 142
Transverse Load Distribution Factors, K Ha and K Fa ............. 143

19.1
D eterm ination o f KHa fo r C ontact S tress KFa fo r Tooth

R oot Bending S tre s s ........................................................................143
19.3
21
Lim itations o f KHa and KFa ............................................................... 144
Surface Durability..........................................................................145
21.1
C ontact S tre s s ..................................................................................... 145
21.3
P erm issible C ontact S tre s s .............................................................. 146
21.5
Single Pair Mesh Factors, ZB, ZD and Mid-zone

Factor ZM-B ....................................................................................... 147
ABS
119
23
21.7
Zone Factor, ZH ..................................................................................148
21.9
E lasticity Factor, ZE............................................................................ 148
21.11
C ontact Ratio Factor (Pitting), Ze ...................................................149
21.13
Bevel G ear Load S haring Factor, ZLS ........................................149
21.15
Bevel G ear Factor (Flank), ZK ...................................................... 149
21.17
Helix A ngle Factor, Z .....................................................................149
21.19
A llow able S tress N um ber (C ontact), -M im ..................................150
21.21
Life Factor, ZN ......................................................................................150
21.23
Influence Factors on Lubrication Film, ZL, ZVand ZR
21.25
H ardness Ratio Factor; ZW ............................................................. 153
21.27
Size Factor, ZX.................................................................................. 154
21.29
S afety Factor fo r C ontact Stress, SH .............................................154
150
Tooth Root Bending Strength................................................... 155

23.1
Tooth R oot Bending S tress fo r Pinion and W h e e l....................155
23.3
P erm issible Tooth R oot Bending S tre s s ................................... 155
23.5
Tooth Form Factor, YF, YFa.......................................................... 156
23.7
Stress C orrection Factor, YS, YSa....................................................160
23.9
Helix A ngle Factor, Y .....................................................................161
23.11
C ontact Ratio Factor, Ye .................................................................. 161
23.13
Bevel G ear Factor, YK ....................................................................... 162
23.15
Load S haring Factor, YLS ................................................................. 162
23.17
A llow able S tress N um ber (B ending), <

j f e ...................................162
23.19
D esign Factor, Yd .............................................................................. 162
23.21
Life Factor, YN .................................................................................... 163
23.23
R elative Notch S ensitivity Factor, YSrelT.......................................163
23.25
R elative S urface Factor, YRrelT........................................................163
23.27
Size Factor (Root), YX ..................................................................... 164
23.29
S afety Factor for T ooth R oot Bending Stress, SF ......................164
TABLE 1
Values of the Elasticity Factor ZE and Youngs

Modulus of Elasticity E .......................................................... 165
TABLE 2
Size Factor ZX for Contact S tress ..................................... 168
TABLE 3
Allowable Stress Number (contact)
and
Allowable Stress Number (bending) oFE...................... 169
120
TABLE 4
Determination of Life Factor for Contact

Stress, ZN ...................................................................................... 172
TABLE 5
Determination of Life Factor for Tooth Root

Bending Stress, YN ................................................................... 173
ABS
TABLE 6
Constant K ' f o r the Calculation of the Pinion

Offset Factor y ................................................................. 174
FIGURE 1
Tooth in Normal Section................................................175
FIGURE 2
Dimensions and Basic Rack Profile of the Tooth

(Finished Profile).............................................................176
FIGURE 3
Wheel Blank Factor CR , Mean Values for Mating

Gears of Similar or Stiffer Wheel Blank Design ....177
ABS
FIGURE 4
Bevel Gear Conversion to Equivalent Cylindrical

G ear.................................................................................... 178
FIGURE 5
Definitions of the Various D iam eters........................ 179
121
PART
4
CHAPTER

M achinery
SECTION
Appendix 1 - Rating of Cylindrical

and Bevel Gears
A p p lic a tio n
The following calculation procedures cover the rating o f external and internal involute spur and
helical cylindrical gears, having parallel axis, and o f bevel gears with regard to surface durability
(pitting) and tooth root bending strength.
For normal working pressure angles in excess o f 25 or helix angles in excess o f 30, the results
obtained from these calculation procedures are to be confirmed by experience data which are to be
submitted by the manufacturer.
The influence factors are defined regarding their physical interpretation. Some o f the influence factors
are determined by the gear geometry or have been established by conventions. These factors are to be
calculated in accordance with the equations provided.
Other influence factors, which are approximations, and are indicated as such may also be calculated
according to appropriate alternative methods for which engineering justification is to be provided for
verification.
S y m b o ls a n d
U n its
The main symbols used are listed below. Symbols specifically introduced in connection with the
definition o f influence factors are described in the appropriate sections.
Units o f calculations are given in the sequence o f SI units (MKS units, and US units.)
a
b
b1 b2
beH
bs
bB
d 1, d2
da1' da2
db1 db2
df1 ' df2
ABS
center distance
common facewidth
facewidth of pinion, wheel
effective facewidth
web thickness
facewidth of one helix on a double helical gear
reference diameter of pinion, wheel
tip diameter of pinion, wheel (refer to 4-3-1A1/Figure 5)
base diameter of pinion, wheel (refer to 4-3-1A1/Figure 5)
root diameter of pinion, wheel (refer to 4-3-1A1/Figure 5)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
123
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Appendix 1 - Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel Gears
d;1 di2
dsh
dshi
dw 1>dw2
ffa1'ffa2
fpb1'fpb2
h1, h2
ha1 ha2
ha01 ha02
hf1 hf2
hfp1 hfp2
hF1 hF2
l
lb
m
mna
m
n1 n2
pr01 pr02
1> 2
sFn1 sFn2
s
u
v
x1 x2
xsm
z 1 z2
zn1 zn2
B
F bt
Ft
p
Q
R
Rm
Rf Rzfi
Rzr1 Rzr2
T1T2
U
aen1 aen2
aFen1 aFen2
a tw
b
F .&!
Sa1 Sa2
124
4-3-1A1
rim inside diameter of pinion, wheel (refer to4-3-1A1/Figure 5)

external diameter of shaft
internal diameter of hollow shaft
working pitch diameter of pinion, wheel
profile form deviation of pinion, wheel
transverse base pitch deviation of pinion, wheel
tooth depth of pinion, wheel
addendum of pinion, wheel
addendum of tool of pinion, wheel
dedendum of pinion, wheel
dedendum of basic rack of pinion, wheel
bending moment arm for tooth root bendingstress for application of load
at the outer point of single tooth pair contact for pinion , wheel
bearing span
length of contact
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
mm (mm,
normal module
outer normal module
transverse module
rotational speed of pinion, wheel
protuberance of tool for pinion, wheel
machining allowance of pinion, wheel
tooth root chord in the critical section of pinion, wheel
distance between mid-plane of pinion and themiddle of the bearing span
gear ratio
tangential speed at reference diameter
addendum modification coefficient of pinion, wheel
tooth thickness modification coefficient (midface)
number of teeth of pinion, wheel
virtual number of teeth of pinion, wheel
total facewidth, of double helical gear including gap width
nominal tangential load on base cylinder in the transverse section
nominal transverse tangential load at reference cylinder
transmitted rated power
ISO grade of accuracy
cone distance
middle cone distance
flank roughness of pinion, wheel
fillet roughness of pinion. Wheel
nominal torque of pinion, wheel
minimum ultimate tensile strength of core (applicable to through
hardened, nomalized and cast gears only)
form-factor pressure angle: pressure angle at the outer point of single
pair tooth contact for pinion, wheel
load direction angle: relevant to direction of application of load at the
outer point of single pair tooth contact of pinion, wheel
normal pressure angle at reference cylinder
transverse pressure angle at reference cylinder
transverse pressure angle at working pitch cylinder
helix angle at reference cylinder
helix angle at base cylinder
reference cone angle of pinion, wheel
tip angle of pinion, wheel
transverse contact ratio
overlap ratio
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
rpm
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
m/s (m/s, ft/min)
ABS
in.)
in.)
in.)
in.)
in.)
in.)
in.)
in.)
in.)
in.)
in.)
in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
N (kgf, lbf)
N (kgf, lbf)
kW (mhp, hp)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
pm (pm, pin.)
pm (pm, pin.)
N-m (kgf-m, lbf-ft)
N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
degrees
-
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

PF1 PF2
total contact ratio

tip radius of tool of pinion, wheel
radius of curvature at pitch surface
root radius of basic rack
root fillet radius at the critical section of pinion, wheel
Subscripts
1 = pinion; 2 = wheel; 0 = tool
pa01 pa02
Pc
4-3-1A1
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
mm (mm, in.)
G e o m e tr ic a l D e fin itio n s
For internal gearing z2 , a , d 2 , d a2, d b2, dw2 and u are negative.
The pinion is defined as the gear with the smaller number o f teeth, therefore the absolute value o f the
gear ratio, defined as follow s is always greater or equal to the unity:
u = z 2/z 1 = dw 2/dw 1 = d 2/d 1
In the equation o f surface durability b is the common facewidth on the pitch diameter.
In the equation o f tooth root bending stress b 1 or b2 are the facewidths at the respective tooth roots. In
any case, b 1 and b 2 are not to be taken as greater than b by more than one normal module mn on either
side.
The common facewidth b may be used also in the equation o f teeth root bending stress if significant
crowning or end relief have been applied.
Additional geometrical definitions are given in the following expressions.
tan a t = ta n a n/c o s
tan b = tan c o sa t
d 12 = z 12 ' m j c o s
db1,2 = d1,2 c o sa t = dw1,2 c o sa w
a = -5(dw1 + dw2)
z n1,2 = z 1,2/(cos2b cos)
mt = mn/cos
in v a = tana - n a/180, a in degrees

inv a tw = inv a t + 2 tanan
x 1 + x2
x1
ABS
ha0
mn
(z1 + z2 )-( in v a tw - inv a t)

2 tan a n
d1 - df 1 x
1
, x2
2 m n
ha0
mn
d2 - d f 2
-------2 m n
125
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
... - d .bi. 0 5 V. da2

a2 ~- ddb2
0 5 V. d a1
b - a sm a h
c o sa ,
n m n
cos
(The positive sign is to be used for external gears; the negative sign for internal gears.)
b sin
s = -
mn
(For double helix, b is to be taken as the width o f one helix.)

ey = Sa + S
a sin a tw u
pc=
n mn
v = d i ni 2/19099
[SI and MKS units]
v = di 2 ni 2/3.82
[US units]
B e v e l G e a r C o n v e r s io n
a n d S p e c ific
F o r m u la s
Conversion o f bevel gears to virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gears is based on the bevel gear
midsection.
Index v refers to the virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gear.
Index m refers to the midsection o f bevel gear.
II
<<r
reference cone angle pinion, wheel
II
CN
tip angle pinion, wheel
shaft angle
helix angle at reference cylinder
cone distance pinion, wheel
Rm
middle cone distance
Number o f teeth o f virtual cylindrical gear:

z
z vi
z v2
v2 =
'
e
cos1
z.
0
cos^2
Gear ratio o f virtual cylindrical gear:

zJ
uv = ^
zzvi
v
Geometrical definitions:
+ 2 = K = 90)
126
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

tan a vt =
4-3-1A1
tan a n
COS m
tanbm = tanm COSa vt

d l,2
R=
2 sin S l2
Rm = R - - , b < R
m
2
3
Reference diameter o f pinion, wheel refers to the midsection o f the bevel gear:
dm1 = d1 - b sin^1
dm2 = d2 - b sind2
Modules:
Outer normal module:
m na = m t Cosm
Normal module at mid-facewidth:

R
mmn = mt R
mmn =
z1
mmn =
^Cosm
Cosm
d m2
Cosm
z2
Base pitch:
mmn cos a vt
n
p
Pbtm
cos m
Reference diameter o f pinion, wheel refers to the virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gear:
dvi = c o s b 1
d =
av2~
d m2
c
cos2
Base diameter o f pinion, wheel:

dvb1 = dv1 c o sa vt
d vb2 = dv2 c o sa vt
Center distance:
a v = -5 (dv1 + dv2)
ABS
127
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Transverse working pressure angle:

dvb1 + d vb2
2 av
a w in degrees
J
Addendum :
For gears with constant addendum Z yklo -P a llo id (Klingelnberg):

ham1 = mmn ' (1 + Xm1)
ham2 = mmn ' (1 + xml)
For gears with variable addendum (G leason):

ham1 = hal - |
' tan(â1 - ^1)
ham2 = ha2 - |
' tan(â2 - S2>
Addendum modification coefficients:

x _ ham1 ham2
x m1 _ '
2 m mn
x m2
h am2 ham1
*
2 ,,tmn
m
^
D edendum :
For gears with constant dedendum Z yklo -P a llo id (K lingelnberg):

h p = (1.25...1.30) mmn
Pfp = (.2 ... .3) m mn
For gears with variable dedendum (G leason):

hfm1 = hf1 - 2 tan(â1 - ^1)
hfm2 = hf2 - -2 ^tan(â2 - S2)

hf1 = hfm1 + xm1 mmn
hf2 = hfm2 + xm2 ' mmn
Tip diameter o f pinion, wheel:

dva1 = dv1 + 2 h am1
d va2 = dv2 + 2 h am2
Transverse contact ratio:
128
_ 0 5 V d va1 - d vb12 + 0 5 V d va 2 - d vb 2 - av sin a vt

a
cos a.t
n - mmn ----------cos m
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Overlap ratio:
Sr
b sin m
n-
Total contact ratio:

Sy
2
2
a+
+S
S
Tangential speed at midsection:

d m1,2 -n1,2
v mt --------------m
19099
m/s
[SI and MKS units]
ft/min
[US units]
dm1,2 - n1,2
3.82
Radius o f curvature (normal section):

Pvc
av s in a vt
uv
cos bm
(1 + uv )2
Length o f contact:
Sy2 - [(2 - Sa ) - (1 - S )]2
b Sa
for S < 1
cos bm
b -sa
for S > 1
SY - cos bm
N o m i n a l T a n g e n t i a l L o a d , F t , F mt
The nominal tangential load, Ft or F mt, tangential to the reference cylinder and perpendicular to the
relevant axial plane, is calculated directly from the rated power transmitted by the gear by means o f
the following equations:
SI units
Cylindrical
gears
M K S units
U S units
T l2 = 5252-P/nj 2
N-m
kgf-m
lbf-ft
^
2000 T12 19.1P x 106
F
2
2000T12 1.4325P x 106

Ft -------- -----------------
^
24T12 126.05P x 103
Ft ----- -----------------
d1,2
1
dm1,2
1
n1,2dm1,2
f
Fmt
d1,2
n1,2d1,2
n1,2d1,2
lbf
kgf
2000 T] 2 19.1P x 106

F t

d1,2
n1,2d1,2
N
Bevel
gears
,2= 716.2-P/n1>2
T12 = 9 5 4 9 P /n u
2OOOT12
kgf
7
dm1,2
24 T12
1.4325P x 106
j
n1,2dm1,2
Fmt
7
_
dm1,2
126.05P x 103
j
n1,2dm1,2
lbf
Where the vessel, on which the gear unit is being used, is receiving an Ice Class notation, the ice
corrected torque values Tt as determined from 6-1-1/57 or 6-1-2/33 for the relevant Ice Class are to be
used in the above equation in place o f T 1,2.
ABS
129
Part
Chapter
Section
11
4
3
1

A p p lic a tio n
4-3-1A1
F a c to r , KA
The application factor, KA, accounts for dynamic overloads from sources external to the gearing.
The application factor, K A, for gears designed for infinite life is defined as the ratio between the
maximum repetitive cyclic torque applied to the gear set and the nominal rated torque.
The factor mainly depends on:
characteristics o f driving and driven machines;
ratio o f masses;
type o f couplings;
operating conditions as e.g. overspeeds, changes in propeller load conditions.
When operating near a critical speed o f the drive system, a careful analysis o f these conditions must
be made.
The application factor, KA, should be determined by measurements or by appropriate system analysis.
Where a value determined in such a way cannot be provided, the following values are to be used:
a)
b)
13
M a in p ropu lsion gears:
turbine and electric drive:
1.00
diesel engine with hydraulic or electromagnetic slip coupling:
1.00
diesel engine with high elasticity coupling:
1.30
diesel engine with other couplings:
1.50
A u xiliary gears:
electric motor, diesel engine with hydraulic or electromagnetic slip coupling:
1.00
diesel engine with high elasticity coupling:
1.20
diesel engine with other couplings:
1.40
L o a d S h a r in g
F a c to r , K Y
The load sharing factor K y accounts for the maldistribution o f load in multiple path transmissions as
e.g. dual tandem, epicyclical, double helix.
The load sharing factor K y is defined as the ratio between the maximum load trough an actual path and
the evenly shared load. The factor mainly depends on accuracy and flexibility o f the branches.
The load sharing factor K y should be determined by measurements or by appropriate system analysis.
Where a value determined in such a way cannot be provided, the following values are to be used:
a)
b)
130
E picyclica l gears:
up to 3 planetary gears:
1.00
1.20
1.30
6 planetary gears and over:
1.40
O th er g e a r arrangem ents:
1.00
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

c)
15
4-3-1A1
B evel gears:
for s y < 2 :
1.00
for 2 < ^ < 3.5 :
1 + 0 . 2 ^ - 2) (5 - e y )
for er > 3.5 :
1.30
D y n a m ic F a c to r , Kv
The dynamic factor K v accounts for internally generated dynamic loads due to vibrations o f pinion
and wheel against each other.
The dynamic factor K v is defined as the ratio between the maximum load which dynamically acts on
the tooth flanks and the maximum externally applied load (Ft KA K Y).
transmission errors (depending on pitch and profile errors);
masses o f pinion and wheel;
gear mesh stiffness variation as the gear teeth pass through the meshing cycle;
transmitted load including application factor;
pitch line velocity;
dynamic unbalance o f gears and shaft;
shaft and bearing stiffnesses;
damping characteristics o f the gear system.
The dynamic factor, K v, is to be advised by the manufacturer as supported by his measurements,
analysis or experience data or is to be determined as per 4-3-1/15.1 except that where vz1/100 is 3 m/s
(590 ft/min.) or above, K v may be obtained from Appendix 4-3-1A1/15.3.
1 5 .1
D e t e r m in a t io n o f K v - S im p lif ie d M e th o d
Where all o f the following four conditions are satisfied, K v may be determined in accordance with
Appendix 4-3-1A1/15.1.
a)
Steel gears o f heavy rims sections.
b)
Values o f F t /b are in accordance with the following table:
c)
ABS
SI units
M K S units
U S units
> 150 N/mm
> 15 kgf/mm
> 856 lbf/in
z 1< 50
131
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

d)
4-3-1A1
Running speeds in the subcritical range are in accordance with the following table:
( v z 1) / 100
SI & M K S units
U S units
Helical gears
< 14 m/s
< 2756 ft/min
Spur gears
< 10 m/s
< 1968 ft/min
All types o f gears
< 3 m/s
< 590 ft/min
For gears other than specified above, the single resonance method as per 4-3-1A1/15.3 below may be
applied.
The methods o f calculation are as follows:
SI a n d M K S units
For helical gears o f

overlap ratio Sp> unity
Kv = Kvh = 1 + K v Z1/100
U S units
K v = K vh = 1 + K1 v z 1/19685
K v is obtained by means o f linear interpolation:
For helical gears o f

overlap ratio Sp< unity
K v = K vs - e K vs - K vh)
Kv = Kvs = 1 + K 1 v Z1/100
For spur gears
K v = K vs = 1 + K 1 v z 1/19685
In the above conditions (b, c and d) and in the above formulas:

the real z 1 is to be used instead o f the virtual (equivalent) zv1;
v is to be substituted by vmt; (tangential speed at midsection); and
F t is to be substituted by F mt.
For bevel gears
For all gears
K 1 values are specified in table below.
K 1 for different values o f Q (ISO Grades o f accuracy)

3
Spur gears
0.0220
0.0300
0.0430
0.0620
0.0920
0.1250
Helical gears
0.0125
0.0165
0.0230
0.0330
0.0480
0.0700
Q is to be according to ISO 1328. In case o f mating gears with different grades o f accuracy the
grade corresponding to the lower accuracy should be used.
1 5 .3
D e t e r m in a t io n o f K v - S i n g l e R e s o n a n c e M e th o d
For single stage gears, the dynamic factor K v may be determined from 4-3-1A1/15.3.3 through
4-3-1A 1/15.3.6 for the ratio N in 4-3-1A1/15.3.1 and using the factors given in 4-3-1A1/15.3.2.
15.3.1
R e s o n a n c e Ratio N
N = -nL
nE1
30 x 10,3
nE1 = '
n z.
CY
93.947 x103
nE1 = '
132
n z1
rpm
[SI units]
rpm
[MKS units]
m red
CY
m red
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

589.474 x 103 \~ C ~
nE1 = --------------------
n z i
Vm red
rpm
4-3-1A1
[US units]
where :
m red =
relative reduced mass o f the gear pair, per unit facewidth referred to the
line o f action:
d2
n ( dd m1 ^
m red =~Z
8 { d b1 /
kg/mm (kg/mm, lb/in.)

( (i - qi4) P i ) + (1/ ( i - q ( P 2 u 2 )
J i J-22------------- m red = ------------------i^
' * {%
kg/mm (kg/mm, lb/in.)
+ j 2 {^ 2
for planetary gears, p = number o f planets

d ai,a2 d f i,f 2
qi =
q2 =
d mi
Ji
moment o f inertia per unit facewidth for pinion:
d4
~
=
kg-mm2/mm, (kg-mm2/mm, lb-in2/in.)
moment o f inertia per unit facewidth for wheel:
n
d4
J 2 = n Pp,n~
32
pi 2 =
for reference, see 4-3-iA i/F igure 5

d m2
Ji = n
J2
,
. .
mm (mm in )
dmi, m2 =
kg-mm2/mm, (kg-mm2/mm, lb-in2/in.)
density o f pinion, wheel materials

density o f steel material:
p = 7.83 x i0 -6
kg/mm3,
[SI and MKS units]
p = 2.83 x i0 -i
lb/in3
[US units]
B evel gears:
For bevel gears the real z i (not the equivalent) and the equivalent base diameter for pinion and
wheel dvbi , dvb2 should be inserted in the above formulas.
Mesh stiffness per unit facewidth, C Y:
20
C =
Bb
Y 0.85
b
2.039
CY = 0 85 Bb
2 90i
CY = ------------ Bb
0.85
N/mm-um
[SI units]
kgf/mm-pm
[MKS units]
lbf/in.-pin.
[US units]
Tooth stiffness o f one pair o f teeth per unit facewidth (single stiffness), c ':
ABS
133
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

14
Bb
0.85
N/mm-um
[SI units]
kgf/mm-pm
[MKS units]
lbf/in.-uin.
[US units]
4-3-1A1
1.428
c' = 0 85 ' Bb
2 031
c ' ------------ B b
0.85
For combination o f different materials for pinion and wheel, c' is to be multiplied by 4,
where
E
4 = E
st
E
2E E
where values o f 1 and 2 are to be obtained from 4-3-1A1/Table 1
E1 + E2
Est
Youngs modulus o f steel; see 4-3-1A1/Table 1
Overall facewidth, B b:
B = beeH
Bb
b
where: beH = effective facewidth, mm (mm, in.)

N ote: Higher values than B b = 0.85 are not to be used.
C ylin drical g ears:
Mesh stiffness per unit facewidth, C Y:

C Y= c' (0.75 ea + 0.25)
N/mm-pm (kgf/mm-pm, lbf/in.-pin.)
Tooth stiffness o f one pair o f teeth per unit facewidth (single stiffness), c ' :
cos f
c' 0 .8 ------------CBS C R
q
N/mm-pm
[SI units]
c' 8.158 10-2 cos C BS CR
kgf/mm-pm
[MKS units]
c ' 11.603 10-2 cos C BS CR
lbf/in. -pin.
[US units]
For combination o f different materials for pinion and wheel, c ' is to be multiplied by 4 ,
where
4 - -
E
st
2 1 2
1 -
1+2
Est
134
where values o f 1 and 2 are to be obtained from 4-3-1A1/Table 1

1
2
Youngs modulus o f steel; see 4-3-1A1/Table 1
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4 Vessel Systems and Machinery

3 Propulsion & Maneuvering Machinery
1 Appendix 1 - Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel Gears
0.15551 0.25791
q' _ 0.04723+ --------+

n1
z n2
0.00635- x1 -
.n 6 54- x
1 -0.00193-x
2
n1
4-3-1A1
a 2418
2
2
2- +'0.00529- x-f +-0.00182
X2
n2
z1
Zn1
n1 _
2 n
n
cos b cos
zn2
z2
cos b cos
N ote: For internal gears, use z n2 ( = * ) equal infinite and x2 = 0.

(
hP
CBS _ 1 + 0.5 1.2 ]fp- [1 - 0.02 (20 - a n)]
mn
When the pinion basic rack dedendum is different from that o f the wheel, the arithmetic mean
o f CBS1 for a gear pair conjugate to the pinion basic rack and CBS2 for a gear pair conjugate to
the basic rack o f the wheel:
CBS = 0-5 (CBS1 + CBS2>
Gear blank factor, C R :

ln(bs I b)
Cr _ 1 + -5 e (sR | 5-m)
when:
1)
b j b < 0.2 ,
use 0.2 for b j b
2)
b j b > 1.2 ,
use 1.2 for b j b
3)
SRImn < 1 ,
use 1.0 for sRImn
For bs and sR see 4-3-1A1IFigure 3

1 5 .3 .2
Factors BFp, B,,

J and BKk
a)
Values for f pt and ya according to ISO grades o f accuracy Q :
f pt
y a (2)
Q (1)
4 (3)
10
11 (4)
12
qm
12
25
45
70
100
150
201
282
qin
118
236
472
984
1772
2756
3937
5906
7913
11102
qm
0.5
1.5
15
25
40
55
75
qin
19.7
59.1
157
276
591
984
1575
2165
2953
Notes
1
2
3
4
ABS
ISO grades of accuracy according to ISO 1328. Incase of mating gears with different
grades of accuracy the grade corresponding to the lower accuracy should be used.
For specific determination ofya , see b) through d)
below.
Hardened nitrided.
Tempered normalized.
135
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Determination o f y a for structural steels, through hardened steels and nodular cast iron
b)
(perlite, bainite):
SI units
M K S units
160
U S units
16.315
ya
f pb
ya
Hlim
2.331x104
J pb
ya
Hlim
For v < 5 m/s :
For v < 5 m/s :
For v < 984 ft/min :
no restriction
no restriction
no restriction
For 5 m/s < v < 10 m/s :
For 5 m/s < v < 10 m/s :
For 984 ft/min < v < 1968 ft/min :
12800
yamax
1.305 x103
and
yamax
CTHlim
7.341x 107
and
yamax
and
CTHlim
a Hlim
f pbmax = 80 M
-m
f pbmax = 80 M
-m
f pbmax = 3150 în
For v > 10 m/s :
For v > 10 m/s :
For v > 1968 ft/min :
6400
y amax
652.618
and
yamax
a Hlim
c)
3.67 x 107
and
y amax
CTHlim
f pbmax = 40 M
-m
and
Hlim
f pbmax = 1575 în
f pbmax = 40 M
-m
Determination o f y a for gray cast iron and nodular cast iron (ferritic):
U S units
ya = .275 f pb m
ya = 0.275 f pb în
For v < 5 m/s : no restriction
For v < 984 ft/min : no restriction
For 5 m/s < v < 10 m/s:
y amax = 22 and f pbmax = 80 M

"m
yamax = 866 and fbmax = 3150
For v > 10 m/s :
For v > 1968 ft/min
yamax = 11 and fbmax = 40 ^m
yamax = 433 and fbmax = 1575 în
d)
Determination o f y a for case hardened, nitrided or nitrocarburized steels:

136
Jpb
Hlim
U S units
ya = 0.075 f pb
ya = 0 .075 f pb în
For all velocities but with the

restriction:
For all velocities but with the

restriction:
Yamax = 3 and
yamax = 118 and
f pbmax = 40 ^m
f pbmax = 1575 în
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
When the material o f pinion differs from that o f the wheel, y a1 for pinion and y a2 for wheel
are to be determined separately. The mean value:
ya = .5(ya1 + y a?)
is to be used for the calculation.
e)
Determination o f factors Bp , B f , Bk
C ' f pbeff ' b
Bp _
Ft K a K r
C'- f feff b
Ft K a K r
Bf _
where
fpbeff f pb
pm (pm, pin)
ya
Jfejf = ffa - yf
pm (pm, pin)
fpb = f pt c o sa t
pm (pm, pin)
y f can be determined in the same way as y a when the profile deviation ffa is used instead o f the
base pitch deviation f pb.

Ca
Bk = 1
C eff
where:
SI units |~pm]
- 1 8 .4 5 + 1.5
Ca _ 1
US units [pin|
MKS units |~pm]

Ca _
-18.45*1 +1.5
18 I 9.891
18 I 97
2
a Hlim
1
--1 8 .4 5 I + 59
0.457 ( 1.407 x 104
C a _
When the materials differ, Ca1 should be determined for the pinion material and Ca2 for the wheel material
C a1 + C a2
using the following equations. The average value C a _ Ca1 _ 1 f ^ i i n 1. - 1 8 .4 5 1 + 1.5

18 I 97
is used for the calculation.
Ca1 = .i-^ is 1 -1 8 .4 5 I +1.5

18 I 9.891
2
1
a Hlim1 --1 8 .4 5 I + 59
Ca1 _
0.457 1 1.407 x 104
2
C a2 _ . i 2 2 -1 8 .4 5 I +1.5
18 I
1 Ia
C a2 _ . j 221 2 -1 8 .4 5 I + 1.5
97
18 I 9.891
C a2 _ -
a Hlim2
2
-1 8 .4 5 I + 59
0.457 1 1.407 x104
and
C
C e ff
ABS
_
_
Ft
K a
b c'
pm (pm, pin)
137
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
1 5 .3 .3 D ynam ic Factor, K v in the Subcritical R an ge (N < 0.85)

Cv1
0.32
C v2
0.34
for eY<
0.57
Cv2
C v3
for eY>
eY _ 0 .3
0.23
for eY<
0.096
Cv 3
K
for e Y >
e Y _ 1.56
(Cv1 Bp) + (Cv2 Bf) + (Cv3
K v = (N K ) + 1
1 5 .3 .4 D ynam ic Factor, Kv in th e Main R e so n a n c e R an ge (0 .8 5 < N < 1.15)

0.90
C v4
for eY< 2
0.57 - 0.05 -e.Y

C 4 =e r - 1.44
for eY> 2
(Cvi Bp) + (Cv2 Bf) + (Cv4 Bk) + 1
Kv
For Cv1 and Cv2, see 4-3-1A1/15.3.3 above.

1 5 .3 .5 D ynam ic Factor, K v, in the Supercritical R an ge (N > 1.5)
0.47
C v5
C v6
for eY< 2
0.47
0.12
for e Y> 2
Cv6 = er - 1.74
Cv7
0.75
for 1.0 < eY< 1.5
C v7
0.125-sin[^ (eY_ 2)] + 0.875
for 1.5 < eY< 2.5
C v7
1.0
for eY> 2.5
Kv
(Cv5 Bp) + (Cv6 Bf) + Cv7
1 5 .3 .6 D ynam ic Factor, K v, in the Interm ediate R a n g e (1 .15 < N < 1.5)

In this range, the dynamic factor is determined by linear interpolation between K v at N = 1.15
as specified in 4-3-1A1/15.3.4 and K v at N = 1.5 as specified in 4-3-1A1/15.3.5.
K v = K v( N =1.5) +
Kv(N =1.15) Kv(N =1.5) -(1 5 _ N )

0.35
V'
For bevel gears the Fmt and a vt (equivalent) is to be substituted for Ft and a t in the above
formulas.
138
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
17
4
3
1

F a c e L o a d D is tr ib u tio n
4-3-1A1
F a c t o r s , K H a n d K F
The face load distribution factor, K H for contact stress, K F for tooth root bending stress, accounts for
the effects o f non-uniform distribution o f load across the facewidth.
K H is defined as follows:
= maximum load per unit facewidth
mean load per unit facewidth
K F is defined as follows:
maximum bending stress at tooth root per unit facewidth

K F =
mean bending stress at tooth root per unit facewidth
Note: The mean bending stress at tooth root relates to the considered facewidth b 1 or b2
K F can be expressed as a function o f the factor K H.
The factors K H and K F mainly depend on:

gear tooth manufacturing accuracy;
errors in mounting due to bore errors;
bearing clearances;
wheel and pinion shaft alignment errors;
elastic deflections o f gear elements, shafts, bearings, housing and foundations which support
the gear elements;
thermal expansion and distortion due to operating temperature;
compensating design elements (tooth crowning, end relief, etc.).
These factors can be obtained from 4-3-1A1/17.3
4-3-1A1/17.1.
1 7 .1
and 4-3-1A1/17.5 using the factors in
F a c t o r s U s e d f o r t h e D e t e r m in a t io n o f K ,H
17.1.1
Helix Deviation F
The helix deviation F is to be determined by the designer or by the following equations:
SI and MKS units, |im

Q-1 (
F = 10 10
Vb
4
Q-4 (
F = 10 5
ABS
4b
+2
for Q < 7
+2
for Q > 7
US units, |iin.
Q-1 (
A
4b
F = 10 10
- + 78.74 for Q < 7
V0.02016
Q-4 (
A
4b
+ 78.74 for Q > 7
F = 10 5
0.02016
139
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
1 7 .1 .2 M esh A lignm ent f ma [pm (am, pin.)]

Generally: m
= l.O -i
For gear pairs with w ell designed end relief: f ma = 0 .7 F .

For gear pairs with provision for adjustment (lapping or running-in under light load,
adjustment bearings or appropriate helix modification) and gear pairs suitably crowned:
f ma = 0 -5 F
For helix deviation due to manufacturing inaccuracies: f ma = 0 .5 F

1 7 .1 .3 Initial Equivalent M isalignm ent Fx [pm (pm, pin.)]
Fx is the absolute value o f the sum o f manufacturing deviations and pinion and shaft
deflections, measured in the plane o f action.

Fx = 1.33 f h + fma
=
Jsh
Ft - K a - K y - K v
JshO *
,
b
f sh0min = 0.005
pm-mm/N
[SI units]
f sh0min = 0.049
pm-mm/kgf
[MKS units]
fsh0min = 0 03445
pin.-in./lbf
[US units]
For spur and helical gears without crowning or

end relief
For spur and helical gears without crowning but
with end relief
For spur and helical gears with crowning
For spur and helical gears with crowning and end
relief
, Ns_ f
Y=
SI units
MKS units
US units
[pm-mm/N]
[pm-mm/kgf]
[pin-in./lbf]
f sh0 = .0 2 3 ' Y
fsh0 = 0.22555 -y
fsh0 = 0.15858- y
f sh0 = 0.0 1 6 ' Y
fsh0 = 0.15691- Y
fsh0 = 0.11032 -y
fsh0 = 0.012- Y
fsh0 = 0.11768-Y
fsh0 = 0.08274 -y
fsh0 = 0.010- Y
fsh0 = 0.09807- y
fsh0 = 0.06895- y
- 0.3 + 0.3
d12 \ d sh y
Y = 2 1.5 + K
, t-s_ ( A V
for spur and single helical gears

vdi y
- 0.3 + 0.3
d12 Vd sh y
f bB
b ^
2
for double helical gears
v di y
where bB = b /2 is the width o f one helix.

The constant K makes allowances for the position o f the pinion in relation to the torqued end.
It can be taken from 4-3-1A1/Table 6.
140
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

1 7 .1 .4
4-3-1A1
Determ ination of y p and X for Structural S te e ls, Through H ardened S te e ls and

Nodular C ast Iron (Perlite, Bainite)
SI units
320
y =
M K S units
32.63
H lim
FX um
y =
H lim
320
X = 1
FX Um
y=
32.63
4 .6 6 2 -104 ^
F X
a H lim
,
X = 1
a H lim
U S units
uin-
4.662 4 0 4
X = 1
a H lim
H lim
w ith y < FX; X 0
w ith y < FX; X 0
w ith y < FX; X 0
For v < 5 m/s

no restriction
For v < 5 m/s

no restriction
For v < 984 ft/min

no restriction
For 5 m/s < v < i0 m/s :

25600
y max =
a H lim
corresponding to FX = 80 um
For 5 m/s < v < 10 m/s :
For v > 10 m/s :

12800
y max =
a H lim
14.682-107
2 6 1 -1 0 3
y max =
y max =
a H lim
a H lim
corresponding to FX = 3150 uin.
For v > 10 m/s :
For v > 1968 ft/min :
1.305-103
7 .3 4 M 0 7
y max =
y max =
a H lim
a H lim
For <rH lim, see 4 -3-iA i/T ab le 3.

1 7 .1 .5
1 7 .1 .6
Determ ination of y and X for Gray C ast Iron and Nodular C ast Iron (Ferritic):
SI & MKS units, um
US units, uin
y = a 5 5 F X
X = 0.45
y = a 5 5 F X
X = 0.45
For v < 5 m/s, no restriction
For v < 984 ft/min, no restriction
For 5 m/s < v < 10 m/s:
For 984 ft/min < v < 1968 ft/min:
y max = 45
y max = 1771
For v > 10 m/s
For v > 1968 ft/min
y max = 22
y max = 866
Determ ination of y and X for C a s e H ardened, Nitrided or Nitrocarburized S te els;
SI & MKS units

y = . 15 FX um
US units
y = 0.15 F X uin.
X = 0 .85
X = 0 .85
For all velocities but with the restriction:

y max = 6 corresponding to FX = 40 um
For all velocities but with the restriction:

ymax = 236 corresponding to FX = 1575 uin.
When the material o f the pinion differs from that o f the wheel, yi and Xi for pinion, and y
and Xi for wheel are to be determined separately. The mean o f either value:
ABS
141
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
> = 0.5 ( j + yp2)

X = 0 5 (Xi + X )
is to be used for the calculation.

1 7 .3
F a c e L o a d D is t r ib u t io n F a c t o r f o r C o n t a c t S t r e s s KH
17.3.1
K h for Helical and Spur G ears

b Fy C Y
K H = 1 +
2 b Fy C Y
K H =
b Fy C Y
< 2, for
2 Ft K a K r - K v
2 Ft K a K r - Kv
b Fy C Y
> 2 for
< 1
> 1
2 Ft K a K y Kv
Ft K a K y Kv
where:
Fy = F x- y
or
F y = Fx X
Calculated values o f K H > 2 are to be reduced by improvement accuracy and helix deviation.
1 7 .3 .2
K H for B evel G ears

K
= 1 5 0 85 K
Hbe
K H 1.5
Bb
The bearing factor, K H e, represents the influence o f the bearing arrangement on the faceload
distribution, is given in the following table:
M ou nting con ditions o f pinion an d w h eel
Both members straddle

mounted
One member straddle

mounted
Neither member straddle

mounted
1.10
1.25
1.50
Based on optimum tooth contact pattern under maximum operating load as

evidence by results o f a deflection test on the gears in their mountings.
1 7 .5
F a c e L o a d D is t r ib u t io n F a c t o r f o r T o o t h R o o t B e n d i n g S t r e s s K F
17.5.1
In C a s e th e H ardest C ontact is at the End of the Face-w idth K F is Given by the

Following Equations
K F = (KH)N
N =
(b / h ) 2
1 + (b / h) + (b / h )2
1 + (h / b) + (h / b)2
(b/h) = (facewidth/tooth depth), the lesser o f b 1/h 1 or b2/h2. For double helical gears, the
facewidth o f only one helix is to be used, i.e. bB = b/2 is to be substituted for b in the equation
for N .
1 7 .5 .2 In C a s e of G ears W here the E nds of the Facew idth are Lightly Loaded or U nloaded
(End R elief or Crowning)
K F = K H
142
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
1 7 .5 .3 B evel G ears:
K H
K P -
PO
eo
K p o - 0.211'
+ 0.789
for spiral bevel gears.
0.279
q -
lo g(sin m )
where
K po = 1
for straight or zero bevel gears.
r eo
cutter radius, mm (mm, in.)
Rm
mean cone distance, mm (mm, in.)
Limitations o f K ,PO
If K PO < unity, use K PO = unity
If K PO > 1.15, use K PO = 1.15
19
T ra n sv erse L oad
D is tr ib u tio n
F a c to r s, KHa a n d KPa
The transverse load distribution factors, K Ha for contact stress and K Pa for tooth root bending stress,
account for the effects o f pitch and profile errors on the transversal load distribution between two or
more pairs o f teeth in mesh.
The factors K Ha and K Pa mainly depend on:
total mesh stiffness;
total tangential load P t, KA, K y, K v, K H
base pitch error;
tip relief;
running-in allowances.
The load distribution factors, K Ha and K Pa are to be advised by the manufacturer as supported by his
measurements, analysis or experience data or are to be determined as follows.
1 9 .1
D e t e r m in a t io n o f K H a f o r C o n t a c t S t r e s s K P a f o r T o o t h R o o t B e n d i n g S t r e s s
KHa = K P a = 0.9 + 0.4'
2 ( s r - 1) CY ( fpbe - y a ) b
for Sy> 2
PttH
K Ha
K P a ~ Y ' 0.9 + 0.4
P tH = P t K
ABS
CY ( f pbe - y a ) b
for Sy< 2
PttH
- K K K h N (kgf, lbf)
RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 1 2002
143
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

fpbe
4-3-1A1
fpb'cos a t
For bevel gears, Fmt and a vt (equivalent) are to be substituted for F t and a t in the above formulas.
1 9 .3
L im it a t io n s o f K H a a n d K ,
19.3.1 K ,Ha
When K H a< 1 use 1 0 for K Ha
When K Ha>
Ha>
Ha
2 , use
7 2
s
for K
2 for
KH
Ha
p 7 2
a
Ha
4-s
P
J
- p a (1 - P) + , contact ratio factor (pitting) for helical gears for P< 1
3
contact ratio factor (pitting) for helical gears for P> 1
Zp =
7p =
4 - pa
contact ratio factor (pitting) for spur gears
1 9 .3 .2 K ,Fa
When K Fa < 1, use 1.0 for K F a .
When KF a> : , use : for K Fa
P
Ye
P
Ye
'a
''a
Ys = 0.25 +
YP = 0.25 +
0.75
0.75
contact ratio factor for p = 0
0.75
- 0.375 P ,
Ys = 0.625,
contact ratio factor for 0 < p < 1

contact ratio factor for p > 1
or:
YP = 0.25 +
144
0.75 cos2 b
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
21
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
S u r f a c e D u r a b ility
The criterion for surface durability is based on the Hertzian pressure on the operating pitch point or at
the inner point o f single pair contact. The contact stress a H is not to exceed the permissible contact
stress a HP-
2 1 .1
C o n ta c t S tr e s s
aH1 = aHO1' yJK A ' K y ' K v ' K Ha ' K H - aHP1

aH2 = aHO2 ^ K A ' K y ' K v ' K Ha ' K H - aH
HP2
a HO12 = basic value o f contact stress for pinion and wheel
aHO1
ZB'ZH ZE Z s'Z
' F t u +1
d 1 b
u
= Z n Z HZ EZ - Z n 1 F t
d 1 b
for pinion
u +1
for wheel
where
single pair mesh factor for pinion, see 4-3-1A1/21.5 below
ZD
single pair mesh factor for wheel, see 4-3-1A1/21.5 below
ZH
zone factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.7 below
ZE
elasticity factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.9 below
contact ratio factor (pitting), see 4-3-1A1/21.11 below
helix angle factor see 4-3-1A1/21.17 below
Ft
nominal transverse tangential load, see 4-3-1A1/9 o f this Appendix.
Gear ratio u for external gears is positive, for internal gears u is negative
Regarding factors K A,
K v, K Ha and K H , see 4-3-1A1/11, 4-3-1A1/13, 4-3-1A1/15, 4-3-1A1/19
and 4-3-1A 1/17 o f this appendix.

B evel gears:
a HO1
basic value o f contact stress for pinion
a HO1
ZM-BZH ZE ZLSZ ZK
Fm
uv + 1
uv
dv1 1 b
For the shaft angle Z = 8 1 + S2 = 90 the following applies:
a HO1
ABS
ZM-BZH ZE ZLSZ ZK
JFmt
d v1 1 b
\ju2 + 1
u
145
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
where
2 1 .3
ZM_B
mid-zone factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.5 below)
ZH
zone factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.7 below)
ZE
elasticity factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.9 below)
ZLS
load sharing factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.13 below)
helix angle factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.17 below)
ZK
bevel gear factor (flank), see 4-3-1A1/21.15 below)
Fmt
nominal transverse tangential load, see 4-3-1A1/9 o f this appendix.
d v1
reference diameter o f pinion o f virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gear
lb
length o f contact
uv
gear ratio o f virtual (equivalent) cylindrical gear
gear ratio o f bevel gear
P e r m is s ib le C o n ta c t S t r e s s
The permissible contact stress aHP is to be evaluated separately for pinion and wheel.
_ H lim
SH
-Z N -Z L ' Z V ' Z R - Z W -Z X
N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
where:
endurance limit for contact stress, see 4-3-1A1/21.19 below
Hlim
ZN
life factor for contact stress, see 4-3-1A1/21.21 below
ZL
lubrication factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.23 below
ZV
speed factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.23 below
ZR
roughness factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.23 below
ZW
hardness ratio factor, see 4-3-1A1/21.25 below
ZX
size factor for contact stress, see 4-3-1A1/21.27 below
SH
safety factor for contact stress, see 4-3-1A1/21.29 below
For shrink-fitted wheel rims

KS
cthp
is to be at least K S times the mean contact stress cth , where
safety factor available for induced contact stresses, and is to be calculated as

follows:
= 1 , max - 2.2 X10
d w2
K
0.25mn
d ri
= 1 , max - 2.243 X104
146
0.25mn
d ri
d w2
[SI units]
PF 2
[MKS units]
p F2
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

= 1 + max 3 .1 9 4 x 10
0.25mn
d ri
d w2
4-3-1A1
[US units]
p F2
where
&
maximum available interference fit or maximum pull-up length; mm (mm, in.)
d r,
inner diameter o f wheel rim; mm (mm, in.)
dw2
working pitch diameter o f wheel; mm (mm, in.)
mn
normal module; mm (mm, in.)
yield strength o f wheel rim material is to be as follows:

minimum specified yield strength for through hardened (quenched and tempered)
steels
500 N/mm2 (51 kgf/mm2, 72520 psi) for case hardened, nitrided steels
2 1 .5
S i n g l e P a ir M e s h F a c t o r s , ZB, ZD a n d M id - z o n e F a c t o r ZM_B
The single pair mesh factors, ZB for pinion and ZD for wheel, account for the influence on contact
stresses o f the tooth flank curvature at the inner point o f single pair contact
in relation to ZH.
The factors transform the contact stresses determined at the pitch point to contactstresses considering
the flank curvature at the inner point o f single pair contact.
2 1.5.1
For Cylindrical and B evel G ears w hen S = 0

ZB = ZM_B = M 1 or 1 whichever is the larger value
ZD = ZM_B = M 2 or 1 whichever is the larger value
tan w,
M 1=
for cylindrical gears
4 (d a1d b1 )2 - 1 - (2n/ z1) V(d2/ d b2 )2 - 1 - ( s a - 1) i 2 n z 2 )
ta n a h
M 2=
for cylindrical gears
J ( d a21d b2 )2 - 1 - (2n / z 2 )
-(sa -
zj
For bevel gears a tw, da, d b and z are to be substituted by a vt, d va, dvb and zv respectively in the
above formulas.
2 1 .5 .2
For Cylindrical and B evel G ears w hen s > 1

ZB
ZD = 1 for cylindrical gears
ZM-B
M or 1 whichever is the larger value, for bevel gears
tan a vt
M =
4 (d va1 d vb1)2 - 1 - S a - ( n zv1) V (d va21 d vb2 )2 - 1 - S a \ n l zv2)
ABS
147
Part
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3
1
2 1 .5 .3

4-3-1A1
For Cylindrical and B evel G ears w hen 0 < S < 1

The values o f ZB , ZA are determined by linear interpolation between ZB , ZA for spur gears and
ZB , ZA for helical gears having S < 1
Thus:
ZB
M 1 - S (M 1 - 1) and ZB > 1
ZD
M 2 - S (M 2 - 1) and ZD > 1
B evel gears:
ZM-B = M or 1, whichever is the larger value
where:
M =
tan a vt
J j
) \
yl(d va d vb1 )2 - 1 - (2 + (s a - 2 )
2 1 .7
J( 1
( l z v1)
d va2 d vb2 )2 - 1 - (2 (Sa - 1) + (2 - Sa
\ )\ )
S
n l z v2
Z o n e F a c t o r , ZH
C ylin drical gears:
The zone factor, ZH, accounts for the influence on the Hertzian pressure o f tooth flank curvature at
pitch point and relates the tangential force at the reference cylinder to the normal force at the pitch
cylinder.
Z _
| 2 ^c o s b ' c o s a tw
ZH '
c o s2a t sin a w
B evel gears:
ZH = 2
cos bm
' sin(2 a vt)
2 1 .9
E la s t i c i t y F a c t o r , Zi'E
The elasticity factor, ZE, accounts for the influence o f the material properties E (modulus o f elasticity)
and v(P oissons ratio) on the Hertzian pressure.
1
Ze =
n 1 - v12 + 1 -
E2
With Poissons ratio o f 0.3 and same E and v for pinion and wheel, ZE may be obtained from the
following:
Z E = y 0.175 E
with E = Youngs modulus o f elasticity.

The elasticity factor, ZE, for steel gears [Est = 206000 N/mm2 (2.101x104 kgf/mm2, 2.988x107 psi) is:
148
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
E la sticity fa c to r ZE
SI units
M K S units
U S units
189.8
N 1/2/mm
60.61
kgf1/2/mm
2.286x103
lbf1/2/in
For other material combinations refer to 4-3-1A1/Table 1.

2 1 .1 1
C o n t a c t R a t io F a c t o r ( P ittin g ), Z s
The contact ratio factor Z s accounts for the influence o f the transverse contact ratio and the overlap
ratio on the specific surface load o f gears.
S pur gears:
zS
s
= . 14 ~ Sa
H elical gears:
For S< 1: Z s =
4 - S a (1
(1 - s S )) +
+ S
S
V 3
Sa
\
For s > 1: Z s = J S r
2 1 .1 3
B e v e l G e a r L o a d S h a r in g F a c to r , ZLS
The load sharing factor, ZLS, accounts the load sharing between two or more pair o f teeth in contact.
For s Y< 2 or S < 1:
ZLS = 1
For s Y> 2 and S > 1:
ZLS =
-0.5
1 + 2 { - (2 /Sy)1-5} } 1 - (4/sY )
> 0.83666
2 1 .1 5 B e v e l G e a r F a c t o r (F la n k ), ZK
The bevel gear factor (flank), ZK, accounts the difference between bevel and cylindrical loading and
adjusts the contact stresses so that the same permissible stresses may apply.
ZK = 0.8
2 1 .1 7 H e lix A n g l e F a c t o r , Z
The helix angle factor; Z , accounts for the influence o f helix angle on surface durability, allowing for
such variables as the distribution o f load along the lines o f contact. Z is dependent only on the helix
angle.
ABS
Cylindrical gears:
Z = ^/cos
B evel gears:
Z = Vcos m
149
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
2 1 .1 9 A l lo w a b l e S t r e s s N u m b e r ( C o n t a c t ) , a Hlim
For a given material, <Jmim is the limit o f repeated contact stress that can be sustained without
progressive pitting. For most materials, their load cycles may be taken at 50 x 106, unless otherwise
specified.
For this purpose, pitting is defined as follows:
N ot surface hardened gears: pitted area > 2% o f total active flank area.
Surface hardened gears: pitted area > 0.5% o f total active flank area, or > 4% o f one particular
tooth flank area.
The endurance limit mainly depends on:
material composition, cleanliness and defects;
mechanical properties;
residual stresses;
hardening process, depth o f hardened zone, hardness gradient;
material structure (forged, rolled bar, cast).
The CTmlim values correspond to a failure probability o f 1% or less. The values o f <yHlim are to be
determined from 4-3-1A1/Table 3 or to be advised by the manufacturer together with technical
justification for the proposed values.
2 1 .2 1
L ife F a c t o r , ZN
The life factor, Z N, accounts for the higher permissible contact stress, including static stress in case a
limited life (number o f load cycles) is specified.
material and hardening;
number o f cycles;
influence factors ( ZR, Z V, ZL, Z W, ZX).
The life factor, ZN, can be determined from 4-3-1A1/Table 4.
2 1 .2 3 I n f lu e n c e F a c t o r s o n L u b r ic a t io n F ilm , ZL, Z V a n d ZR
The lubricant factor, ZL, accounts for the influence o f the type o f lubricant and its viscosity.
The speed factor, ZV, accounts for the influence o f the pitch line velocity.
The roughness factor, ZR, accounts for the influence o f the surface roughness on the surface endurance
capacity.
The factors mainly depend on:
viscosity o f lubricant in the contact zone;
the sum o f the instantaneous velocities o f the tooth surfaces;
load;
relative radius o f curvature at the pitch point;
surface roughness o f teeth flanks;
150
ABS
Part
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4
3
1

4-3-1A1
hardness o f pinion and gear.

Where gear pairs are o f different hardness, the factors may be based on the less hardened material.
2 1 .2 3 .1
Lubricant Factor, ZL
Z _ C
L
ZL
^ZL
4 (1.0 - C zl )
r, ,,
,12
[1.2 + (134/ v4o)]2
[SI and MKS units]
4 (1.0 - C zl )
_, , 12
[1.2 + (0.208/ v ,)]2
[US units]
CZL + u
or
Z _ C
L
^ZL
4 (1.0 - C z l)
r, ,__ / , -a
[1.2 + (80/ v ,)]2
[SI and MKS units]
4 (1.0 - C zl )
ZL
[US units]
C zl + r,
, 12
[1.2 + (0.127/ V50)]2
where <Jmim is the allowable stress number (contact) o f the softer material.
a)
with <Jmim in the range of:

850 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23x105 psi) < am]ma < 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm2
1.74x105 psi)
C zl = | 0 .0 8 mlim _ 850 | + 0.83
[SI units]
350
Czl = I 0.08
CZL
a m lim - 87
+ 0.83
[MKS units]
35.7
0.08 m lim - 1.23 10

5.076 x 104
5A
+ 0.83
[US units]
b)
with o-Mim
mlim in the range o f crmljm < 850 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23x105 psi),
Czl _ 0.83;
c)
with OH|im
mlim in the range o f CTmlim > 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm2, 1.74x105 psi),
Czl _ 0.91.
and
K40
nominal kinematic viscosity o f the oil at 40C (104F), mm2/s; see table
below.
U0
nominal kinematic viscosity o f the oil at 50C (122F), mm2/s; see table
below.
ABS
151
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
ISO lubricant viscosity grade

VG 32 (1) VG 46 (1) VG 68 (1) VG 100 VG 150 VG 220 VG 320
SI/MKS average viscosity V40 mm2/s
32
46
68
100
150
220
320
units average viscosity v50 mm2/s
21
30
43
61
89
125
180
US
units
average viscosity V40 in2/s
0.0496
0.0326
average viscosity v50 in2/s
0.0713
0.0465
0.1054
0.0667
0.1550
0.0945
0.2325
0.1380
0.3410
0.1938
0.4960
0.2790
1) Only for high speed ( > 1400 rpm) transmission.
21 .2 3 .2
S p e e d Factor, Z V
2 (1.0 - Czv )
zV
Czv +
[SI and MKS units]
^ 0.8 + (32/ v)
2(1.0 - Czv )
Zv
[US units]
C Zv +
^ 0.8 + (6.4 -103/v)

where c mim is the allowable stress number (contact) o f the softer material.
a)
with crHlim in the range of:

850 N/mm 2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23x105 psi) < c H]im < 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm
1.74x105 psi)
CZv = I 0.08 Hlim
350
Czv = I 0.08
CZv =
21 .2 3 .3
850 | + 0.85
c H lim - 87
[SI units]
[MKS units]
+ 0.85
35.7
0.08 CH lim - 1.23 X10

5.076 X10 4
5A
+ 0.85
[US units]
b)
with c HUm < 850 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23 x 105 psi), CZv = 0.85.
c)
with c HUm > 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm2, 1.74 x 105 psi), C Zv = 0.93.
R o u g h n e ss Factor, ZR
f
ACZR
Zr =
VR Z10 y
The peak-to-valley roughness, R Z, is to be advised by the manufacturer or to be determined as
a mean value o f R Z measured on several tooth flanks o f the pinion and the gear, as given by
the following expression:
Rz =
Rz/1
+R
z 2
V f1 ^
n Zf
2
Where roughness values are not available, roughness o f the pinion R Zf 1 = 6.3 pm (248 pin.)
and o f the wheel R f = 6.3 pm (248 pin.) may be used.
152
ABS
Part
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Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
RZ10 is to be given by:

RZ10 = R Z 3 ^
[SI and MKS units]
Pred
6 .4 5 1 6 -10-6
RZ10
RZ 3
[US units]
p red
and the relative radius o f curvature is to be given by:

P red = P1 P2
for cylindrical gears;
P1 + P2
P red = Pv1 Pv2
P v1 + P v 2
P1
0.5 'db1'tanaiw
Pv1
0 .5 -dv b ta n a tw
P2
0 .5 d b2ta n a tw
Pv2
0.5 'dvb2*tanaiw
for bevel gears
If the stated roughness is an R a value, also known as arithmetic average (AA) and centerline
average (CLA), the following approximate relationship may be applied:
Ra
CLA = AA = R Zf / 6
Where R Zf is either R Zf 1 for pinion or R f for gear and <Jmim is the allowable stress number
(contact) o f the softer material.
In the range o f 850 N/mm2 < cyHX{m < 1200 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2 < OHlim ^ 122 kgf/mm2;
1.23x105 psi < o'Hlim < 1.74-105 psi) , CZR can be calculated as follows:
CZR =
0.32 - 2.00x10-4-oHlim
[SI units]
CZR =
0.32 - 1.96x10-3-oHlim
[MKS units]
CZR =
0.32 - 1.38x10-6-oHlim
[US units]
If Hlim < 850 N/mm2 (87 kgf/mm2, 1.23x105 psi), take CZR = 0.150
If Hlim > 1200 N/mm2 (122 kgf/mm2, 1.74x105 psi), take CZR = 0.080
2 1 .2 5 H a r d n e s s R a t io F a c to r ; Z W
The hardness ratio factor, Z W, accounts for the increase o f surface durability o f a soft steel gear when
meshing with a surface hardened gear with a smooth surface.
The hardness ratio factor, Z W, applies to the soft gear only and depends mainly on:
hardness o f the soft gear;
alloying elements o f the soft gear;
tooth flank roughness o f the harder gear.
ABS
153
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
Z w = 1.2 - H B 7 0 0 0
W
1700
where:
HB
H V 10 =
Brinell hardness o f the softer material

Vickers hardness with F = 98.1N
F o r u n alloyed steels
H B & H V 10 * U / 3.6
[SI units]
H B & H V 10 * U / 0.367
[MKS units]
H B & H V 10 * U / 522
[US units]
F o r a llo y e d steels
H B & H V 10 * U / 3.4
[SI units]
H B & H V 10 * U / 0.347
[MKS units]
H B & H V 10 * U / 493
[US units]
For H B < 130, Z W = 1.2 is to be used.

For H B > 470, Z W = 1.0 is to be used.
2 1 .2 7 S i z e F a c t o r , ZX
The size factor, ZX , accounts for the influence o f tooth dimensions on permissible contact stress and
reflects the non-uniformity o f material properties.
material and heat treatment;
tooth and gear dimensions;
ratio o f case depth to tooth size;
ratio o f case depth to equivalent radius o f curvature.
For through-hardened gears and for surface-hardened gears with minimum required effective case
depth including root o f 1.14 mm (0.045 in.) relative to tooth size and radius curvature ZX = 1. When
the case depth is relatively shallow, then a smaller value o f ZX should be chosen.
The size factors, ZX, are to be obtained from 4-3-1A1/Table 2.
2 1 .2 9 S a f e t y F a c t o r f o r C o n t a c t S t r e s s , SH
Based on the application, the following safety factors for contact stress, SH , are to be applied:
Main propulsion gears (including PTO):
1.40
Duplicated (or more) independent main propulsion gears

(including azimuthing thrusters):
1.25
Main propulsion gears for yachts, single screw:
1.25
Main propulsion gears for yachts, multiple screw:
1.20
Auxiliary gears:
1.15
N ote: For the above purposes, yachts are considered pleasure crafts not engaged in trade or carrying
passenger, and not intended for charter-service.
154
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
2 3
4
3
1

T o o th
4-3-1A1
R o o t B e n d in g S tr e n g th
The criterion for tooth root bending strength is the permissible limit o f local tensile strength in the
root fillet. The tooth root stress uF and the permissible tooth root stress aFP are to be calculated
separately for the pinion and the wheel, whereby <rF is not to exceed the permissible tooth root stress
aFP
The follow ing formulas apply to gears having a rim thickness greater than 3.5 m and further for all
involute basic rack profiles, with or without protuberance, however with the following restrictions:
the 30 tangents contact the tooth-root curve generated by the basic rack o f the tool
the basic rack o f the tool has a root radius p p > 0
the gear teeth are generated using a rack type tool.
2 3 .1
T o o t h R o o t B e n d i n g S t r e s s f o r P in io n a n d W h e e l
F
"
b m
Fl, 2 = b
'YF YS Y KA K y'K v K Fa'K F ^ FP1,2 N /mm2, kgf/mm2, psi
B evel gears:
F *YFa*YSa*YS YK YLSK A K j K v K FaK F ~ FP1, 2 N/mm2, kgf/mm2, psi
b m mn
rt.z
where
YF , YFa
tooth form factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.5 below
YS , YSa
stress correction factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.7 below
helix angle factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.9 below
YS
contact ratio factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.11 below
Yk
bevel gear factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.13 below
YLS
load sharing factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.15 below
K a , K y K v, K Fa, K F b, mn, m mn, see 4-3-1A1/9, 4-3-1 A l/1 1 , 4-3-1A1/13, 4-3-1 A l/15,
F , Fmt,
4-3-1A1/19, 4-3-1A1/17, 4-3-1A1/5, and 4-3-1A 1/7 o f this appendix respectively.

2 3 .3
P e r m is s ib le T o o th R o o t B e n d in g S t r e s s
FP1,2 = ^
Yd YN YSrelT ' YRrelT ' YX
N/mm2, kgf7mm2, psi
SF
where
<JFF
bending endurance limit, see 4-3-1A1/23.17 below
Yd
design factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.19 below
Yn
life factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.21 below
SrelT
ABS
relative notch sensitivity factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.23 below
155
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

relative surface factor, see 4-3-1A1/23.25 below
[ RrelT
2 3 .5
4-3-1A1
lX
size factor, see 4-3-1A 1/23.27 below
SF
safety factor for tooth root bending stress, see 4-3-1A1/23.29 below
T o o t h F o r m F a c t o r , YF YFa
The tooth form factors, YF and YFa represent the influence on nominal bending stress o f the tooth form
with load applied at the outer point o f single pair tooth contact.
The tooth form factors, YF and YFa are to be determined separately for the pinion and the wheel. In the
case o f helical gears, the form factors for gearing are to be determined in the normal section, i.e. for
the virtual spur gear with virtual number o f teeth, z.
C ylin drical gears:
Yf = -
6 < hF m n) ' c o s a Fen

(sFnlm n )2 c o s a n
B evel gears:
YFa =
6 ' (hF alm mn ) ' c o s a Fan

(sFnlm mn f ' cos a n
where
hF hFa
bending moment arm for tooth root bending stress for application o f load at the
outer point o f single tooth pair contact; mm (mm, in.)
Fn
a Fen, a Fan
For
width o f tooth at highest stressed section; mm (mm, in.)
normal load pressure angle at tip o f tooth; degrees
determination
of
hF, hFa,
sFn and
a Fen,
a Fan
see
4-3-1A 1/23.5.1, 4-3-1A1/23.5.2,
4-3-1A1/23.5.3 below and 4-3-1A1/Figure 1.

2 3.5.1
External G ears
Width o f tooth, sFn, at tooth-root normal chord:
Fn = z n sin| - 3 I+ V3 (
P ^
c
o
s
3
mn
mn
3 = 2
tan 3 H degrees; to be solved iteratively
zn
G = PaO haO+ x
mn
mn
rr
2 'n
H = ----zn \ 2
2 (n
H = ----zn 12
156
E I
mn
n jj
[SI and MKS units]
2 5.4 - m n )
[US units]
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
z
2 n
n
cos p h c o s
b = arccos-^1 - (sin cos a n)2
degrees
p a0
[SI and MKS units]
E = mn - ha0 tan an + pr----- (l - sin a n)4

cos a n
cos a n
i
s
E = 25.4 n mn - ha0 tan an +----- ------ ( l - sin a n) P a
cosan
cos a n
Spr
pr
PrO
Spr = O
[US units]
when gears are not undercut (non-protuberance hob)
where:
E , ha0 , a n , Spr , p r0, q and p a0 are shown in 4-3-1A1/Figure 2.
haO
addendum o f tool; mm (mm, in.)
S
pr
residual undercut left by protuberance; mm (mm, in.)
p rO
protuberance o f tool; mm (mm, in.)
material allowances for finish machining; mm (mm, in.)
P aO
tip radius o f tool; mm (mm, in.)
Zn
virtual number o f teeth
addendum modification coefficient
a 'Fen
angle for application o f load at the highest point o f single tooth contact
pressure angle at the highest point o f single tooth contact
Bending moment arm hF:

hF
(cos Ye - sin Ye tan a Fen)^
mn
mn
- zn ' cos ^ I3
cosS
+~
mn
2 G 2
p a0 +
mn c o s S - ( z ncos S - 2 G )
pF
mn
where
=
pF
root fillet radius in the critical section at 30 tangent; mm (mm, in.); see
4-3-1A1/Figure 1.
Normal load pressure angle at tip o f tooth, a Fen, a Fan:

a Fen = a en - Ye
degrees
id
a en = arccos
d bn
degrees
Vd en J
(
Ye =
ABS
0.5 n + 2 x ta n a
+ inv a n - inv a en
zn
180
degrees
157
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

d an1 = dn1 + da1 - d 1
mm (mm, in.)
d an2 = dn2 + da2 - d2
mm (mm, in.)
dn1,2 = Zn1,2 ' m n
mm (mm, in.)
dbn1,2 = dn1,2 ' c o sa n
mm (mm, in.)
4-3-1A1
mm (mm, in.)
d en1 -
da en2 -- 2i ' Z2
i
z2
d an2
2
n - d 2 c o s - c o sa n
d bn2 P
e (X
e an
Pan
( d,bn2
1)
+t
2
mm (mm, in.)
degrees
cos b
N ote: z 1, z2 are positive for external gears and negative for internal gears.
2 3 .5 .2
Internal G ears (2 0 0 2 )
The tooth form factor o f a special rack can be substituted as an approximate value o f the form
o f an internal gear. The profile o f such a rack should be a version o f the basic rack profile, so
modified that it would generate the normal profile, including tip and root circles, o f an exact
counterpart o f the internal gear. The tip load angle is a Fen = a n
Width o f tooth, sFn2, at tooth-root normal chord:
SFn2 2
mn
+ tan a
4
I
S pr 2
P fp2
m n cos a n
mn
P fp 2 ^ + P fp2
hfp2
mn
cos
6
Bending moment arm hF2:

F2
mn
dfn2
d en2
d fn2
2 m n
dn2 + df2
( h fp 2
d en2
d fn2 ^
2 m n
tan a
p fp2 ( ,
. n
t a n a ----- i- - \ 1 - sin
6
mn
mm (mm, in.)
d2
,
d n2 d fn2
hfp 2 2
Pfp2 - p F 2
mm (mm, in.)
p a02
2
mm (mm, in.)
N ote: In the case o f a full root fillet p F2 = p a02 is to be used, or as an approximation:

P a02 = 0.30 m n
mm (mm, in.)
Pfb2 = p F2 = 0.15 m n
mm (mm, in.)
hf = (1 .2 5 ^ 1 .3 0 ) m n
c
Pfp 2
158
1 - sin a n
mm (mm, in.)
hf 2 - hNf 2 =
1 - sin a n
d Nf 2 - d f 2
2 -(1 - sin a n)
ABS
mm (mm, in.)
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
where:
root diameter o f wheel; mm (mm, in.); see 4-3-1A1/Figure 1.
f2
is the diameter, dedendum o f basic rack at which the usable flank and
dNf2 hNf2
root fillet o f the annulus gear meet; mm (mm, in.)

=
cp
is the bottom clearance between basic rack and mating profile; mm (mm,
in.)
N ote: The diameters dn2 and d en2 are to be calculated with the same formulas as for external
gears.
2 3 .5 .3 B evel G ears
Width o f tooth, s Fn, at tooth-root normal chord:
*Fn
P o ^
ini - 5 I+ V3 (
cos 3
mmn
G
3 = 2
tan 3 H
degrees; to be solved iteratively
Zvn
G
= ----------------p a0
ha0 ,+xX^
G=
m mn nimn
m
ni
H =-
z vn V2
H =
mmn J
E
z vn V^
2
[SI and MKS units]
25 4 m mn J
[US units]
3
S
E = mmn xsm ' mmn ha0 ta n a n +'
(l sin a n)
cosan
Pa0
[SI and MKS units]
cos a n
S
n
E = 25.4
4 m mn xsm m mn ha0 ta n a n + pr------(l s in a n)
cosan
Spr
pr
p r0
Spr = 0
^
Pa0
cos a n
[US units]
when gears are not undercut (non-protuberance hob)
where:
E , ha0, a n, Spr, p r0, q and p a0 are shown in 4-3-1A1/Figure 2.
ha0
addendum o f tool; mm (mm, in.)
S
pr
residual undercut left by protuberance; mm (mm, in.)
p r0
protuberance o f tool; mm (mm, in.)
machining allowances; mm (mm, in.)
Pa0
tip radius o f tool; mm (mm, in.)

virtual number o f teeth
ABS
159
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
xmn
addendum modification coefficient refers to the midsection o f bevel gear
xsm
tooth thickness modification coefficient (midface)
a Fan =
angle for application o f load at the highest point o f single tooth contact
a an
pressure angle at the highest point o f single tooth contact
Bending moment arm hFa :

hFa
m mn
PF
2 G 2
Pa0 +
mmn c o s3 lzra cos 3 - 2 Gl
mmn
(cos Ya - sin Ya ta n a Fan)

m
- z vn cos( - 3 ----- + -Pa

c o s3 m
where
=
pF
root fillet radius in the critical section at 30 tangent; mm (mm, in.); see
4-3-1A1/Figure 1.
Normal load pressure angle at tip o f tooth a Fan, a an

a Fan = a an - Ya
a
degrees
(d
^
= arccos d vbn
Vd van y
degrees
0 .5 n + 2 xmn ta n a n
Ya =
+ m v a n - in v a an
180
degrees
z vn
bm = arcco^ 1 - (sin m cos a n)2
degrees
(See also 4-3-1A 1/7 o f this Appendix.)
2 3 .7
d van1 = dvn1 + dva1 - d v1
mm (mm, in.)
d van2 = dvn2 + dva2 - d v2
mm (mm, in.)
d vn1
Zvn1 mmn
mm (mm, in.)
d vn2 = Zvn2 ' mmn
mm (mm, in.)
d vbn1 = dvn1 ' c o sa n
mm (mm, in.)
d vbn2 = dvn2 ' cos a n
mm (mm, in.)
S t r e s s C o r r e c t io n F a c t o r , YS, Ysa
The stress correction factors, Ys and YSa are used to convert the nominal bending stress to the local
tooth root stress.
Ys applies to the load application at the outer point o f single tooth pair contact. Ys is to be determined
for pinion and wheel separately.
For notch parameter qs within a range o f (1 < qs < 8):
160
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
s Fn
2 -P f
Cylin d rica l g ears:
YS =(1.2 + 0.13 L
) L21+(2-3/L)
B evel gears:
1
Ysa =(1.2 + 0.13 La )
L21+(23/La )y
where:
pF
root fillet radius in the critical section at 30 tangent mm (mm, in.)
sFJ h F for cylindrical gears
La
sFn/hFa for bevel gears
hF ,hFa, sFn,p F see 4-3-1A1/Figure 3.
2 3 .9
H e lix A n g l e F a c t o r , Y
The helix angle factor, Y, converts the stress calculated for a point loaded cantilever beam
representing the substitute gear tooth to the stress induced by a load along an oblique load line into a
cantilever plate which represents a helical gear tooth.
Y = 1
120
where:
reference helix angle in degrees for cylindrical gears.
F > 1.0 a value o f 1.0 is to be substituted for F

> 30 an angle o f 30 is to be substituted for
2 3 .1 1
C o n t a c t R a t io F a c t o r , YF
The contact factor YF covers the conversion from load application at the tooth tip to the load
application for bevel gears.
0.75
Yf = 0.25 +----------; for F = 0

Fa
0.75
Yf = 0.25 + -------
0 7 5 - 0.375 F ; for 0 < F <1
Y f = 0.625 ; for F> 1
ABS
161
Part
Chapter
Section
2 3 .1 3
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
B e v e l G e a r F a c t o r , YK
The bevel gear factor YK accounts the differences between bevel and cylindrical gears.
Yk = 1 + +
K
2 4 - l'b 4 -b
l'b = lb c o s bm
2 3 .1 5
L o a d S h a r in g F a c t o r , Yl s
The load sharing factor, YLS, accounts the differences between two or more pair o f teeth for F > 2 .
YLS = ZLS > '7
for ZLS see 4-3-1A1/21.13 o f this appendix.

2 3 .1 7
A ll o w a b le S t r e s s N u m b e r ( B e n d in g ) , a FE
For a given material, aFE is the limit o f repeated tooth root stress that can be sustained. For most
materials their stress cycles may be taken at 3x106 as the beginning o f the endurance limit, unless
otherwise specified.
The endurance limit aFE is defined as the unidirectional pulsating stress with a minimum stress o f
zero (disregarding residual stresses due to heat treatment). Other conditions such as e.g. alternating
stress or prestressing are covered by the design factor Yd .
The endurance limit mainly depends on:
material composition, cleanliness and defects;
mechanical properties;
residual stress;
hardening process, depth o f hardened zone, hardness gradient;
material structure (forged, rolled bar, cast).
The <rFE values are to correspond to a failure probability o f 1% or less. The values o f uFE are to be
determined from 4-3-1A1/Table 3 or to be advised by the manufacturer together with technical
justification for the proposed values. For gears treated with controlled shot peening process the value
<rFE may be increased by 20%.
2 3 .1 9
D e s i g n F a c t o r , Yd
The design factor, Yd, takes into account the influence o f load reversing and shrink fit prestressing on
the tooth root strength, relative to the tooth root strength with unidirectional load as defined for aFE.
Yd
1.0 in general;
Yd
0.9 for gears with part load in reversed direction, such as main wheel in reversing
gearboxes;
Yd
162
0.7 for idler gears.
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
2 3 .2 1
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
L ife F a c t o r , YN
The life factor, YN, accounts for the higher permissible tooth root bending stress in case a limited life
(number o f load cycles) is specified.
material and hardening;
number o f cycles;
influence factors (YSrelT , YRrelT , Yx ).
The life factor, YN can be determined from 4-3-1A1/Table 5.
2 3 .2 3 R e la t iv e N o t c h S e n s i t i v i t y F a c to r , YSrelT (2 0 0 2 )
The relative notch sensitivity factor, YSrelT , indicates the extent to which the theoretically concentrated
stress lies above the fatigue endurance limit.
The factor mainly depends on the material and relative stress gradient.
For notch parameter values within the range o f 1.5 < qs < 4, YSrelT = 1.0
For qs < L 5, YSrelT = .95
For notch parameter qs > 4, YSrelT can be determined by the methods outlined in ISO 6336-3, Section
11 Sensitivity factors, Ys, YT , Ysk and relative notch sensitivity factors, YSrelT, YSrelk.
2 3 .2 5 R e la t iv e S u r f a c e F a c t o r , YRreiT
The relative surface factor, YRrelT, as given in the following table, takes into account the dependence
o f the tooth root bending strength on the surface condition in the tooth root fillet, but mainly the
dependence on the peak to valley surface roughness.
Rzr < 1 pm
SI & MKS units
US units
Rzr< 39 pin.
1 pm < Rzr < 40pm
39 pin. < Rzr < 1575 pin.
1.120
1.675 - 0 . 5 3 R + 1)01
1.675 - 0.53-(0.0254-Rzr + 1)01
U < 800 N/mm2 (82 kgf/mm2,
1.070
5.3 - 4.2-(Rzr + 1)001
5.3 - 4.2 (0.0254 Rzr + 1)001
1.16x105 psi)
Nitrided steels
1.025
4.3 - 3.26-(Rzr + 1)0 005
4.3 - 3.26-(0.0254-Rzr + 1)0'005
Case hardened steels, through

- hardened steels
U > 800 N/mm2 (82 kgf/mm2,
1.16x105 psi)
Normalized steels
Rzr = mean peak to-valley roughness of tooth root fillets; pm (pm, pin.)
This method is only applicable where scratches or similar defects deeper than 2Rzr are not present.
If the stated roughness is an R a value, also known as arithmetic average (AA) and centerline average
(CLA), the follow ing approximate relationship may be applied:
R a = CLA = AA = R zr / 6
ABS
163
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
2 3 .2 7 S i z e F a c t o r ( R o o t ) , YX
The size factor (root), YX , takes into account the decrease o f the strength with increasing size.
material and heat treatment;
tooth and gear dimensions;
ratio o f case depth to tooth size.
SI and M KS units
YX = 1.00
for mn < 5
Generally
YX = 1.03 0.006- mn
for 5 < mn < 30
Normalized and through
YX = 0.85
for mn > 30
tempered- hardened steels
YX = 1.05 0.010- mn
for 5 < mn < 25
YX = 0.80
for mn > 25
Surface hardened steels
US units
YX = 1.00
for mn < 0.1968
Generally
YX = 1.03 0.1524-m
for 0.1968 < mn < 1.181
Normalized and through
YX = 0.85
for mn > 1.181
tempered- hardened steels
YX = 1.05 0.254-m
for 0.1968 < mn < 0.9842
YX = 0.80
for mn > 0.9842
Surface hardened steels
N ote: For B evel g ea rs the m n (normal module) is to be substituted by mmn (normal module at mid-
facewidth).
2 3 .2 9 S a f e t y F a c t o r f o r T o o t h R o o t B e n d i n g S t r e s s , SF
Based on the application, the following safety factors for tooth root bending stress, SF, are to be
applied:
Main propulsion
gears (including PTO):
1.80
Duplicated (or more) independent main propulsion gears

(including azimuthing thrusters):
1.60
Main propulsion gears for yachts, single screw:
1.50
Main propulsion gears for yachts, multiple screw:
1.45
Auxiliary gears:
1.40
N ote: For the above purposes, yachts are considered pleasure craft not engaged in trade or carrying
passenger, and not intended for charter-service.
164
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 1
Values of the Elasticity Factor ZE and Youngs Modulus of Elasticity E
(R ef. 4 -3 -1 A 1 /2 1 .9 )
The value o f E for combination o f different materials for pinion and wheel is to be calculated by:
E = 2 E1 E 2
E1+ E2
SI units
Pinion
Material
Youngs Modulus
of elasticity
E N/mm2
Steel
Wheel
Poissons
ratio
V
206000
0.3
Cast steel
202000
Nodular
cast iron
173000
Lamellar
graphite
cast iron
(gray cast
iron)
126000
Steel
206000
Material
0.3
to
118000
Youngs Modulus
of elasticity
Poissons
ratio
E2 N/mm2
Factor ZE
N1/2/mm
Steel
206000
189.8
Cast steel
202000
188.9
Nodular cast iron
173000
181.4
Cast tin bronze
103000
155.0
Tin bronze
113000
159.8
Lamellar graphite cast iron

(gray cast iron)
126000
to
118000
162.0
Cast steel
202000
188.0
Nodular cast iron
173000
180.5

(gray cast iron)
118000
161.4
Nodular cast iron
173000
173.9

(gray cast iron)
118000
156.6
118000
0.3
0.3
(gray cast iron)
0.3
Elasticity
Nylon
165.4
to
146.0
to
143.7
7850
(mean value)
0.5
56.4
c o n tin u e d ....
ABS
165
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 1 (continued)
M K S units
Pinion
Material
Wheel
Youngs Modulus
of elasticity
Poissons
ratio
E1 kgf/mm2
Material
Youngs
Modulus of
elasticity
Poissons
ratio
Elasticity
Factor ZE
kgf1/2/mm
E2 kgf/mm2
Steel
2.101x104
0.3
Steel
2.101x104
60.609
Cast steel
2.060x104
60.321
Nodular cast iron
1.764x104
57.926
Cast tin bronze
1.050x104
49.496
Tin bronze
1.152x104
51.029
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.285 x104
1.203 x104
52.817
to
51.731
Cast steel
2.060x104
60.034
Nodular cast iron
1.764x104
57.639
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
(gray cast iron)
1.203 x104
51.540
Nodular cast iron
1.764x104
55.531
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
(gray cast iron)
1.203 x104
50.007
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
(gray cast iron)
1.203 x104
(gray cast iron)
Cast steel
Nodular cast
iron
2.060x104
1.764 x104
0.3
Lamellar
graphite cast
iron
(gray cast iron)
1.285x104
to
Steel
2.101x104
1.203 x104
0.3
Nylon
to
0.3
0.3
46.622
to
45.888
800.477
(mean value)
0.5
18.010
co n tin u ed .
166
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 1 (continued)
U S units
Pinion
Material
Steel
Youngs
Modulus of
elasticity
E1 psi
Wheel
Poissons
ratio
Material
2.988x107
0.3
2.930x107
Poissons
ratio
V
Elasticity
factor
ZE
E psi
lbf1/2/in.
Steel
2.988x107
2.286x103
Cast steel
2.930x107
2.275x103
Nodular cast iron
2.509x107
2.185x103
Cast tin bronze
1.494 x107
1.867x103
Tin bronze
1.639x107
1.924x103
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.827x107
to
(gray cast iron)
Cast steel
Youngs
Modulus of
elasticity
0.3
1.992 x103
to
1.711 x 107
1.951 x 103
Cast steel
2.930x107
2.264x103
Nodular cast iron
2.509x107
2.174x103
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.711 x 107
1.944 x103
Nodular cast iron
2.509x107
2.094x103
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
(gray cast iron)
1.711 x 107
1.886x103
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.711 x 107
(gray cast iron)
Nodular cast iron
2.509x107
Lamellar graphite
cast iron
1.827x107
0.3
(gray cast iron)

Steel
ABS
to
1.758x103
to
(gray cast iron)
1.711 x 107
2.988x107
0.3
0.3
Nylon
1.731 x103
1.139x106
(mean value)
0.5
679.234
167
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 2
Size Factor Zx for Contact Stress
(Ref. 4-3-1A1/21.27)
SI and MKS units
ZX , size factor for contact stress
Material
For through-hardened pinion treatment
1.0
All modules (mn)

For carburized and induction-hardened pinion heat treatment
1.0
mn < 10
1.05 - 0.005 mn
mn < 30
0.9
mn > 30
For nitrided pinion treatment

1.0
mn < 7.5
1.08 - 0.011 mn
mn < 30
0.75
mn > 30
For Bevel gears the mn (normal module) is to be substituted by mmn (normal module at mid-facewidth).
US units
ZX, size factor for contact stress
Material
For through-hardened pinion treatment
1.0
All modules (mn)

For carburized and induction-hardened pinion heat treatment
1.0
mn < 0.394
1.05 - 0.127 mn
mn < 1.181
0.9
mn > 1.181
For nitrided pinion treatment

1.0
mn < 0.295
1.08 - 0.279 mn
mn < 1.181
0.75
mn > 1.181
For Bevel gears the mn (normal module) is to be substituted by mmn (normal module at mid-facewidth).
168
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 3
Allowable Stress Number (contact) cHlim and
Allowable Stress Number (bending) cFE (2002)
(Ref. 4-3-1A1/21.19, 4-3-1A1/23.17)
SI units
Case hardened (carburized) CrNiMo steels:

of ordinary grade;
of specially approved high quality grade
(to be based on review and verification of
established testing procedure).
Other case hardened (carburized) steels
cHimN/mm2
Reference Standard
ISO 6336-5:1996(E)
ISO Figure and Material Quality
1500
920
1650
1050
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (1)
Fig. 9, ME
Fig. 11, ME (2)
840
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (3)
1500
Gas nitrided steels: hardened, tempered and gas

nitrided, Surface hardness: 700-850 HV10
1250
Through hardened steels: hardened, tempered and

gas nitrided, Surface hardness: 500-650 HV10
1000
Through hardened steels: hardened, tempered or

normalized and nitro-carburized, Surface
hardness: 450-650 HV10
Flame or induction hardened steels, Surface
950
920
740
780
0.65-HV10 + 830
0.25-HV10 + 580
Alloyed through hardening steels, Surface

1.32-HV10 + 372
Through hardened carbon steels, Surface

1.05-HV10 + 335
Alloyed cast steels, Surface hardness: 198-358

HV10
1.30 HV10 + 295
Cast carbon steels, Surface hardness: 135-210

HV10
0.87-HV10 + 290
ABS
crFEN/mm2
0.78 HV10 + 400

0.50-HV10 + 320
0.68 HV10 + 325
0.50-HV10 + 225
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
13a, MQ
14a, MQ
13b, MQ
14b, MQ
Fig. 13c, ME-MQ

Fig. 14c, ME-MQ
Fig. 10, MQ
Fig. 12, MQ
Fig. 5, MQ
Fig. 7, MQ
Fig. 5, Carbon steel, MQ
Fig. 6, MQ-ML
Fig. 8, MQ-ML
Fig. 6, Carbon steel, MQ-ML
169
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 3 (continued)
Allowable Stress Number (contact) aHlim and
Allowable Stress Number (bending) oFE (2002)
MKS units
Hlimkgf/mm2
FEkgf/mm2
Reference Standard
ISO 6336-5:1996(E)

of ordinary grade;
153.0
93.8
168.3
107.1
153.0
85.7

127.5

102.0

96.9
93.8
75.5
79.5
0.0663-HV10 + 84.6
0.0255-HV10 + 59.1

0.1346-HV10 + 37.9

0.1071-HV10 + 34.2

HV10
0.1326 HV10 + 30.1

HV10
0.0887-HV10 + 29.6
170
0.0795 HV10 + 40.8

0.0510-HV10 + 32.6
0.0693 HV10 + 33.1
0.0510-HV10 + 22.9
ABS
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (1)
Fig. 9, ME
Fig. 11, ME (2)
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (3)
Fig. 13a, MQ
Fig. 14a, MQ
Fig. 13b, MQ
Fig. 14b, MQ
Fig. 13c, ME-MQ
Fig. 14c, ME-MQ
Fig. 10, MQ
Fig. 12, MQ
Fig. 5, MQ
Fig. 7, MQ
Fig. 6, MQ-ML
Fig. 8, MQ-ML
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 3 (continued)
Allowable Stress Number (contact) oHiim and
Allowable Stress Number (bending) oFE (2002)
US units
Gfepsi
Hlimpsi
Reference Standard
ISO 6336-5:1996(E)

of ordinary grade;
217557
133435
239312
152290
217557
121832

181297

145038

137786
133435
107328
113129
94.3-HV10 + 120381
36.3-HV10 + 84122

191.5-HV10 + 53954

152.3-HV10 + 48588

HV10
188.6 HV10 + 42786

HV10
126.2-HV10 + 42061
113.1 HV10 + 58015

72.5-HV10 + 46412
98.6 HV10 + 47137
72.5-HV10 + 32633
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (1)
Fig. 9, ME
Fig. 11, ME (2)
Fig. 9, MQ
Fig. 11, MQ (3)
Fig. 13a, MQ
Fig. 14a, MQ
Fig. 13b, MQ
Fig. 14b, MQ
Fig. 13c, ME-MQ
Fig. 14c, ME-MQ
Fig. 10, MQ
Fig. 12, MQ
Fig. 5, MQ
Fig. 7, MQ
Fig. 6, MQ-ML
Fig. 8, MQ-ML
Notes
ABS
HV10:
Vickers hardness at load F = 98.10 N, see ISO 6336-5
Core hardness > 25 HRC, Jominy hardenability at J = 12 mm > HRC28 and Surface hardness: 640-780 HV10
Core hardness > 30 HRC, Surface hardness: 660-780 HV10
Core hardness > 25 HRC, Jominy hardenability at J = 12 mm < HRC28 and Surface hardness: 640-780 HV10
171
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

TABLE 4
Determination of Life Factor for Contact Stress,
4-3-1A1
ZN
Life factor ZN
St, V,
Nl < 6x105, static
1.6
1.3
1.0
0.85
1.0
1.6
St, V,
GGG (perl., bain.),
II
GGG (perl., bain.),

GTS (perl.), Eh, IF;
Only when a certain degree
of pitting is permissible
o <o o
Number of load cycles
Material
II
(R ef. 4 -3 -1 A 1 /2 1 .2 1 )
Nl = 1010
Optimum lubrication, material, manufacturing, and experience
Nl < 105, static
Nl = 5x107
Nl = 1010

Nl < 105, static
0.85
1.0
1.3
NT (nitr.),
Nl = 2x106
1.0
NV (nitr.)
Nl = 1010
0.85
1.0
1.1
Nl < 105, static
NV (nitrocar.)
St:
V:
GG:
GGG (perl., bain., ferr.):
GTS (perl.):
Eh:
IF:
NT (nitr.):
NV (nitr.):
NV (nitrocar.):
172
1.0
GTS (perl.),
Eh, IF
GG, GGG (ferr.),
Nl = 2x106
1.0
Nl = 1010
0.85
1.0
steel (U < 800 N/mm2, 82 kgl/mm2, 1.16x105 psi)

through-hardening steel, through-hardened (U > 800 N/mm2)
gray cast iron
nodular cast iron (perlitic, bainitic, ferritic structure)
black malleable cast iron (perlitic structure)
case-hardening steel, case hardening
steel and GGG, flame or induction hardened
nitriding steel, nitrided
through-hardening and case-hardening steel, nitrided
through-hardening and case-hardening steel, nitrocarburized
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 5
Determination of Life Factor for Tooth Root Bending Stress,
yn
(R ef. 4 -3 -1 A 1 /2 3 .2 1 )
Material
V,
Number of load cycles
GGG (perl., bain.),
Nl = 3x106
1.0
GTS (perl.)
Nl = 1010
Nl < 103, static
0.85
1.0
2.5
Nl = 3x106
1.0
Nl = 1010
0.85
1.0
1.6
Nl < 104, static

Eh, IF (root)
Life factor YN
2.5
St,
NT, NV (nitr.),
Nl < 103, static

Nl = 3x106
1.0
GG, GGG (ferr.)
Nl = 1010
Nl < 103, static
0.85
1.0
1.0
Nl = 3x106
1.0
Nl = 1010
0.85
1.0

NV (nitrocar.)
Notes:
1) Abbreviations of materials are as explained in 4-3-1A1/Table 4 and 4-3-1A1/21.21 of this Appendix.

2) N l = n 60 H P D D PY YRS
n
= rotational speed, rpm.
HPD = operation hours per day
D PY = days per year
YRS = years (normal life of vessel = 25 years
ABS
173
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
TABLE 6
Constant K for the Calculation of the Pinion Offset Factor y
Factor K
with
stiffening 1
without
stffening
Figure
Arrangement
T* 1
0.8
0.48
FH
f T1
II
a)
I
with s/f < 0.3
( 1/2 ! 1/2 I
T
1
-0.48
-0.8
b)
I t
TJ
( 1/2
1.33
1.33
c)
i
Jj T*
J *
1/2
H
T* 1
with s/f < 0.3
with s/f < 0.5
[<-------- 1---------4*-sA
i
i1 .
1 7 1
i
T iJ
( 1/2
'
-0.36
-0.6
-0.6
-1.0
d)
e)
i
i
T
1 7 i
p l
i 'J
.
with s/l < 0.3
with s/f < 0.3
Z2_J
1.
When dj dsh > 1.15, stiffening is assumed; when dj dsh < 1.15, there is no stiffening. Furthermore, scarcely any or
no stiffening at all is to be expected when a pinion slides on a shaft and feather key or a similar fitting, nor when
normally shrink fitted.
T*
is the input or output torqued end, not dependent on direction of rotation.
Dashed line indicates the less deformed helix of a double helical gear.
Determine tsh from the diameter in the gaps of double helical gearing mounted centrally between bearings.
174
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section

4-3-1A1
FIGURE 1
Tooth in Normal Section
External cylindrical gears
circle
Bevel gears
ABS
175
Part
Chapter
Section
4 Vessel Systems and Machinery

3 Propulsion & Maneuvering Machinery
1 Appendix 1 - Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel Gears
4-3-1A1
FIGURE 2
Dimensions and Basic Rack Profile of the Tooth (Finished Profile)
W ithout undercut
W ith undercut
176
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
FIGURE 3
Wheel Blank Factor CR , Mean Values for Mating Gears
of Similar or Stiffer Wheel Blank Design.
ABS
177
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A1
FIGURE 4
Bevel Gear Conversion to Equivalent Cylindrical Gear.
178
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section

4-3-1A1
FIGURE 5
Definitions of the Various Diameters
ABS
179
PART
4
c h a p t e r

M achinery
s e c t io n
Appendix 2 - Guidance for Spare

Parts
G en eral
While spare parts are not required for purposes o f classification, the spare parts listed below are
provided as a guidance for vessels intended for unrestricted service. The maintenance o f spare parts
aboard each vessel is the responsibility o f the owner.
ABS
S p a r e P a r ts fo r G e a r s
a)
Sufficient packing rings with springs to repackone gland o f each kind and size.
b)
1 set o f thrust pads or rings, also springs where fitted, for each size.
c)
Bearing bushings sufficient to replace all the bushings on every pinion, and gear for main
propulsion; spare bearing bushings sufficient to replace all the bushings on each non-identical
pinion and gear having sleeve-type bearings or complete assemblies consisting o f outer and
inner races and cages complete with rollers or balls where these types o f bearings are used.
d)
1 set o f bearing shoes for one face, for one single-collar type main thrust bearing where fitted.
Where the ahead and astern pads differ, pads for both faces are to be provided.
e)
1 set o f strainer baskets or inserts for oil filters o f special design o f each type and size.
f)
Necessary special tools.
181
PART
4
c h a p t e r

M achinery
SECTION
Appendix 3 - G ear Param eters
For purposes o f submitting gear design for review, the following data and parameters may be used as a guide.
Gear manufacturer...................................................... Year o f build........................................................................
Shipyard........................................................................Hull number..........................................................................
Ship's n a m e.................................................................. Shipowner...........................................................................
G ENERAL DATA (1)
Gearing type...................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................... (non reversible, single reduction, double reduction, epicyclic, etc.)
Total gear ratio..............................................................................................................................................................
Manufacturer and type o f the main propulsion plant (or o f the auxiliary machinery)...................................
Power (2)..............................................................kW, (PS, hp) Rotational speed (2)................................ RPM
Maximum input torque for continuous service.......................................................................... N-m, (kgf-m, lbf-ft)
Maximum input rotational speed for continuous service .......................................................................... RPM
Type o f coupling: (stiff coupling, hydraulic or equivalent coupling, high-elasticity coupling, other couplings,
quill shafts, etc.)............................................................................................................................................................
Specified grade o f lubricating o il..............................................................................................................................
Expected oil temperature when operating at the classification power (mean values o f temperature at inlet and
outlet o f reverse and/or reduction gearing)............................................................................................................
Value o f nominal kinematic viscosity, v, at 40C or 50C o f oil temperature...................................(mm2/s)
ABS
183
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

Appendix 3 - Gear Parameters
CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF PINONS AND

WHEELS
Gear drive designation
Transmitted rated power, input in the gear drive kW (mhp, hp) (3)
Rotational speed, input in the gear drive (RPM) (2)
Nominal transverse tangential load at reference
cylinder - N, (kgf, lbf) (4)
Number of teeth of pinion
Number of teeth of wheel
Gear ratio
Center distance - mm (mm, in.)
Facewidth of pinion - mm (mm, in.)
Facewidth of wheel - mm (mm, in.)
Common facewidth - mm (mm, in.)
Overall facewidth, including the gap for double
helical gears - mm (mm, in.)
184
4-3-1A3
First gear
Drive
Second gear
drive
Third gear
drive
Fourth gear
drive
P
n
F,
Z1
Z2
u
a
b1
b2
b
B
The manufacturer can supply values, if available, supported by documents for stress numbers aHHm and Ofe
involved in the formulas for gear strength with respect to the contact stress and with respect to the tooth root
bending stress. See 4-3-1A1/21 and 4-3-1A1/23.
Maximum continuous performance of the machinery for which classification is requested.
It is intended the power mentioned under note (2) or fraction of it in case of divided power.
The nominal transverse tangential load is calculated on the basis of the above mentionedmaximum continuous
performance or on the basis of astern power when it gives a higher torque, in the case of navigation in ice the
nominal transverse tangential load is to be increased as required by 4-3-1A1/9.
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1


WHEELS
Is the wheel an external or an internal teeth gear?
Number of pinions
Number of wheels
Is the wheel an external or an internal teeth gear
Is the pinion an intermediate gear?
Is the wheel an intermediate gear?
Is the carrier stationary or revolving (star or planet
carrier)? (5)
Reference diameter of pinion - mm (mm, in.)
Reference diameter of wheel - mm (mm, in.)
Working pitch diameter of pinion - mm (mm, in.)
Working pitch diameter of wheel - mm (mm, in.)
Tip diameter of pinion - mm (mm, in.)
Tip diameter of wheel - mm (mm, in.)
Base diameter of pinion - mm (mm, in.)
Base diameter of wheel - mm (mm, in.)
Tooth depth of pinion - mm (mm, in.) (6)
Tooth depth of wheel - mm (mm, in.) (6)
Addendum of pinion - mm (mm, in.)
Addendum of wheel - mm (mm, in.)
Addendum of tool refered to normal module for
pinion
Addendum of tool refered to normal module for
wheel
Dedendum of pinion - mm (mm, in.)
Dedendum of wheel - mm (mm, in.)
Dedendum of basic rack [refered to mn(=ha01)] for
pinion
Dedendum of basic rack [refered to mn(=ha02)] for
wheel
Bending moment arm of tooth - mm (mm, in.) (7)
Width of tooth at tooth-root normal chord - mm
(mm, in.) (7 9)
Width of tooth at tooth-root normal chord - mm
(mm, in.) (8)
Angle of application of load at the highest point of
single tooth contact (degrees)
Pressure angle at the highest point of single tooth
contact (degrees)
ABS
4-3-1A3
First gear
drive
Second gear
Drive
Third gear
drive
Fourth gear
drive
d1
d2
dw1
dw2
da1
da2
db1
db2
h1
h2
ha1
ha2
ha01
ha02
hf1
hf2
hfp1
hfp2
hF
hF2
hFa
SFn
SFn2
aFen
aen
Only for epicyclic gears.
Measured from the tip circle (or circle passing through the point of beginning of the fillet at the tooth tip) to the
beginning of the root fillet.
Only for external gears.
Only for internal gears.
Only for bevel gears.
185
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1


WHEELS
Normal module - mm (mm, in.)
Outer normal module - mm (mm, in.)
Transverse module
Addendum modification coefficient of pinion
Addendum modification coefficient of wheel
Addendum modification coefficient refers to the
midsection (9)
Tooth thickness modification coefficient (midface) (9)
Addendum of tool - mm (mm, in.)
Protuberance of tool - mm (mm, in.)
Machining allowances - mm (mm, in.)
Tip radius of tool - mm (mm, in.)
Profile form deviation - mm (mm, in.)
Transverse base pitch deviation - mm (mm, in.)
Root fillet radius at the critical section - mm (mm,
in)
Root radius of basic rack [referred to mn (= pa0)] mm (mm, in.)
Radius of curvature at pitch surface - mm (mm, in.)
Normal pressure angle at reference cylinder (degrees)
Transverse pressure angle at reference cylinder
(degrees)
Transverse pressure angle at working pitch cylinder
(degrees)
Helix angle at reference cylinder (degrees)
Helix angle at base cylinder (degrees)
Transverse contact ratio
Overlap ratio
Total contact ratio
Angle of application of load at the highest point of
single tooth contact (degrees) (9)
Reference cone angle of pinion (degrees) (9)
Reference cone angle of wheel (degrees) (9)
Shaft angle (degrees) (9)
Tip angle of pinion (degrees) (9)
Tip angle of wheel (degrees) (9)
Helix angle at reference cylinder (degrees) (9)
Cone distance pinion. wheel -mm (mm, in.) (9)
Middle cone distance -mm (mm, in.) (9)
9
186
4-3-1A3
First gear
drive
Second gear
drive
Third gear
Drive
Fourth gear
drive
mn
mna
mt
X1
X2
xmn
xsm
ha0
P r0
q
pa0
ffa
fpb
PF
pfP
Pc
aa
at
atw
b
Sa
S
Sy
aFan
1
S
z
Sa1
Sa
m
R
Rm
Only for bevel gears.
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
M A TER IA LS
First gear drive
Pinion: Material grade or specification..................................................................................................................
Complete chemical analysis.......................................................................................................................................
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (10).................................................................... N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lb f/in )
Minimum yield strength (10)...................................................................................... N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lb f/in )
Elongation (A5) ................................................. % Hardness (HB, HV10 or.HRC)...........................................
Heat treatment...............................................................................................................................................................
Description o f teeth surface-hardening...................................................................................................................
Specified surface hardness (HB, HV10 or H R C).........................................

Depth o f hardened layer versus hardness values (if possible in diagram)
Finishing method o f tooth flanks (hobbed, shaved, lapped, ground or shot-peened teeth)
Specified surface roughness RZ or Ra relevant to tooth flank and root fillet...................................

Amount o f tooth flank corrections (tip-relief, end-relief, crowning and helix correction) if any
Specified grade o f accuracy (according to ISO 1328)
Amount o f shrinkage with tolerances specifying the procedure foreseen for shrinking and measures
proposed to ensure the securing o f rims. (11)....................................................................................................
W heel: Material grade or specification..............................................................................................................
Complete chemical analysis.................................................................................................................................
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (10).................................................................... N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lb f/in )

Minimum yield strength (10) ..................................................................................... N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lb f/in )
Elongation (A5) ................................................. % Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC)...........................................
Heat treatm ent..............................................................................................................................................................


ABS
10
Relevant to core of material
11
In case of shrink-fitted pinions, wheel rims or hubs
187
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
Second gear drive

Pinion: Material grade or specification
Complete chemical analysis....................
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (10)....................................................................N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)

Minimum yield strength (10) ..................................................................................... N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lbf/itf)
Elongation (A5)
% Hardness (HB, HV10 orH R C )............................................
Heat treatment...............................................................................................................................................................
Specified surface hardness (HB, HV10 or H R C ).........................................

Specified surface roughness RZ or Ra relevant to tooth flank and root fille t...................................
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (10)....................................................................N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lbf/itf)

Minimum yield strength (10)...................................................................................... N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lbf/itf)
Elongation (A5) ................................................. %; Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC)............................................
Heat treatment...............................................................................................................................................................

188
10
11
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
Third gear drive

Complete chemical analysis..................
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (10)................................................................... N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)

Minimum yield strength (10)..................................................................................... N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lb f/in )
Heat treatment...............................................................................................................................................................


Minimum ultimate tensile strength (10)

N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lb f/in )
Minimum yield strength (10)
N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lb f/in )
Heat treatment...............................................................................................................................................................


ABS
10
11
189
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
Fourth gear drive

Complete chemical analysis....................
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (10)

N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lbf/in2)
Minimum yield strength (10)
N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lbf/itf)
Elongation (A5) ................................................. %; Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC)...........................................
Heat treatment...............................................................................................................................................................

Minimum ultimate tensile strength (10)...............................................................

N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lbf/itf)
Minimum yield strength (10).................................................................................. N/mm2, (kgf/mm2, lbf/itf)
Elongation (A5) ................................................. %; Hardness (HB, HV10 or HRC).............................................
Heat treatment...............................................................................................................................................................

190
10
11

ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
1

4-3-1A3
VARIOUS ITEMS (indicate other elements, if any, in case of particular types of gears)
Date,
ABS
191
PART
4
chapter

M achinery
secti on
Propulsion Shafting
CONTENTS__________________________________
1
ABS
General............................................................................................. 195
1.1
A p p lic a tio n ........................................................................................... 195
1.3
D e fin itio n s .............................................................................................195
1.5
Plans and P articulars to be S u b m itte d .........................................196
Materials........................................................................................... 197
3.1
G e n e ra l................................................................................................. 197
3.3
W e ld a b ility ........................................................................................... 197
3.5
S haft L in e rs.......................................................................................... 197
3.7
M aterial T e s ts ......................................................................................198
Design and Construction...........................................................198

5.1
S haft D ia m e te rs ..................................................................................198
5.3
H ollow S h a fts .......................................................................................199
5.5
A lternative C rite ria .............................................................................199
5.7
K e y ........................................................................................................ 200
5.9
S trengthening fo r N avigation in Ic e .............................................. 201
5.11
Tail S haft Propeller-end D e s ig n .................................................... 201
5.13
Propeller-end S e a l.............................................................................201
5.15
Tail S haft B e a rin g s ........................................................................... 201
5.17
Tail S haft L in e rs ................................................................................. 203
5.19
C ouplings and C oupling B o lts ........................................................ 204
5.21
C ardan S h a ft....................................................................................... 207
Propulsion Shaft Alignment and Vibrations.......................... 207

7.1
G e n e ra l................................................................................................. 207
7.3
S haft A lignm ent C a lc u la tio n s ......................................................... 207
7.5
Torsional V ib ra tio n s .......................................................................... 208
7.7
Axial V ib ra tio n s ...................................................................................210
7.9
Lateral (W hirling) V ib ra tio n s ............................................................210
193
11
Inspection, Testing and Certification...................................... 210

9.1
G e n e ra l................................................................................................. 210
9.3
Material T e s tin g ..................................................................................211
9.5
Propulsion Shafts and A ssociated P a rts .....................................211
9.7
Flexible C ouplings, C lutches, C ardan Shafts, e tc ....................211
Installation and Trials.................................................................. 211

11.1
S haft A lig n m e n t................................................................................. 211
11.3
V ibration M ea su re m e n t....................................................................211
11.5
C irculating C u rre n ts .......................................................................... 212
11.7
Sea T ria l...............................................................................................212
TABLE 1
Shaft Design Factor K for Line Shafts and Thrust

Shafts................................................................................. 199
TABLE 2
Shaft Design Factor K for Tail Shafts and Stern

Tube S h a fts ......................................................................200
TABLE 3
Maximum Values of U to be Used in Shaft

Calculations...................................................................... 200
TABLE 4
Allowable Vibratory Stress for Single

Harm onic.......................................................................... 208
FIGURE 1
Typical Arrangements and Details of Fitting of

Tail Shaft and Propeller.................................................202
194
ABS
PART
4
c h a p t e r

M achinery
s e c t io n
Propulsion Shafting
G en eral
1.1
A p p lic a t io n
This section applies to shafts, couplings, clutches, and other power transmitting components for
propulsion purposes.
Shafts and associated components used for transmission o f power essential for the propulsion o f the
vessel are to be so designed and constructed to withstand the maximum working stresses to which
they may be subjected in all service conditions. Consideration may be given to designs based on
engineering analyses, including fatigue considerations, as an alternative to the provisions o f this
section.
Additional requirements for shafting intended for vessels strengthened for navigation in ice are
provided in Part 6 .
1 .3
D e f i n i t io n s
For the purposes o f using shaft diameter formulas in this section, the following definitions apply.
1.3.1
Tail Shaft
T ail Shaft is the part o f the propulsion shaft aft o f the forward end o f the propeller end
bearing.
1.3 .2
Stern T ube Shaft

Stern Tube Shaft or Tube Shaft is the part o f the propulsion shaft passing through the stern
tube from the forward end o f the propeller end bearing to the in-board shaft seal.
1.3 .3
Line Shaft
Line Shaft is the part o f the propulsion shaft in-board o f the vessel.
1.3 .4
Thrust Shaft
Thrust Shaft is that part o f the propulsion shaft which transmits thrust to the thrust bearing.
ABS
RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS
2002
195
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2
1 .3 .5

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
Oil Distribution Shaft

O il D istribution Shaft is a hollow propulsion shaft where the bore and radial holes are used
for distribution o f hydraulic oil in controllable pitch propeller installations.
1 .5
P l a n s a n d P a r t ic u la r s t o b e S u b m it t e d
The following plans and particulars are to be submitted for review:
1.5.1
For Propulsion Shafting

Shafting arrangement
Rated power o f main engine and shaft rpm
Thrust, line, tube and tail shafts, as applicable
Couplings - integral, demountable, keyed, or shrink-fit, coupling bolts and keys
Engineering analyses and fitting instructions for shrink-fit couplings
Shaft bearings
Stern tube
Shaft seals
Shaft lubricating system
Power take-off to shaft generators, propulsion boosters, or similar equipment, rated 100 kW
(135 hp) and over, as applicable
Materials
1 .5 .2
For C lutches:
Construction details o f torque transmitting components, housing along with their materials
and dimensions.
Rated power and rpm
Engineering analyses
Clutch operating data
1 .5 .3
For Flexible Couplings:

Construction details o f torque transmitting components, housing, along with their dimensions
and materials
Static and dynamic torsional stiffness and damping characteristics
Rated power, torque, and rpm.
Allowable vibratory torque for continuous and transient operation.
Allowable power loss (overheating)
Allowable misalignment for continuous operation
196
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2
1 .5 .4

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
For Cardan S h afts

Dimensions o f all torque transmitting components and their materials
Rated power o f main engine and shaft rpm
Clutch operating data
1 .5 .5
C alculations
Propulsion shaft alignment calculations where propulsion shaft is sensitive to alignment (see
4-3-2/7.3).
Torsional vibration analyses
Axial and lateral (whirling) vibration calculations where there are barred speed ranges within
engine operating speed range
M a te r ia ls
3.1
G eneral
Materials for propulsion shafts, couplings and coupling bolts, keys and clutches are to be o f forged
steel or rolled bars, as appropriate, in accordance with Section 2-3-7 and Section 2-3-8 or other
specifications as may be specially approved with a specific design. Where materials other than those
specified in the Rules are proposed, full details o f chemical composition, heat treatment and
mechanical properties, as appropriate, are to be submitted for approval.
3.1.1
Ultimate T en sile Strength

In general, the minimum specified ultimate tensile strength o f steel used for propulsion
shafting is to be between 400 N/mm2 (40.7 kgf/mm2, 58,000 psi) and 800 N/mm2 (81.5
kgf/mm2, 116,000 psi) .
3 .1 .2
Elongation
Material with elongation (Lo/d = 4) o f less than 16% is not to be used for any shafting
component, with the exception that material for non-fitted alloy steel coupling bolts
manufactured to a recognized standard may have elongation o f not less than 10%.
3 .3
W e ld a b ilit y
Where repair by welding or where cladding by welding is contemplated, steel used for propulsion
shafts is to contain 0.35% or less carbon content, unless specially approved, see 2-3-7/1.1.2. For
approval o f welding o f shaft, refer to G uide f o r R e p a ir a n d C la d d in g o f Shafts, 1980.
3 .5
S h a f t L in e r s
Liners may be o f bronze, stainless steel or other approved alloys and are to be free from porosity and
other defects. Continuous liners are to be in one piece or, if made o f two or more lengths, the joining
o f the separate pieces is to be done by an approved method o f welding through not less than twothirds the thickness o f the liner or by an approved rubber seal arrangement.
ABS
197
Part
Chapter
Section
3 .7
4
3
2

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
M a te r ia l T e s t s
3.7.1
G eneral
Materials for all torque-transmitting parts, including shafts, clutches, couplings, coupling
bolts and keys are to be tested in the presence o f the Surveyor. The materials are to meet the
specifications o f 2-3-7/9, 2-3-7/11 and 2-3-8/3 or other specifications approved in connection
with the design.
3 .7 .2
Alternative T est R equirem ents

3.7.2(a) 3 75 k W (500 hp) or less. Materials for parts transmitting 375 kW (500 hp) or less
may be accepted by the Surveyor based on verification o f manufacturers certification and
witnessed hardness check.
3.7.2(b) C oupling bolts. Coupling bolts manufactured and marked to a recognized standard
w ill not require material testing.
3 .7 .3
In spections and N on-destructive T e sts

Shafting and couplings are to be surface examined by the Surveyor.
Forgings for tail shafts 455 mm (18 in.) and over in finished diameter are to be ultrasonically
examined in accordance with 2-3-7/1.13.2. Tail shafts in the finished machine condition are to
be subjected to magnetic particle, dye penetrant or other non-destructive examinations. They
are to be free o f linear discontinuities greater than 3.2 mm (i/ 8 in.) except that in the following
locations, the shafts are to be free o f all linear discontinuities:
3.7.3(a) T ap ered ta il shafts: the forward one-third length o f the taper, including the forward
end o f any keyway and an equal length o f the parallel part o f the shaft immediately forward o f
the taper.
3.7.3(b) F lan ged ta il shafts: the flange fillet area.
D e s ig n
an d
5 .1
S h a ft D ia m e te r s
C o n s tr u c tio n
The minimum diameter o f propulsion shafting is to be determined by the follow ing equation.
D = 100K 3
c1
U + C2 y
where
198
required solid shaft diameter, except hollow shaft; mm (mm, in)
power at rated speed; kW (PS, hp) (1 PS = 735W; 1 hp = 746W)
shaft design factor, see 4-3-2/Table 1 or 4-3-2/Table 2
rated speed rpm
minimum specified ultimate tensile strength o f shaft material (regardless o f

the actual minimum specified tensile strength o f the material, the value o f U
used in these calculations is not to exceed that indicated in 4-3-2/Table 3;
N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
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4-3-2
c 1 and c2 are given below:

SI units
M K S units
U S units
560
41.95
3.695
160
16.3
23180
C2
5 .3
H o ll o w S h a f t s
For hollow shafts where the bore exceeds 40% o f the outside diameter, the minimum outside shaft
diameter is not to be less than that determined through successive approximation utilizing the
following equation.
D
Do =
3 1VD o ;
where
5 .5
Do
required outer diameter o f shaft; mm (mm, in).
solid shaft diameter required by 4-3-2/5.1; mm (mm, in).
D:
actual inner diameter o f shaft; mm (mm, in).
A lt e r n a t iv e C r ite r ia
As an alternative to the design equations shown in 4-3-2/5.1 and 4-3-2/5.3, shafting design may be
considered for approval on the basis o f axial and torsional loads to be transmitted, bending moment
and resistance against fatigue. A detailed stress analysis showing a factor o f safety o f at least 2.0 for
fatigue failure is to be submitted for approval with all supporting data.
TABLE 1
Shaft Design Factor K for Line Shafts and Thrust Shafts
Design features 1
Propulsion
drives
Integral
flange
Shrinkfit
coupling
Keyways
Radial
holes,
transverse
holes
Longitu
dinal
slots
On both
sides of
thrust
collars
In way of
axial
bearings
used as
thrust
bearings
Type A
0.95
0.95
1.045
1.045
1.14
1.045
1.045
Type B
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
Type A: Turbine drives; electric drives; diesel drive through slip couplings (electric or hydraulic).
Type B: All other diesel drives.
Straight
sections
0.95
1.0
Notes
1
2
3
4
5
ABS
Geometric features other than those listed will be specially considered.

After a length of not less than 0.2D from the end of the keyway, the shaft diameter may be reduced to
the diameter calculated for straight sections.
Fillet radii in the transverse section of the keyway are not to be less than 0.0125D.
Diameter of bore not more than 0.3D.
Length of the slot not more than 1.4D, width of slot not more than 0.2D, whereby D is calculated
with K = 1.0.
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4-3-2
TABLE 2
Shaft Design Factor K for Tail Shafts and Stern Tube Shafts (See Note 1)
Tail shafts: propeller attachment method
Keyless attachment
Keyed (3)
Flanged (5)
by shrink fit (4)
1.26
1.22
1.22
Propulsion
drive
Stern tube
Configuration
Stern tube
shafts (7)(8)
All
Oil lubricated bearings
All
Water lubricated bearings:

continuous shaft liners or
equivalent (see 4-3-2/3.9.6)
1.26
1.22
1.22
1.15
All
Water lubricated bearings: noncontinuous shaft liners (6)
1.29
1.25
1.25
1.18
1.15
Notes
Tail shaft may be reduced to stern tube shaft diameter forward of the bearing supporting the
propeller, and the stern tube shaft reduced to line shaft diameter inboard of the forward stern tube
seal.
Other attachments are subject to special consideration.
Fillet radii in the transverse section at the bottom of the keyway are not to be less than 0.0125D.
See also 4-3-2/5.11 and 4-3-3/5.15.3.
For flange fillet radii and flange thickness, see 4-3-2/5.19.3.
For Great Lakes Service K factor corresponding to continuous liner configuration may be used.
K factor applies to shafting between the forward edge of the propeller-end bearing and the inboard
stern tube seal.
Where keyed couplings are fitted on stern tube shaft, the shaft diameters are to be increased by 10%
in way of the coupling. See Note 2 of 4-3-2/Table 1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TABLE 3
Maximum Values of U to be Used in Shaft Calculations
1.
2.
3.
5 .7
For all shafts except tail shafts and tube shafts stated in 2
and 3 below.
For tail shafts and tube shafts in oil lubricated bearings or in
saltwater lubricated bearings but fitted with continuous liner
or equivalent (see 4-3-2/5.17.6).
For tail shafts and tube shafts in saltwater lubricated
bearings fitted with non-continuous liners.
SI units
MKS units
US units
N/mm2
kgf/mm2
psi
800
81.5
116,000
600
61.2
87,000
415
42.2
60,000
K ey (2 0 0 1 )
In general, the key material is to be o f equal or higher strength than the shaft material. The effective
area o f the key in shear is to be not less than A given below. The effective area is to be the gross area
subtracted by materials removed by saw cuts, set screw holes, chamfer, etc., and is to exclude the
portion o f the key in way o f spooning o f the key way.
A =
5.1rm Yk
where
shear area o f key; mm2 (mm2, in2)
200
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Propulsion Shafting
line shaft diameter; mm (mm, in); as determined by 4-3-2/5.1
rm
shaft radius at mid-length o f the key; mm (mm, in).
YS
specified yield strength o f shaft material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
yk
specified yield strength o f key material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
4-3-2
S t r e n g t h e n i n g f o r N a v ig a t io n in I c e
For vessels to be assigned with Ice Class notations, shafting is to be designed in accordance with
6-1-1/55 or 6-1-2/33.
5 .1 1
T ail S h a f t P r o p e l l e r - e n d D e s i g n
Tail shafts are to be provided with an accurate taper fit in the propeller hub, particular attention being
given to the fit at the large end o f the taper. In general the actual contact area is to be at least 70% o f
the theoretical contact area. The key is to fit tightly in the keyway and be o f sufficient size (see
4-3-2/5.7) to transmit the full torque o f the shaft, but it is not to extend into the propeller hub
counterbore (to accommodate the liner) on the forward side o f the propeller hub. The forward end o f
the keyway is to be so cut in the shaft as to give a gradual rise from the bottom o f the keyway to the
surface o f the shaft (see 4-3-2/Figure 1). Ample fillets (see Note 2 o f 4-3-2/Table 1) are to be
provided in the corners o f the keyway and, in general, stress concentrations are to be reduced as far as
practicable.
5 .1 3
P r o p e lle r -e n d S e a l
Effective means are to be provided to prevent water having access to the shaft at the part between the
after end o f the liner and the propeller hub and between the shaft and the propeller. See typical sealing
arrangements in 4-3-2/Figure 1. See also 4-3-3/9.5.
5 .1 5
T ail S h a f t B e a r i n g s
5.15.1 W ater-lubricated B earings
The length o f the bearing, next to and supporting the propeller, is to be not less than four
times the required tail-shaft diameter. However, for bearings o f rubber, reinforced resins, or
plastic materials, the length o f the bearing, next to and supporting the propeller, may be less
than four times, but not less than two times the required tail shaft diameter, provided the
bearing design is being substantiated by experimental tests to the satisfaction o f the Bureau.
5 .1 5 .2 Oil-lubricated B earings
5.15.2(a) White m etal. The length o f white-metal-lined, oil-lubricated propeller-end bearings
fitted with an approved oil-seal gland is to be not less than two times the required tail shaft
diameter. The length o f the bearing may be reduced provided the nominal bearing pressure is
not more than 0.80 N/mm2 (0.0815 kgf/mm2, 116 psi) as determined by static bearing reaction
calculation taking into account shaft and propeller weight which is deemed to be exerted
solely on the aft bearing, divided by the projected area o f the bearing surface. The minimum
length, however, is not to be less than 1.5 times the actual diameter.
ABS
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4-3-2
FIGURE 1
Typical Arrangements and Details of Fitting of Tail Shaft and Propeller
T ypical Spooning o f K eyw ay in P ropeller Shaft
( -----V -----
1 2 --- : Q )i
Section E-E
D <1
/
B
A
' E
i i
tU i i
A B * I '
C
I
_
D *
202
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4-3-2
5.15.2(b) Synthetic m aterial. The length o f synthetic rubber, reinforced resin or plastic oil
lubricated propeller end bearings fitted with an approved oil-seal gland is to be not less than two
times the required tail shaft diameter. The length of bearing may be reduced provided the nominal
bearing pressure is not more than 0.60 N/mm2 (0.0611 kgf/mm2, 87 psi) as determined by static
bearing reaction calculation taking into account shaft and propeller weight which is deemed to be
exerted solely on the aft bearing, divided by the projected area o f the bearing surface. The
minimum length, however, is not to be less than 1.5 times the actual diameter. Where the material
has demonstrated satisfactory testing and operating experience, consideration may be given to
increased bearing pressure.
The length o f oil-lubricated cast iron or bronze bearings which

are fitted with an approved oil-seal gland is to be not less than four times the required tail shaft
diameter.
5.15.2(c) C ast iron o r bronze.
5.15.2(d) Stern tube bearing o il lubricatin g system sam plin g arrangem ent. (2001) An
arrangement for readily obtaining accurate oil samples is to be provided. The sampling point
is to be taken from the lowest point in the oil lubricating system, as far as practicable. Also,
the arrangements are to be such as to permit the effective removal o f contaminants from the
oil lubricating system.
5 .1 5 .3 G rease-lubricated B earings
The length o f grease-lubricated bearings is to be not less than four times the diameter o f the
required tail shaft diameter.
5 .1 7
T ail S h a f t L in e r s
5.17.1 T h ick n ess at B earings
The thickness o f bronze liners to be fitted to tail shafts or tube shafts
is not to be less than that given by the following equation.
5.17.1(a) B ronze liner.
T
t = ----- +5.1 mm
or
25
T
t = ----- + 0.2 in
25
where
t
thickness o f liner; mm (mm, in).
required diameter o f tail shaft; mm (mm, in).
The thickness o f stainless steel liners to be fitted to tail shafts

or tube shafts is not to be less than one-half that required for bronze liners or
6.5 mm (0.25 in), whichever is greater.
5.17.1(b) S tain less ste e l liner.
5 .1 7 .2 T h ick n ess B etw een B earings

The thickness o f a continuous bronze liner between bearings is to be not less than threefourths o f the thickness required in way o f bearings.
5 .1 7 .3 Liner Fitting
All liners are to be carefully shrunk or forced upon the shaft by pressure and they are not to be
secured by pins. If the liner does not fit the shaft tightly between the bearing portions, the
space between the shaft and liner is to be filled by pressure with an insoluble non-corrosive
compound.
ABS
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4-3-2
5 .1 7 .4 G la ss R einforced P lastic Coating

Glass reinforced plastic coatings may be fitted on propulsion shafting when applied by an
approved procedure to the satisfaction o f the Surveyor. Such coatings are to consist o f at least
four plies o f cross-woven glass tape impregnated with resin, or an equivalent process. Prior to
coating, the shaft is to be cleaned with a suitable solvent and grit-blasted. The shaft is to be
examined prior to coating and the first layer is to be applied in the presence o f the Surveyor.
Subsequent to coating, the finished shaft is to be subjected to a spark test or equivalent to
verify freedom from porosity to the satisfaction o f the Surveyor. In all cases where reinforced
plastic coatings are employed, effective means are to be provided to prevent water gain access
to the metal o f the shaft. Provisions are to be made for over-lapping and adequately bonding
the coating to fitted or clad liners. The end o f the liner is to be stepped and tapered as required
to protect the end o f the wrapping.
5 .1 7 .5 S ta in le ss S te e l Cladding
Stainless steel cladding o f shafts is to be carried out in accordance with the G uide f o r R ep a ir
a n d C laddin g o f Shafts.
5 .1 7 .6 C ontinuous Liner or Equivalent

Stainless steel cladding in 4-3-2/5.17.5 and metallic liners in 4-3-2/5.17.1 if o f noncontinuous construction but if exposed shaft is protected with fiber glass reinforced plastic
coating in accordance with 4-3-2/5.17.4 may be credited as continuous liners for purposes
of
determining required tail shaft and tube shaft diameters (see 4-3-2/5.1 and 4-3-2/5.3),
and
periodical tail shaft survey (see 7-2-2/Table 1).
5 .1 9
C o u p lin g s a n d C o u p lin g B o lts

5.19.1 Fitted Bolts
The minimum diameter o f accurately fitted shaft coupling bolts is to be determined by the
following equation. The accuracy o f fit is to be zero or negative clearance.
d b = 0.65,
D 3 (U + c )
NBUb
where
B
bolt circle diameter; mm (mm, in).
constant, as given below
204
SI unit
M K S unit
U S unit
160
16.3
23,180
db
diameter o f bolt at joints; mm (mm, in)
required diameter o f line shaft (see 4-3-2/5.1); mm (mm, in)
number o f bolts fitted in one coupling
minimum specified tensile strength o f shaft material asdefined in

4-3-2/5.1; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)
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Ub
4-3-2
minimum specified tensile strength o f bolt material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2,

psi), subject to the following conditions:
Selected bolt material is to have minimum specified tensile strength U b at least equal to U.
Regardless o f the actual minimum tensile strength, the value o f Ub used in these calculations
is not to exceed 1.7U nor 1000 N/mm2 (102 kgf/mm2, 145,000 psi).
5 .1 9 .2 Non-fitted Bolts
The diameter o f pre-stressed non-fitted coupling bolts w ill be considered upon the submittal
o f detailed preloading and stress calculations and fitting instructions. The tensile stress o f the
bolt due to prestressing and astern pull is not to exceed 90% o f the minimum specified yield
strength o f the bolt material. In addition, the bearing stress on any member such as the flange,
bolt head, threads or nut is not to exceed 90% o f the minimum specified yield strength o f the
material o f that member.
For calculation purpose, to take account o f torsional vibratory torque, the following factors
may be applied to the transmitted main torque, unless the actual measured vibratory torque is
higher, in which case, the actual vibratory torque is to be used:
for direct diesel engine drives: 1.2 ;
for all other drives and for diesel engine drives with elastic coupling: 1.0.
5.19.2(a) Torque transm ission b y frictio n . Where torque is to be transmitted by friction
provided by prestressed non-fitted bolts only and the bolts are under pure tension, the factor
o f safety against slip under the worst operating conditions, including mean transmitted torque
plus torque due to torsional vibration, is to be at least as follows:
inaccessible couplings (external to the hull or not readily accessible): 2 .8;

accessible couplings (internal to the hull): 2 .0.
5.19.2(b) Torque transm ission b y co m b in ed frictio n a n d shear.
Where torque is to be
transmitted by combination o f fitted bolts and prestressed non-fitted bolts, the components are
to meet the following criteria:
fitted bolts: the shear stress under the maximum torque corresponding to the worst
loaded condition, is to be not more than 50% o f the minimum specified tensile yield
strength o f the bolt material;
non-fitted bolts: the factor o f safety against slip, under the maximum torque
corresponding to the worst loaded condition and the specified bolt tension, is to be at
least 1.6 for inaccessible couplings and 1.1 for accessible couplings.
5.19.2(c) Torque transm ission b y dow els. Dowels connecting the tail shaft flange to the
controllable pitch propeller hub, utilized with prestressed non-fitted bolts to transmit torque,
are considered equivalent to fitted bolts and are to comply with 4-3-2/5.19.1 and, if
applicable, 4-3-2/5.19.2(b). The dowels are to be accurately fitted and effectively secured
against axial movement.
5 .1 9 .3 F la n g es
5.19.3(a) F lange thickness. The thickness o f coupling flanges integral to the shaft is not to
be less than the minimum required diameter o f the coupling bolts or 0.2D, where D is as
defined in 4-3-2/5.1, whichever is greater.
The fillet radius at the base o f a coupling flange is not to be less than 0.08 times the actual
shaft diameter. Consideration w ill be given to fillets o f multiple radii design; such fillet is
normally to have a cross-sectional area not less than that o f a required single-radius fillet. In
general, the surface finish for fillet radii is not to be rougher than 1.6 |um (63 |uin.) RMS.
Alternatively 1.6 |um CLA (center line average) may be accepted.
ABS
205
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Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
5.19.3(b) F lange thickness - connection to con trollable p itc h p ro p eller.

The thickness o f
coupling flange integral to the tail shaft for connection to the forward face o f controllable
pitch propeller hub is to be not less than 0.25D, where D is as defined in 4-3-2/5.1.
For the tail shaft flange supporting the propeller the fillet radius at the base o f the flange is to
be at least 0.125D. Special consideration w ill be given to fillets o f multiple-radius design; see
4-3-2/5.19.3(a). The fillet radius is to be accessible for non-destructive examination during
tail shaft surveys. See 7-2-5/1.3.
5 .1 9 .4 D em ou ntable C ouplings
The strength o f demountable couplings and keys is to be equivalent to that o f the shaft.
Couplings are to be accurately fitted to the shaft. Where necessary, provisions for resisting
thrust loading are to be provided.
Hydraulic and other shrink fit couplings w ill be specially considered upon submittal of
detailed preload and stress calculations and fitting instructions. In general, the torsional
holding capacity under nominal working conditions and based on the minimum available
interference fit (or minimum pull-up length) is to be at least 2.8 times the transmitted mean
torque plus torque due to torsional vibration (see 4-3-2/5.19.2) for inaccessible couplings
(external to the hull or not readily accessible). This factor may be reduced to 2.0 times for
accessible couplings (internal to the hull). The preload stress under nominal working
conditions and based on the maximum available interference fit (or maximum pull-up length)
is not to exceed 70% o f the minimum specified yield strength.
The following friction coefficients are to be used:
oil injection method o f fit: 0.13;
dry method o f fit: 0.18.
5 .1 9 .5 Flexible C ouplings
Flexible couplings intended for used in propulsion shafting are to be o f
approved designs. Couplings are to be designed for the rated torque, fatigue, and avoidance o f
overheating. Where elastomeric material is used as a torque-transmitting component, it is to
withstand environmental and service conditions over the design life o f the coupling, taking
into consideration the full range o f maximum to minimum vibratory torque. Flexible coupling
design w ill be evaluated based on submitted engineering analyses.
5.19.5(a) D esign.
5.19.5(b) T orsional displacem en t lim iter. Flexible couplings with elastomer or spring type
flexible members, whose failure w ill lead to total loss o f propulsion capability o f the vessel,
such as that used in the line shaft o f a single propeller vessel, are to be provided with torsional
displacement limiter. The device is to lock the coupling or prevent excessive torsional
displacement when pre-determined torsional displacement limit is exceeded. Operation o f the
vessel under such circumstances may be at reduced power provided alarms. Warning notices
for such reduced power are given at all propulsion control stations.
Conditions where the allowable vibratory torque or the allowable

dissipated power may be exceeded under the normal operating range o f the engine are to be
identified and are to be marked as a barred range to avoid continuous operation within this
range.
5.19.5(c) B a rre d range.
5.19.5(d) D ie se l gen erators. Flexible couplings for diesel generator sets are to be capable of
absorbing short time impact torque due to electrical short-circuit conditions up to 6 (six) times the
nominal torque.
206
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4-3-2
5 .1 9 .6 C lu tch es (2 0 0 2 )
5.19.6(a) D esign. Clutches intended for use in propulsion shafting are to be o f approved
design. They are to be designed to transmit the maximum power at rated speed. The minimum
service factor, determined by the ratio o f the clutch static holding capacity to the rated torque,
is to be as follows:
Clutch design type
Minimum service factor
Drum-type clutch or Disc type, air-actuated, air cooled clutches

Shafting system fitted with fixed pitch propeller
Shafting system fitted with fixed pitch propeller and shaft brake
Shafting system fitted with controllable pitch propeller
Hydraulically-actuated, oil cooled multiple-plate clutches
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
The minimum service factor w ill be required to be increased if the shafting vibratory torque is
excessive, clutch thermal capacity is exceeded because o f frequent clutch engagements during
vessel operations, the clutch shoe material used has limited service experience, or the clutch
w ill be allowed to slip during vessel operations. Calculations are to be submitted for review.
5.19.6(b) System arrangem ents. Arrangements are to be made such that, in the event o f
failure o f the clutch actuating system, each clutch remains capable o f being engaged and
transmitting an adequate power considered necessary for propulsion and maneuvering o f the
vessel.
5.19.6(c) C oupling bolts. Coupling bolts are to comply with 4-3-2/5.19.1 and 4-3-2/5.19.2 |
and are to be o f sufficient strength to support the weight o f the elements as w ell as to transmit
all necessary forces.
5 .1 9 .7 Locking A rrangem ent

After assembly all coupling bolts and associated nuts are to be fitted with locking
arrangement.
5 .2 1
C ard an S h a ft
Cardan shafts are to be designed in accordance with the equation for propulsion shaft in 4-3-2/5.1 and
flanges and bolts are to be in accordance with 4-3-2/5.19.1, 4-3-2/5.19.2 and 4-3-2/5.19.3. The design
o f splines, yokes and cross-members are to be evaluated based on engineering analyses which are to
be submitted for review. Where applicable, the cardan shaft assembly is to contain provisions for
bearing thrust or pull from the propeller.
P r o p u ls io n S h a ft
7.1
G eneral
A lig n m e n t a n d V ib r a tio n s
In addition to the design requirements addressed above, considerations are to be given to additional
stresses in the shafting system given rise to by shaft alignment in relation to location and spacing o f
the shaft bearings, and by axial, lateral and torsional vibrations.
7 .3
S h a ft A lig n m e n tC a lc u la tio n s
In general, shaft alignment calculations are to be submitted for reference. Specifically, the following
alignment-sensitive types o f installation are to be submitted for review:
ABS
i)
Propulsion shafting with reduction gears where the bull gear is driven by two or more ahead
pinions.
ii)
Propulsion shafting with power take-off or with booster power arrangements.
207
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iii)

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
Propulsion shafting for which the tail shaft bearings are to be bored sloped.
The alignment calculations are to include bearing reactions, shear forces and bending moments along
the shafting.
The alignment calculations are to be performed for the following conditions, as applicable:
Theoretically aligned cold and hot conditions o f the shaft with specified alignment tolerances.
Deviation from the theoretical aligned conditions due to the forces exerted by power take-off
or booster power.
Calculations are to be performed for the maximum allowable alignment tolerances and are to show
that:
Bearing loads under all operating conditions are within the acceptable limits specified by the
bearing manufacturer.
Bearing reactions are always positive (i.e. supporting the shaft).
Shear forces and bending moments on the shaft are within acceptable limits in association
with other stresses in the shaft.
Forces and moments on propulsion equipment are within the limits specified by the
machinery manufacturers.
7 .5
T o r s io n a l V ib r a t io n s
7.5.1
A llow able S tr e ss for Sin gle Harmonic

The torsional vibration stress in propulsion shafting system, including couplings, gears, power
take-off for driving auxiliaries, clutches, dampers, etc., due to a single harmonic excitation
factor at the resonant peak, is not to exceed the allowable vibratory stress, S , given in
4-3-2/Table 4.
TABLE 4
Allowable Vibratory Stress for Single Harmonic
SI units
S = allowable
vibratory stress
U = minimum tensile
strength of shaft
material
CK = shaft design
factor
CD = size factor
MKS units
U +18160 CKCDCr
K D r N/mm2
To be taken as not more than

600 N/mm2 (see Note)
Ck CdCr kgf/mm2

61.2 kgf/mm2(see Note)

87,000 psi (see Note)
1.0 for line shaft with integral coupling flanges or shrink fit couplings.
0.85 for thrust shafts external to engines, on both sides of thrust collar or in way of roller thrust
bearings.
0.60 for line shafts with keyways.
0.55 for tail shafts, tube shafts and crank shafts.
Other shafts will be subject to special consideration.
0.487
0.35 + 0
0.35 +
0.35 + ,
-
5jd
d = actual shaft
US units
U + 23180 C C C
.
18
CKCDCr ps1
Ud
mm
mm
Ud
in.
diameter
Cr = speed ratio
3 - 2X2 for X< 0.9 1.38 for 0.9 < X< 1.05
factor
Critical speed (RPM) at which vibratory stress is calculated
rated speed (RPM)
Note:
208
Regardless of the actual minimum specified tensile strength of the shaft (tail shaft, tube shaft and line shaft, as
applicable) material, the value of U used in these calculations is not to exceed the values indicated. Higher value of U,
but not exceeding 800 N/mm2, ( 81.5 kgf/mm2, 116,000 psi) may be specially considered for line shaft.
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2
7 .5 .2

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
Limit for Total Vibratory S tr ess

Total vibratory stress in the interval from 90% to 105% o f rated speed due to resonant
harmonics and the dynamically magnified parts o f significant non-resonant harmonics is not
to exceed 150% o f the allowable stress for a single harmonic excitation factor.
7 .5 .3
O peration B elow R ated S p e e d

Where the service is such that the vessel w ill operate for a significant portion o f life at speeds
below 90% o f rated speed, the stress limits in the interval X = 0.9 to X = 1.05 as shown in
4-3-2/7.5.2 are to be used in such speed ranges.
7 .5 .4
S p ecific Installations
7.5.4(a) D ie se l engine installations. For diesel engine installations, vibratory stresses are to
be calculated with any one cylinder not firing and the calculations are to be submitted for
information.
7.5.4(b) Sim ilar installations.
If torsional critical-speed arrangements are similar to
previously approved installations, which have been proven by service experience,
consideration w ill be given to higher stresses upon submittal o f full details.
7 .5 .5
Barred S p e e d R a n g e s
When torsional vibratory stresses exceed the foregoing limits, at an rpm within the operating
range but less than 80% o f rated speed, a barred range is to be provided. The allowable
vibratory stress in a barred range due to the alternating torsional vibrations is not to exceed
the values given by the following:
1 7S
S2 = ^ =
for X < 0.8
where
S2
allowable vibratory stress within a barred range, N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi.)
X , S, Ck are as defined in 4-3-2/7.5.1.
Barred ranges are not acceptable in the speed range between 0.8 and 1.05 o f the rated speed.
The existence o f a barred range at speeds less than 0.8 o f the rated speed is to be considered in
establishing standard operating speeds for the vessel. The width o f the barred range is to take
into consideration the breadth and severity o f the critical speed but is not to be less than the
follow ing limits:
16nc ^
c n i
18-X
and
(18 -X )n c
TT ~ < nu
16
where nc = critical speed; ne = lower limit; nu = upper limit; and X is as defined in

4-3-2/Table 4.
7 .5 .6
Marking of T ach om eter and Alarms

Where a barred speed range is identified as in 4-3-2/7.5.5, the tachometer is to be marked and
a warning notice is to be displayed at all propulsion control stations (local and remote) to
caution that operation in the barred range is to be avoided except for passing through. Where
remote propulsion control is fitted on the navigating bridge or where a centralized control
station is fitted, means are to be provided at these remote propulsion control stations to alert
the operator o f any operation o f the propulsion drive within the barred range. This may be
achieved by a visual display or alarm.
ABS
209
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2
7 .5 .7

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
Other E ffects
Because critical torsional vibration has deleterious effects other than shafting fatigue, the
limits in 4-3-2/7.5.2 are not intended for direct application as design factors, and it is desirable
that the service range above 90% o f rated speed be kept clear o f torsional critical speeds
insofar as practicable.
7 .5 .8
Torsiograph T e sts
When the calculation indicates that criticals occur within the operating range, whose severity
approaches or exceeds the limits in 4-3-2/7.5.2, torsiograph tests may be required to verify the
calculations and to assist in determining ranges o f restricted operation.
7 .5 .9
Vibration D am pers
When torsional vibratory stresses exceed the limits in 4-3-2/7.5.2 and a barred range is not
acceptable, the propulsion system is to be redesigned, or vibration dampers are to be fitted to
reduce the stresses.
7 .5 .1 0 G ears
When the propeller is driven through reduction gear, or when geared booster power or power
take-off is provided, a barred range is to be provided at the acceptable critical speed if gear
tooth chatter occurs during continuous operation at this speed.
7 .7
A x ia l V ib r a t io n s
The designer or the builder is to evaluate the shafting system to ensure that axial vibration
characteristics in association with diesel engine or propeller blade-rate frequency forces w ill not result
in deleterious effects throughout the engine operating speed range, with consideration also given to
the possibility o f the coupling o f torsional and axial vibration, unless experience with similar shafting
system installations makes it unnecessary. The axial vibrations may be controlled by axial vibration
detuners to change the natural frequency o f the system or by axial vibration dampers to limit the
amplitude o f axial vibrations to an acceptable level.
When on basis o f axial vibration calculations the designer or builder proposed to provide barred speed
ranges within the engine operating speed range, the calculations are to be submitted for information.
The barred speed ranges due to axial vibrations are to be verified and established by measurement.
7 .9
L a te r a l (W h ir lin g ) V ib r a t io n s
The designer or the builder is to evaluate the shafting system to ensure that the amplitudes o f lateral
(whirling) vibration are o f acceptable magnitude throughout the engine operating speed range, unless
experience with similar shafting system installations makes it unnecessary.
When on basis o f lateral vibration calculations the designer or builder proposed to provide barred
speed ranges within the engine operating speed range, the calculations are to be submitted for
information. The barred speed ranges due to lateral vibration are to be verified and established by
measurement.
I n s p e c tio n , T e s tin g
9 .1
G eneral
an d
C e r tific a tio n
Shafting components are to be inspected, tested and certified by a Surveyor at the plant o f the
manufacturer in accordance with the following requirements.
210
ABS
Part
Chapter
Section
9 .3
4
3
2

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
M a te r ia l T e s t i n g
For testing o f shafting component materials see 4-3-2/3.7.
9 .5
P r o p u ls io n S h a f t s a n d A s s o c ia t e d P a r ts
9.5.1
P ow er Transmitting Parts
All propulsion shafts and associated parts, such as coupling bolts, are to be visually examined
for surface flaws, out o f roundness, straightness, and dimensional tolerances. The Surveyor in
case o f doubts may require additional non-destructive testing. See 4-3-2/3.7.3 for tailshaft
requirements.
9 .5 .2
Liners
Shaft liners are to prove tight under hydrostatic test o f 1.0 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 15 psi). After
assembly, the fit o f the liner to the shaft is to be checked for freedom from voids. Any void in
way o f bearings is to be dealt with as in 4-3-2/5.17.3.
9 .7
F le x ib le C o u p l i n g s , C l u t c h e s , C a r d a n S h a f t s , e t c .
Manufactured torque transmitting parts, such as flexible couplings, clutches (independent o f the gear
assembly), cardan shafts, etc. are to be inspected, tested, and certified by a Surveyor at the plant o f
manufacture. Alternatively, these parts may be certified under Type Approval Program (see
1-1-4/3.7).
11
I n s ta lla tio n
a n d T r ia ls
1 1 .1
S h a f t A li g n m e n t
11.1.1 Alignm ent
Shaft alignment is to be carried out in the presence o f a Surveyor. Alignment is normally to be
verified in the afloat condition with superstructure in place. When alignment calculations are
required to be submitted in accordance with 4-3-2/7.3, the alignment calculated data are to be
verified and recorded by appropriate measurement procedures in the presence and to the
satisfaction o f a Surveyor.
11. 1. 2 C ast R esin C h ocks
Resin chocks intended for chocking o f shaft bearing foundation or stern tube are to be o f an
approved type (see 1-1-A3/5 for type approval). Resin chocks are not to be relied upon to
maintain watertight integrity o f the hull, or the oiltight integrity o f the lubricating oil system.
Accordingly direct contact o f resin chocks with water or oil is to be avoided. Where used, the
arrangements and installation procedures are to be in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations. Arrangements o f the proposed installation, along with installation
parameters such as deadweight, holding-down bolt tightening torque, etc., and calculations
showing that the manufacturers specified allowable pressure is not exceeded, are to be
submitted for review in each case.
11.3
V ib r a t io n M e a s u r e m e n t
11.3.1 Torsional Vibration
Where torsiograph measurement is required as per 4-3-2/7.5.8, the measurement is to be taken
in the presence o f a Surveyor.
ABS
2002
211
Part
Chapter
Section
4
3
2

Propulsion Shafting
4-3-2
When a barred speed range is provided in accordance with 4-3-2/7.5.5, tachometer marking,
warning notice, and alarms at remote control stations (where fitted) as described in
4-3-2/7.5.6 are to be fitted.
Electronic speed regulating devices may be preset to step-pass the barred range in addition to
the warning notice.
When the propeller is driven through reduction gears, the Surveyor is to ascertain that no
gear-tooth chatter occurs throughout the operating range; otherwise a barred speed range as
per 4-3-2/7.5.5 is to be provided; see 4-3-2/7.5.10.
11. 3. 2
Axial and Lateral Vibrations

When calculations indicate that barred speed ranges are present as per 4-3-2/7.7 and
4-3-2/7.9, these barred speed ranges are to be verified and recorded by appropriate
measurement procedures in the presence and to the satisfaction o f a Surveyor.
11.5
C ir c u la t in g C u r r e n t s
Where means are provided to prevent circulating currents from passing between the propeller, shaft
and the hull, a warning notice plate is to be provided in a visible place cautioning against the removal
o f such protection.
11.7
S e a T rial
The shafting installation is to be tested during sea trials under various maneuvering conditions. It is to
be free from dangerous vibration and to the satisfaction o f the Surveyor.
212
ABS
2002

Calcolo Ingranaggi Iso 9336 ABS Part 4 Ottimo

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ABS

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING

American Bureau of Shipping

Propulsion & Maneuvering

M a te ria ls ............................................................................ 112

Piping S ystem s fo r G e a r s ............................................ 116

Testing, Inspection and C ertification o f G e a rs

Propulsion S hafting................................................... 193

M a te ria ls ............................................................................ 197

D esign and C o n s tru c tio n ...............................................198

Propulsion S haft A lignm ent and V ib ra tio n s

Inspection, Testing and C e rtific a tio n .........................210

Installation and T ria ls .....................................................211

D e sig n ................................................................................ 217

C e rtific a tio n ...................................................................... 228

Installation, Tests and T r ia l..........................................228

System A rra n g e m e n ts................................................... 236

M echanical C om ponent D e s ig n ................................. 237

C ontrol S y ste m s .............................................................. 243

In s tru m e n ta tio n ............................................................... 244

C e rtific a tio n ...................................................................... 244

A B S RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 2002

Installation, Tests and T r ia ls ........................................ 245

A dditional R equirem ents for P assenger

A dditional R equirem ents fo r Oil or Fuel Oil

M a te ria ls ............................................................................ 255

C ontrols and In stru m e n ta tio n .......................................260

M iscellaneous R equirem ents for

C ertification and T ria l..................................................... 261

D ynam ic P ositioning S y s te m s..................................... 262

1 Appendix 1 - Rating of Cylindrical and

1 Appendix 2 - Guidance for Spare Parts..................181

1 Appendix 3 - Gear Param eters................................ 183

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 2002

Propulsion & Maneuvering

A p p lic a tio n ............................................................................................109

D e fin itio n s ............................................................................................. 109

Plans and P articulars to be S u b m itte d ......................................... 110

M aterial S pecifications and T est R e q u ire m e n ts .........................112

A lternative Material T est R e q u ire m e n ts .......................................112

A ccess fo r In sp e ctio n ........................................................................ 114

C alculation o f S hafts fo r G e a rs ...................................................... 114

Rating o f C ylindrical and Bevel G e a rs.......................................... 115

A lternative G ear Rating S ta n d a rd s ............................................... 115

Piping Systems for G ea rs .......................................................... 116

Testing, Inspection and Certification of G e a rs .................... 116

M aterial T e s ts ...................................................................................... 116

D ynam ic B a la n c in g ............................................................................ 116

S hop In s p e c tio n .................................................................................. 116

C ertification o f G e a rs ........................................................................ 117

Shipboard T ria ls .................................................................................. 117

Appendix 1Rating of Cylindrical and Bevel G ears........................119

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 2002

Propulsion & Maneuvering

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 2002

Vessel Systems and Machinery

G ear S y s te m s and A pp u rtenances

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 2002

Vessel Systems and Machinery

Tip angle for gears

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 2002

Vessel Systems and Machinery

RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS 2002

Vessel Systems and Machinery