CS222:ComputerOrganization

and Architecture
andArchitecture

Dr.A.Sahu
Dept of Comp. Sc. & Engg.
DeptofComp.Sc.&Engg.
IndianInstituteofTechnologyGuwahati
1

Outline

Course,Attendance,ReferenceBook
Course
Attendance Reference Book
Whatdowestudyinthiscourse?
Whyshouldthisbestudied?
What is Computer
Whatis
ComputerArchitecture
Architecture??
Howisthecoursestructured?

CS222 Course
CS222Course
75%AttendanceisMandatory
75% A
d
i M d
Manual&ElectronicsAttendanceSystem
y
4Programmingassignment+2Takehome
AnykindofCopy/Plagiarismleadto`F
A ki d f C
/Pl i i
l d t `F
Grade

CS222 Course
CS222Course
TextBook
StallingW.,ComputerOrganization&Architecture,
7th Edition,PearsonEducationIndia,2010
Hamacher C.etal,ComputerOrganization,5th
Edition,McGrawHill,2002

ReferenceBook
Henneyssy J.L.,PattersonD.,Computer
OrganizationAndDesign:TheHardware/Software
Interface,MorganKaufmann,2008
4

CS222Course
Coursewebsite:
http://jatinga iitg ernet in/~asahu/cs222/
http://jatinga.iitg.ernet.in/
asahu/cs222/
Markdistribution
15%:Assignment+Homework
%
i
k
40%:MidSemester
45%:EndSemester

ClassTiming&Venue
Venue:1201,Timing:SlotC
Mon:1011,Tue:1112,Thu:89MakeupSlot,Fri:910
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CS222 Course Objectives

CS222CourseObjectives
To learn
Tolearn
Howcomputerswork,basicprinciples
Howtoanalyzetheirperformance(or
hownotto!)
Howcomputersaredesignedandbuilt
Issuesaffectingmodernprocessors
Issues affecting modern processors
(caches,pipelines,etc.)
6

CS222 Course Motivation

CS222CourseMotivation
Thisknowledgewillbeusefulifyouneedto
design/buildanewcomputer
rareopportunity

Design/buildanewversionofacomputer
Improvesoftwareperformance
p
p
Purchaseacomputer
Provide a solution with an embedded
Provideasolutionwithanembedded
computer
7

Course Pre requisite

CoursePrerequisite
Require Knowledgeof
Knowledge of
DigitalDesignFundamental
DataStructureandC/C++Programming
Basic10+2Standard
ProbabilityandMathematics

What is Computer
Whatis
ComputerArchitecture
Architecture
Buildingarchitecture
Building
architecture : Structuraldesign
Structural design
(CivilEngg)

::
Computerarchitecture
Computer
architecture : Circuitdesign
Circuit design
(Electronics/CSEngg)
9

Abstraction
Delving
Delvingintothedepthsrevealsmore
into the depths reveals more
information
Anabstractionomitsunneededdetail,
helpsuscopewithcomplexity

10

Software
Abstraction
SoftwareAbstraction
intsum(intx,inty)
(
,
y)
{
intt=x+y;
return t;
returnt;
}

_sum:
sum:
assembly
pushl%ebp
movl%esp,%ebp
movl12(%ebp),%eax
l 12(% b ) %
addl8(%ebp),%eax
movl%ebp,%esp
popl%ebp
ret

0x401040 <sum>:
0x401040<sum>:

machine
code

0x55
0x89
0xe5
0 8b
0x8b
0x45
0x0c
0x03
0x45
0x08
0x89
0xec
0 5d
0x5d
0xc3

11

Hardware Abstraction
HardwareAbstraction
Register file
CPU

PC

ALU
System bus

Bus interface

Memory bus
Main
memory

bridge

I/O bus
USB
controller
Mouse

Graphics
adapter

Keyboard Display

Disk
controller

Expansion
p
slots for
other devices such
as network adapters

Disk
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14

15

16

17

18

19

Hardware/software interface
Hardware/softwareinterface
C/C++
software
m/cinstr
reg,adder

our
focus

hardware
transistors
20

Architecture levels
Architecturelevels
Instructionsetarchitecture(ISA)
Instruction set architecture (ISA)
Lowestlevelvisibletoaprogrammer
Operation(add/sub/mul/shift)

Microarchitecture
Micro architecture
Fillsthegapbetweeninstructionsand
logic modules
logicmodules
OperationVsMicroOperation
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Instruction Set Architecture

InstructionSetArchitecture
Application
pp cat o
Assembly
AssemblyLanguageView
Language View
Program
Processorstate(RF,mem)
set and encoding Compiler OS
Instruction
Instructionsetandencoding
LayerofAbstraction
ISA
Above:howtoprogram
Ab
h t
CPU
Design
machine HLL,OS
Circuit
Below:whatneedstobebuilt
Below: what needs to be built
Design
trickstomakeitrunfast
Chip
Layout
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The Abstract Machine

TheAbstractMachine
CPU

PC

ALU

Memory
Add
Addresses
Code + Data

Registers

Data

Condition
Codes

Instructions

ProgrammerVisibleState
PCProgramCounter
RegisterFile
Heavilyuseddata
ConditionCodes

Stack

Memory
Bytearray
Code+data
stack
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Some realities
Somerealities
Ints arenotIntegers,FloatsarenotReals
g ,
Youvegottoknowassembly
Chancesare,youllneverwriteprogramsin
assembly,butunderstandingassemblykeyto
machinelevelexecutionmodel

MemoryMatters
Memory Matters
Memoryisnotunbounded
Memoryperformanceisnotuniform
yp

Theresmoretoperformancethanasymptotic
complexity
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Embedded computers
Embeddedcomputers
Processor
Processorasanintelligentelectronic
as an intelligent electronic
componentratherthanProcessorasa
computingengine
Realtimeoperation
Real time operation
Requireshardwaresoftwarecodesign
Highlycustomized
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Why different processors?

Whydifferentprocessors?
What
Whatisthedifferencebetweenprocessors
is the difference between processors
usedindesktops,laptops,mobilephones,
washing machines etc ?
washingmachinesetc.?
Performance/speed
Powerconsumption
P
i
Cost
Generalpurpose/specialpurpose
DomainSpecific:Network,DSP,Image.Crypto
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27

Topics to be covered
Topicstobecovered
Performanceissues
Aspecificinstructionsetarchitecture
ArithmeticandhowtobuildanALU
Constructingaprocessortoexecute
instructions
Pipeliningtoimproveperformance
Memory:cachesandvirtualmemory
Input/output

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