VIDYASTHALI

PUBLIC SCHOOL
Chemistry

Project

2016-17
ALCOHOL
Prepared by-:
AKSHAT SHARMA
Class-: XII-PCM
Submitted to-: Dr. Ekta Joshi Mam
1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep

gratitude and sincere thanks to
Principal- Mrs. Apeksha Singh,
Vidyasthali Public School for her encouragement and
and for all facilities that she provided for this project
work. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking
me into her fold for which I shall remain indebted to her.
I extend my hearty thanks to Dr. Ekta Joshi, our
chemistry teacher, who guided me to the successful
completion of this project. I take this opportunity to express
my deep sense of gratitude for her invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement, immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts to all the stages of this project work.
I cant forget to my offer my sincere thanks to parents and also
to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project work
successful and for their valuable advice and support, which I
received.
-AKSHAT SHARMA
-XII

-:CONTENTS:S.no

Topic

Page
4-5

1:-

Introduction of ALCOHOL

2:-

Reaction of Alcohol

3:-

Preparation of Alcohol

4:-

Analysis of Alcohol

5:-

Experiment No.1-

911

6:-

Experiment No:- 3-

1214

7:-

Uses of Alcohol

1516

8:-

Disadvantages of alcohol

17

9:-

Bibliography

18

6
7
8

Remarks

-:Introduction:This page explains what alcohols are, and what the difference is between primary, secondary and
tertiary alcohols. It looks in some detail at their simple physical properties such as solubility and
boiling points. Details of the chemical reactions of alcohols are described on separate pages.

What are alcohols?

Examples
Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced
by an -OH group. For the purposes of UK A level, we will only look at compounds containing one
-OH group.
For example:

CH3-CH2-OH

OH
|
CH3-CH-CH3

CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
|
CH3

Note: If you aren't confident about naming organic compounds, then you really ought to follow this link before you go
on.
Use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page.

The different kinds of alcohols

Alcohols fall into different classes depending on how the -OH group is positioned on the chain of
carbon atoms. There are some chemical differences between the various types.
Primary alcohols
In a primary (1) alcohol, the carbon which carries the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl
group.
Note: An alkyl group is a group such as methyl, CH3, or ethyl, CH3CH2. These are groups containing chains of carbon
atoms which may be branched. Alkyl groups are given the general symbol R.

Some examples of primary alcohols include:

CH3-CH2-OH

CH2-CH2-CH2-OH

CH3-CH-CH2-OH

|
CH3
4
Notice that it doesn't matter how complicated the attached alkyl group is.
In each case there is only one linkage to an alkyl group from the CH2
group holding the -OH group.
There is an exception to this. Methanol, CH 3OH, is counted as a primary alcohol even though
there are no alkyl groups attached to the carbon with the -OH group on it.
Secondary alcohols
In a secondary (2) alcohol, the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined directly to two alkyl
groups, which may be the same or different.
Examples:
OH
|
CH3-CH-CH3

OH

OH
|

CH3-CH-CH2-CH3

|
CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3

Tertiary alcohols
In a tertiary (3) alcohol, the carbon atom holding the -OH group is attached directly to three alkyl
groups, which may be any combination of same or different.
Examples:
OH

OH

CH3-C-CH3
|
CH3

CH3-CH2-C-CH2-CH3
|
CH3

-:Reaction of
Alcohol:Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry and an appreciation
of their reactions is critical to success, particularly in synthesis questions.
Alcohols, R-OH, are able to undergo several different types of reactions:

Nucleophilic Substitution

-"OH" acts as the leaving group, or -OH or -O- can function as

the Nu

Nucleophilic Addition

-OH acts as the Nu forming acetals with aldehydes or ketones

Nucleophilic Acyl
Substitution

-OH acts as the Nu forming esters with carboxylic acids and

derivatives

Elimination

-OH is removed (as water), C=C formed

Oxidation
-OH is converted to C=O
Here is a more detailed summary of their specific reactions:
|
X=Br,cl
SUBSTITUTION H-X + -C-OH
|

With H-X

conversion
Tp ether

|
3 Cu -C-X + H-OH
|

|
-C-OH
|

acid
catalised
dehydration

Oxidation
|
to
-C- OH
carbonyls
|

|
-C-O|

R`-X

H+

| |
H-C-C-OH
| |

[O]
[R]

O
||
C
/ \

|
-C-O-R
|

\
/
C=C + H-OH
/
\

[O]
[R]

O
||
C
/ \OH

-:Preparation of Alcohol:CH2=CH2 +
Ethylene

CH3CH=CH2

H2SO4

==>

H2SO4

CH3CH2OSO3H + H20
==>
Ethyl Hydrogen Sulphate

==>

Propylene
CH3CH2CH=CH2 +

H2SO4

CH3CHCH3 H20
==>
OSO3H
Propyl Hydrogen Sulphate

==> CH3CH2CHCH3 + H2O

OSO3H

Butylene

CH3CH2OH
Ethanol
(Primary
Alcohol)

==>

CH3CHCH3
OH
Isopropanol

CH3CH2CHCH3 + H2O
OH

Butyl Hydrogen Sulphate

sec-butyl alcohol
(Secondary Alcohol)

The only primary alcohol which may be obtained in this way is ethyl alcohol, and this method is not
suitable for the preparation of methanol.
Preparation of Alcohols by reduction of Aldehydes
The reduction of aldehydes , to primary alcohols, ketones to secondary alcohols
by passing the vapour and molecular hydrogen over a heated nickel catalyst.
CH3CH2 CHO + 2H
Propionaldehyde

==>

CH3CH2CH2OH
Propanol

CH3COCH3 + 2H

==>

CH3CHCH3
OH
Isopropanol

Acetone

Preparation of Alcohols from Amines

The action of Nitrous Acid, HNO2, on Primary Amines, RNH2.
C2H5NH2

HON=O

==>

C2H5OH

N2

H2O

-:Analysis of Alcohol:-

ABSTRACT
To evaluate the strength of the evidence provided by the epidemiological
literature on the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of 18
neoplasms, we performed a search of the epidemiological literature from 1966 to 2000 using several
bibliographic databases. Meta-regression models were fitted considering linear and non-linear effects of
alcohol intake. The effects of characteristics of the studies, of selected covariates (tobacco) and of the gender
of individuals included in the studies, were also investigated as putative sources of heterogeneity of the
estimates. A total of 235 studies including over 117000 cases were considered. Strong trends in risk were
observed for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus and larynx. Less strong direct relations
were observed for cancers of the stomach, colon and rectum, liver, breast and ovary. For all these diseases,
significant increased risks were found also for ethanol intake of 25g per day. No significant nor consistent
relation was observed for cancers of the pancreas, lung, prostate or bladder. Allowance for tobacco
appreciably modified the relations with laryngeal, lung and bladder cancers, but not those with oral,
oesophageal or colorectal cancers. This meta-analysis showed no evidence of a threshold effect for most
alcohol-related neoplasms. The inference is limited by absence of distinction between lifelong abstainers and
former drinkers in several studies, and the possible selective inclusion of relevant sites only in cohort
studies. 2001 Cancer Research Campaign
Keywords: alcohol intake, neoplasms, humans, meta-analysis, risk

8
9

Experiment - 1

Aim: To investigate the relationship between the number of

carbon atoms in an alcohol chain theory

Requirements:

Apparatus list:

To carry out the experiment, the following apparatus is needed:

1) 1 Tripod Stand
2) 4 Spirit lamps (burners)
3) 1 Calorimeter (including copper beaker)
4) 1 Thermometer (Range: -10C - 110C) ( 0.05C)
5) 1 Stirrer
6) 1 Electronic Mass Balance ( 0.001g)
7) 1 Stopwatch (0.01s)
8) Cotton or Wool (For Insulation)
9) 3 Wooden blocks
10) 1 Measuring Cylinder (100cm3) (0.5 cm3)
11) 1 Packet of Matchsticks

Chemicals list:

The following chemicals are also needed:

1) Distilled Water (1000cm3)
2) Methanol (200 cm3)
3) Ethanol (200 cm3)
4) Propanol (200 cm3)
5) Butanol (200 cm3)
6) Pentanol (200 cm3)

Theory:
The combustion of organic compounds produces large quantities of energy. These
compounds range from that of alkanes, to alkenes to even alcohols. Ethanol is a
commonly used fuel in motor-cars and its usage is increasing because it is a form of
renewable energy. However, what makes a good fuel? A good fuel is any substance
which gives out large amounts of energy when it is burnt. In most cases, fuels are
burnt in oxygen (air) i.e. they are oxidized. Nonetheless, is there any relationship
between the energy released by one alcohol and another alcohol? Therefore and its
standard enthalpy change of combustion.

10

Procedure:

There are many steps which have to be followed to make sure that the experiment is carried
out in a safe and precise manner:
1)Take the empty spirit lamp and weigh it using an electronic mass balance. Record this mass
reading.
2) Add about 30-40 cm3 of the alcohol being tested into the spirit lamp.
3) Weigh this spirit lamp using an electronic mass balance. Record this mass reading as well.
4) Then, measure out 100 cm3 of distilled water using a measuring cylinder.
5) Add this water into the copper beaker of the calorimeter.
6) Record the initial temperature of the water.
7) Insulate the calorimeter by wrapping a fine layer of cotton or wool around it.
8) Cover the calorimeter using a lid, after placing the stirrer and the thermometer inside the
beaker.
9) Take a matchstick and light up the spirit lamp. Once the alcohol has started burning, start
the stopwatch.
10) Record and Observe the colour of the flame with which the alcohol is burning.
11) Observe any temperature rise in the water.
12) Gently stir the water at all times, during heating.
13) Ensure the fact that minimum heat is lost to the surroundings.
14) Blow out the spirit lamp as soon as the temperature has risen a total of 33C.
15) Stop the stopwatch at this instant as well.
16) Take the spirit lamp containing the alcohol and weigh it once again using the mass
balance. Record this reading.
17) The experimental set-up should be looking somewhat like this:
18) Wash all the apparatus, and repeat these steps for the other alcohols which are to be
tested.

Conclusion:
The experiments carried out were quite successful, and yielded valid results. It has helped
determine the relationship between the number of carbon atoms in an alcohol chain and its
respective standard enthalpy change of combustion. The final results of the experiment are
given as follows:
No. Of Carbon Atoms
In The Molecule
1
2
3
4

Alcohol
methenol
ethanol
propanol
butanol

Standard Enthalpy
Of Combustion (H comb) (kJ/mol)
-116.3
-254.3
-376.9
-511.3

11

12

Experiment - 3

Aim:

To prepare crystals of pure naphthalene from an impure

sample using ethyl alcohol as solvent.

Requirements:
rude sample of naphthalene,250mlbeakers,stemlessfunnel,a glass rod

Theory:
Naphthalene is a crystalline solid,insoluble in water but has high solubility in ethyl
alcohol.an impure sample of benzoic acid is dissolved in hot ethyl alcohol and then
filtered,filterate is collected in a beaker and allowed to cool slowly.shining white crystals of
naphthalene separate out.
Structure

Procedure:
1.take about 2-3ml of the crude sample of naphthalene in a 250ml
beaker,in another beaker take about 50ml of ethanol and heat it on a
water bath
2.add slowly with stirring least amount of hot ethyl alcohol to the beaker
containing crude sample of naphthalene so thet it gets dissolved easily.
3.filter the solutionwhile hot using a fluted filter paper place d in a
stemlessfunnel.collect the clear filterate in a beaker.
4.allow the filtered solution to cool at room temp.now cool it by placing it
on a beaker filled with cold water.
5.Separate the crystals by suction using Buchner funnel.wash the crystals
with water,

dry the crystals.

6.record the weight of the crystals
13

Results:
The crystals of naphthalene are shining white.
Yield=..g

14

-: Uses of Alcohol:This page has a brief look at some of the more important uses of the simple alcohols like
methanol, ethanol and propan-2-ol.

Uses of ethanol
Drinks
The "alcohol" in alcoholic drinks is simply ethanol.
Industrial methylated spirits (meths)
Ethanol is usually sold as industrial methylated spirits which is ethanol with a small quantity of
methanol added and possibly some colour. Methanol is poisonous, and so the industrial
methylated spirits is unfit to drink. This avoids the high taxes which are levied on alcoholic drinks
(certainly in the UK!).
As a fuel
Ethanol burns to give carbon dioxide and water and can be used as a fuel in its own right, or in
mixtures with petrol (gasoline). "Gasohol" is a petrol / ethanol mixture containing about 10 - 20%
ethanol.
Because ethanol can be produced by fermentation, this is a useful way for countries without an oil
industry to reduce imports of petrol.

As a solvent
Ethanol is widely used as a solvent. It is relatively safe, and can be used to dissolve many organic
compounds which are insoluble in water. It is used, for example, in many perfumes and cosmetics.

Uses of methanol
As a fuel

Methanol again burns to form carbon dioxide and water.

It can be used a a petrol additive to improve combustion, or work is currently being done
15
on its use as a fuel in its own right.

As an industrial feedstock
Most methanol is used to make other things - for example, methanal (formaldehyde), ethanoic
acid, and methyl esters of various acids. In most cases, these are in turn converted into further
products.

Uses of propan-2-ol
Propan-2-ol is widely used in an amazing number of different situations as a solvent. Details on
this are probably not required by UK A level syllabuses, but if you need them, an internet search
on propan-2-ol solvent uses will give you more examples than you can cope with!

16

-:Disadvantages of
Alcohol:Disadvantages no.1 : Your body will not support you
The most common disadvantages of alcohol consumption is after taking one or two sip, your body will not
be in control of you. This leads to various problem like abusing, walking out of control, You may face lots of
problem and its very hard to talk properly. This affects for one or two hour, but sometimes overnight.

Disadvantages no.2 : Depression

Alcohol is good in altering your brain chemistry risking of depression. A recent British survey found that
people suffering from anxiety or depression were twice as likely to be heavy or problem drinkers.
Depression leads to various health problems and sometimes even push you to death

Disadvantages no.3 : Cause Psychosis

Extreme levels of drinking (defined as more than 30 units per day for several weeks) can occasionally cause
psychosis, a severe mental illness where hallucinations and delusions of persecution develop. Psychotic
symptoms can also occur when very heavy drinkers suddenly stop drinking and develop a condition known
as delirium tremens.

Disadvantages no.4 :Family Problems and Phobias

Heavy drinkers has build their habit of consuming alcohol 20 to 30 times day, which cause sever headache
and depression, and then they start fighting with family members and other friends and relations. Sometime
it also cause phobias of going out or eating food.

Disadvantages no.5 :Skin Problems

Drinkers often complains about their skin problems, Alcohol makes skins looks pale yellow, grey and tired.
Nina Goad of the British Association of Dermatologists explains: Alcohol dehydrates your body generally,
including the skin, which is your bodys largest organ. This happens every time you drink.

17

-: Bibliography:-

18