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Rainforest

to the rainforests.[2] It has been estimated that there


may be many millions of species of plants, insects and
microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests.
Tropical rainforests have been called the jewels of the
Earth and the "worlds largest pharmacy", because over
one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered
there.[3] Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the
worlds oxygen turnover, sometimes misnamed oxygen
production,[4] processing it through photosynthesis from
carbon dioxide and consuming it through respiration.

For other uses, see Rainforest (disambiguation).

The undergrowth in some areas of a rainforest can be restricted by poor penetration of sunlight to ground level.
If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned, the ground
beneath is soon colonized by a dense, tangled growth of
vines, shrubs and small trees, called a jungle. The term
jungle is also sometimes applied to tropical rainforests
generally.

1 Tropical
Main article: Tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are characterized by a warm and
The Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, Australia

Worldwide tropical rainforest zones.

wet climate with no substantial dry season: typically


found within 10 degrees north and south of the equator.
Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 C (64 F) during all months of the year.[5] Average annual rainfall is no
less than 168 cm (66 in) and can exceed 1,000 cm (390
in) although it typically lies between 175 cm (69 in) and
200 cm (79 in).[6]

The Daintree Rainforest near Cairns, in Queensland, Australia

Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall,


with annual rainfall between 250 and 450 centimetres (98
and 177 in).[1] There are two types of rainforest: tropical
rainforest and temperate rainforest. The monsoon trough,
alternatively known as the intertropical convergence zone, Many of the worlds tropical forests are associated with
plays a signicant role in creating the climatic conditions the location of the monsoon trough, also known as the
necessary for the Earth's tropical rainforests.
intertropical convergence zone.[7] The broader category
Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous of tropical moist forests are located in the equatorial
1

zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of


Capricorn. Tropical rainforests exist in Southeast Asia
(from Myanmar (Burma) to the Philippines, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Sub-Saharan
Africa from Cameroon to the Congo (Congo Rainforest),
South America (e.g. the Amazon Rainforest), Central
America (e.g. Bosaws, southern Yucatn PeninsulaEl Peten-Belize-Calakmul), and on many of the Pacic
Islands (such as Hawaii). Tropical forests have been
called the Earths lungs", although it is now known that
rainforests contribute little net oxygen addition to the
atmosphere through photosynthesis.[8][9]

LAYERS

3.1 Emergent layer


The emergent layer contains a small number of very
large trees called emergents, which grow above the general canopy, reaching heights of 4555 m, although on
occasion a few species will grow to 7080 m tall.[11][12]
They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures
and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas. Eagles, butteries, bats and certain monkeys inhabit
this layer.

Temperate

Main article: Temperate rainforest


Tropical forests cover a large part of the globe, but tem-

The canopy at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia showing


crown shyness

General distribution of temperate rainforests

3.2 Canopy layer


Main article: Canopy (biology)

perate rainforests only occur in few regions around the


world. Temperate rainforests are rainforests in temperate
regions. They occur in North America (in the Pacic
Northwest in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington,
Oregon and California), in Europe (parts of the British
Isles such as the coastal areas of Ireland and Scotland,
southern Norway, parts of the western Balkans along the
Adriatic coast, as well as in Galicia and coastal areas
of the eastern Black Sea, including Georgia and coastal
Turkey), in East Asia (in southern China, Highlands of
Taiwan, much of Japan and Korea, and on Sakhalin Island and the adjacent Russian Far East coast), in South
America (southern Chile) and also in Australia and New
Zealand.[10]

The canopy layer contains the majority of the largest


trees, typically 30 metres (98 ft) to 45 metres (148 ft) tall.
The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest
canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed
by adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, is
home to 50 percent of all plant species. Epiphytic plants
attach to trunks and branches, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting
plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent
layer, but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species are
believed to exist in the rainforest canopy. Scientists have
long suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat,
but have only recently developed practical methods of exploring it. As long ago as 1917, naturalist William Beebe
declared that another continent of life remains to be discovered, not upon the Earth, but one to two hundred feet
above it, extending over thousands of square miles. True
3 Layers
exploration of this habitat only began in the 1980s, when
scientists developed methods to reach the canopy, such as
Main article: Stratication (vegetation)
ring ropes into the trees using crossbows. Exploration of
the canopy is still in its infancy, but other methods include
A tropical rainforest typically has a number of layers, the use of balloons and airships to oat above the highest
each with dierent plants and animals adapted for life branches and the building of cranes and walkways planted
in that particular area. Examples include the emergent, on the forest oor. The science of accessing tropical forcanopy, understorey and forest oor layers.
est canopy using airships or similar aerial platforms is

3
called dendronautics.[13]

3.3

Understory layer

Main article: Understory


The understory or understorey layer lies between the
canopy and the forest oor. It is home to a number of
birds, snakes and lizards, as well as predators such as
jaguars, boa constrictors and leopards. The leaves are
much larger at this level and insect life is abundant. Many
seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are present in
the understory. Only about 5% of the sunlight shining on
the rainforest canopy reaches the understory. This layer West Usambara Two-Horned Chameleon (Bradypodion scan be called a shrub layer, although the shrub layer may cheri) in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania.
also be considered a separate layer.

5 Soils
3.4

Forest oor

Despite the growth of vegetation in a tropical rainforest, soil quality is often quite poor. Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus. The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterization
process gives the oxisols a bright red colour and sometimes produces mineral deposits such as bauxite. Most
trees have roots near the surface, because there are insufcient nutrients below the surface; most of the trees minerals come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and
animals. On younger substrates, especially of volcanic
origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile. If rainforest
Rainforest in the Blue Mountains, Australia
trees are cleared, rain can accumulate on the exposed soil
The forest oor, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% surfaces, creating run-o and beginning a process of soil
of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow erosion. Eventually streams and rivers form and ooding
in this region. Away from riverbanks, swamps and clear- becomes possible.
ings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest oor
is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. It also contains decaying plant and ani- 6 Eect on global climate
mal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm,
humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of
A natural rainforest emits and absorbs vast quantities of
fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.
carbon dioxide. On a global scale, long-term uxes are
approximately in balance, so that an undisturbed rainforest would have a small net impact on atmospheric carbon
4 Flora and fauna
dioxide levels,[16] though they may have other climatic
eects (on cloud formation, for example, by recycling
More than half of the worlds species of plants and ani- water vapour). No rainforest today can be considered to
mals are found in the rainforest.[14] Rainforests support a be undisturbed.[17] Human-induced deforestation plays a
very broad array of fauna, including mammals, reptiles, signicant role in causing rainforests to release carbon
birds and invertebrates. Mammals may include primates, dioxide,[18] as do other factors, whether human-induced
felids and other families. Reptiles include snakes, turtles, or natural, which result in tree death, such as burning and
chameleons and other families; while birds include such drought.[19] Some climate models operating with interacfamilies as vangidae and Cuculidae. Dozens of fam- tive vegetation predict a large loss of Amazonian rainforilies of invertebrates are found in rainforests. Fungi est around 2050 due to drought, forest dieback and the
are also very common in rainforest areas as they can subsequent release more carbon dioxide.[20] Five million
feed on the decomposing remains of plants and ani- years from now, the Amazon rainforest may long since
mals. Many rainforest species are rapidly disappearing have dried and transformed itself into savannah, killing itdue to deforestation, habitat loss and pollution of the self in the progress (changes such as this may happen even
atmosphere.[15]
if all human deforestation activity ceases overnight).[21]
Main article: Forest oor

DEFORESTATION

The descendants of our known animals may adapt to the 9 Deforestation


dry savannah of the former Amazonian rainforest and
thrive in the new, warmer temperatures.[21]
Further information: Deforestation in Southeast Asia,
Deforestation in Madagascar and Deforestation of the
Amazon Rainforest
Tropical and temperate rainforests have been subjected

Human uses

Satellite photograph of the haze above Borneo and Sumatra on


24 September 2015.
Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest, taken from a plane.

Further information: Human uses of tropical rainforest


Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animal
products such as meat and hides. Rainforests also have
value as tourism destinations and for the ecosystem services provided. Many foods originally came from tropical
forests, and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest.[22] Also, plantderived medicines are commonly used for fever, fungal
infections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respiratory problems, and wound treatment.[23]

to heavy logging and agricultural clearance throughout


the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests
around the world is shrinking.[27] Biologists have estimated that large numbers of species are being driven to
extinction (possibly more than 50,000 a year; at that rate,
says E. O. Wilson of Harvard University, a quarter or
more of all species on Earth could be exterminated within
50 years)[28] due to the removal of habitat with destruction of the rainforests.
Another factor causing the loss of rainforest is expanding urban areas. Littoral rainforest growing along coastal
areas of eastern Australia is now rare due to ribbon development to accommodate the demand for seachange
lifestyles.[29]

On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported also that it had


conrmed the presence of 67 dierent uncontacted tribes
in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition, Brazil
has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.[24]
The province of Irian Jaya or West Papua in the island
of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted
tribal groups.[25] The tribes are in danger because of the
deforestation, especially in Brazil.

The forests are being destroyed at a rapid pace.[30][31][32]


Almost 90% of West Africa's rainforest has been
destroyed.[33] Since the arrival of humans, Madagascar
has lost two thirds of its original rainforest.[34] At present
rates, tropical rainforests in Indonesia would be logged
out in 10 years and Papua New Guinea in 13 to 16
years.[35] According to Rainforest Rescue, a main reason
for the increasing deforestation rate especially in Indonesia is the expansion of oil palm plantations to meet the
growing demand for cheap vegetable fats and biofuels. In
Indonesia, palm oil is already cultivated on nine million
hectares and, together with Malaysia, the island nation
produces about 85 percent of the worlds palm oil.[36]

Central African rainforest is home of the Mbuti pygmies,


one of the hunter-gatherer peoples living in equatorial
rainforests characterised by their short height (below one
and a half metres, or 59 inches, on average). They were
the subject of a study by Colin Turnbull, The Forest People, in 1962.[26] Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are,
amongst others, referred to as Negrito.

Several countries,[37] notably Brazil, have declared their


deforestation a national emergency.[38] Amazon deforestation jumped by 69% in 2008 compared to 2007s
twelve months, according to ocial government data.[39]
Deforestation could wipe out or severely damage nearly
60% of the Amazon Rainforest by 2030, says a 2007 report from WWF.[40]

Native peoples

5
However, a January 30, 2009 New York Times article [11] Bourgeron, Patrick S. (1983). Spatial Aspects of Vegetation Structure. In Frank B. Golley. Tropical Rain Forest
stated, By one estimate, for every acre of rain forest cut
Ecosystems. Structure and Function. Ecosystems of the
down each year, more than 50 acres of new forest are
World (14A ed.). Elsevier Scientic. pp. 2947. ISBN
growing in the tropics... The new forest includes sec0-444-41986-1.
ondary forest on former farmland and so-called degraded
[41]
forest.
[12] Sabah. Eastern Native Tree Society. Retrieved 200711-14.

10

See also

Cloud forest
Ecology
Inland rainforest
Intact forest landscape
Jungle
Rainforest Foundation Fund
Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary
Stratication (vegetation)
Tapiche Oharas Reserve

11

References

[1] The Tropical Rain Forest. Marietta College. Marietta,


Ohio. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
[2] Rainforests.net Variables and Math. Retrieved 200901-04.
[3] Rainforests at Animal Center. Animalcorner.co.uk.
2004-01-01. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
[4] Killer Inhabitants of the Rainforests. Killer Inhabitants
of the Rainforests. Trendsupdates.com. Retrieved 201208-26.
[5] Susan Woodward. Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest:
The rainforest. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
[6] Newman, Arnold. The Tropical Rainforest : A World
Survey of Our Most Valuable Endangered Habitat : With
a Blueprint for Its Survival. New York: Checkmark,
2002. Print.
[7] Hobgood (2008). Global Pattern of Surface Pressure and
Wind. Ohio State University. Retrieved on 2009-03-08.
[8] Broeker, Wallace S. (2006). Breathing easy: Et tu, O2 .
Columbia University Columbia.edu
[9] Moran, E.F., Deforestation and Land Use in the Brazilian
Amazon, Human Ecology, Vol 21, No. 1, 1993
[10] The Temperate Rainforest.

[13] Dendronautics Introduction Archived June 14, 2006, at


the Wayback Machine.
[14] Rainforest Facts. Rain-tree.com. Retrieved 2012-0826.
[15] Impact of Deforestation Extinction.
forests.mongabay.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

Rain-

[16] Grida.no (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-26.


[17] Lewis, S.L. , Phillips, O.L., Baker, T.R., Lloyd, J. et al.
2004 Concerted changes in tropical forest structure and
dynamics: evidence from 50 South American long-term
plots Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 359
[18] Malhi, Y and Grace, J. 2000 " Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide, Tree 15
[19] Drought may turn forests into carbon producers. The
Age (Melbourne). 2004-03-06.
[20] Cox, P. M.; Betts, R. A.; Collins, M.; Harris, P. P.;
Huntingford, C.; Jones, C. D. (2004). Amazonian
forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections
for the 21st century (PDF). Theoretical and Applied
Climatology 78: 137. Bibcode:2004ThApC..78..137C.
doi:10.1007/s00704-004-0049-4. Archived from the
original (PDF) on January 9, 2007.
[21] The Future is Wild television program
[22] Myers, N. (1985). The primary source. W. W. Norton &
Company, New York, pp. 189193.
[23] Final Paper: The Medicinal Value of the Rainforest May 15, 2003. Amanda Haidet May 2003. Jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
[24] Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes.
Reuters.com. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
[25] BBC: First contact with isolated tribes?
[26] The Tribal Peoples, ThinkQuest
[27] Entire rainforests set to disappear in next decade, The Independent 5 July 2003
[28] Talks Seek to Prevent Huge Loss of Species, New York
Times 3 March 1992
[29] Littoral Rainforest-Why is it threatened?". Pittwater.nsw.gov.au. 2012-08-09. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
[30] Thomas Marent: Out of the woods, The Independent 28
September 2006
[31] Brazil: Amazon Forest Destruction Rate Has Tripled,
FoxNews.com, September 29, 2008

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EXTERNAL LINKS

[32] Papua New Guineas rainforests disappearing faster than


thought. News.mongabay.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.

The Sabah Biodiversity Experiment on rainforest


restoration

[33] Rainforests & Agriculture. Csupomona.edu. Retrieved


2012-08-26.

Rainforest Portal

[34] Science: Satellite monitors Madagascars shrinking rainforest, 19 May 1990, New Scientist. Newscientist.com.
1990-05-19. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
[35] China is black hole of Asias deforestation, AsiaNews.it,
24 March 2008

sharply

in

2007,

[38] Vidal, John (20 May 2005). Rainforest loss shocks


Brazil. guardian.co.uk (London). Retrieved 7 July 2010.
[39] Brazil: Amazon deforestation worsens, Msnbc.com, August 30, 2008
[40] Benjamin, Alison (6 December 2007). More than
half of Amazon will be lost by 2030, report warns.
guardian.co.uk (London). Retrieved 7 July 2010.
[41] New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests, The New
York Times, January 30, 2009

12

Further reading

Part of the Illawarra Brush, in New South Wales, Australia.

Butler, R. A. (2005) A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face. Published
online: Rainforests.mongabay.com
Richards, P. W. (1996). The tropical rain forest.
2nd ed. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-52142194-2
Whitmore, T. C. (1998) An introduction to tropical
rain forests. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN
0-19-850147-1

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External links

Animals in a rainforest
Rainforest Action Network

EIA in the USA Reports and info.


The Coalition for Rainforest Nations
The Princes Rainforests Project

[36] Rainforest Rescue: Facts about palm oil


[37] Amazon deforestation rises
Usatoday.com, January 24, 2008

EIA forest reports: Investigations into illegal logging.

United Nations Forum on Forests


Dave Kimbles Rainforest Photo Catalog (Wet Tropics, Australia)
Rainforest Plants
Tropical rainforest for children
What is a rainforest
National Geogrphic: Rain forest
Tropical rainforests

14
14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


Text

Rainforest Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest?oldid=711393869 Contributors: Vicki Rosenzweig, Mark, Anders Trlind,


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14

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14.2

Images

File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.


jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Frank Vincentz
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14.3

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