TYS Transducers

2016
WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Instrumentation Engineering
Transducers
Introduction to Transducers
F = 100 30 = 70C
We can write
66.5 = 70(1 e30/)
= 10 sec.
For second condition
68 = 70 (1 e(t /10))
by solving t = 36.5 sec.
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T1 : Solution
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Resistive Transducers
B
350
350
A
350
350
D
10 V
Gf = 2.03 Vs = 10 V
= 1430 106
Strain gauge in BC subjected to strain of
1450 m/m.
Given,
Vbridge =
R =
=
Vbridge =
Vo
R
4 R + 2R
Gr R
2.03 1450 106 350
7.314 103 = 7.31 mV
T2 : Solution
d
Ro
= i
dt
Rt
di
6000
=
100 mm
20 k
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T1 : Solution
di = 30 mm,
RD
d
= i
Rt
dt
15000
di
=
20 k
100 mm
di = 75 mm
T3 : Solution
o =
E GF
4
2
10(10 + 20 sin314t ) 106
4
= [50 + 100sin 314t] V

T4 : Solution
R = Ro GF
=
R
0.52
=
= 0.0026
Ro GF 100 2
Capacitive Transducers
C1 =
C2 =
o r l
d
o r X
o r (l X )
Given 2C1 = C2
r X o r (l X )
2 o r l
= o
+
d
d
d
L
X=
2
T1 : Solution
T2 : Solution
Vo =
Ci d
ve
A
Vo
C v
= i e
d
A
10 1012 10
8.854 10 12 800 10 6
= 1.1412 104 V/m
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Inductive Transducers
Voltage produced in the stator of the transmitter
Vr cos = 5cos60 = 5
1
= 2.5 Volts
2
T2 : Solution
L = 6 mH ; d = 2mm
Towards the coil
2 0.035
6 mH
=
2 mm
L
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T1 : Solution
L = 6.10 mH
Away from coil
2 + 0.035
6 10 3
=
2
L
L = 5.896 mH
Piezo-electric Transducers
Plate area A = 6 6 = 36 mm2

Stress of pressure P
8
= 0.222 106 N/m2
360 106
Strain
t
Stress
=
t
Modules of elasticity
0.222 10 6
= 0.0193
=
11.5 106
Voltage sensitivity g =
K
o r
Output voltage, Vo = gtp
140 10 12
12 10 9 1
T1 : Solution
= 11.67 10 3 (1.5 10 3 ) 0.22 106

Charge Q = K pressure force F
= 140 1012 8 = 1120 1012 C
Capacitance = C = Vo
Q
= 228 1012 Farads
T2 : Solution
Vo = gpt
300 = 0.65
f
2 103
36 106
F = 8.3 N
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Measurement of Flow
Q1
=
Q2
80
=
Q2
P1
P2
15
25
Q2 = 103.27 l/min
T2 : Solution
Cd A2
Q=
A2
A1
1
=
1000 =
2 p
2
M
Q
4
Q
2
3.5
A2 =
= 9.62 104
2
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T1 : Solution
Q = 4 103 m3/sec
4 103 = 0.95
9.62 10 4
1
1
4
2 p
1000
p = 8.9 kN/m2
T3 : Solution
Given = 4.5 104 Q
= 0.88, n = 4, Qmax = 3.15 103 m3s1
Now maximum amplitude
= max n
= 4.5 104 3.15 103 0.88 4
= 498.96
Maximum frequency, fmax =
max n
2
4.5 105 3.15 103 4

2
Measurement of Pressure
p =
dw =
d=
=
We know,
9.81 Pa, dt = 2 mm = 0.002 m

0.02 m
4 mm, specific gravity = 0.864
0.864 1000

p = sin + L d g

sin =
p dt
d g d
9.81
(0.1)2
(0.0104) (0.864 1000) (9.81)
= sin1 (0.2793) = 16.22
T1 : Solution
T2 : Solution
p = gh
1 = 13600 9.8 h
h = 7.5 103 mm
% error =
a
100
a+A
(1)2
100 = 0.44
(1)2 + (15)2
= 0.5% approx.
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Measurement of Temperature
Sensitivity of each thermopile 60 V/C

10 junction sensitivity = 10 60 V/C
Resolution of AC is given as
Vref
2n 1
6V
= 5.86 mV
= 10
2 1
Resolution of system =
Copyright
5.86 mV
= 0.977
6 mV/C
T1 : Solution
T2 : Solution
Resistance of RTD at 1C
R1C = Ro (1 + t )
= 100 [1 + 0.00392 (1)]
= 100.392
Vo =
10(100.392)
10
100
1010.392
1010
= 0.384 mV/C
g=
10 mV
= 26 / C
0.384 mV
Measurement of Force
Consider 1 kN is applied on load cell stress

=
1 103
(103 50)2
4
= 0.5095 106 N/m2

Strain =
Stress 0.5095 106

=
E
200 109
= 2.5475 106
Fractional change in resistance
dR
= F = 2 2.5475 106
R
= 5.095 106
6
Output voltage = 2(1 + ) 5.095 106
= 19.87 108
Gauge sensitivity = 19.87 V/kN
T1 : Solution
T2 : Solution
F
ma
mg
F
4.9
m
F
=
=
=
=
=
mg + ma
mg
0.5 kg
0.5 0.5 9.8 + 0.5 4
4.5 N.
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10
Measurement of Torque,
Vibration & Shock
y
=
x
r2
(r 2 )2 + (5r )2
At 30 kHz
r=
y
=
x
30
=
= 1.5
n 20
= 0.7
1.5 1.5
(1 2.25) + (2 0.7 1.5)2
= 0.92
For 1 kHz
r=
y
=
x
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1000
= 50
20
50 50
(1 50 50)2 + (2 0.7 1.5)2
=1
T1 : Solution
T2 : Solution
a peak = xm 2
= 10 103 (2 100)2
= 102 104 39.47
11
Measurement of Velocity
Speed =
6000
= 600
10
Since points appear to be revolving once in

12 seconds or 5 times in 1 minute, we have
Slip = 5 rpm
Possible shaft speed = 600 5
= 605, 595 rpm
T1 : Solution
T2 : Solution
(i)
n=
f
4000
=
m
10
= 400 rpm
(ii) 400 + 20 = 420 rpm
Shaft speed + disc speed.
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12
Measurement of Velocity
V
A
= B
VA
B
12 103 = 0.003
0.06
B
B = 0.24 m2/sec.
T2 : Solution
pH change 7.8 6.5 = 1.3
at 25C slope factor = 59.1 mV/pH unit
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T1 : Solution
= 59.1 1.3 100

= 7.683 V
Loading condition
VL =
Vo
RL
Ro + RL
7.683
1011 = 6.9 V
11
10 + 10
10

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2016

Try Yourself Questions

= [50 + 100sin 314t] V

= 1.1412 104 V/m

Voltage produced in the stator of the transmitter

Plate area A = 6 6 = 36 mm2

Output voltage, Vo = gtp

= 11.67 10 3 (1.5 10 3 ) 0.22 106

4.5 105 3.15 103 4

9.81 Pa, dt = 2 mm = 0.002 m

Sensitivity of each thermopile 60 V/C

Consider 1 kN is applied on load cell stress

= 0.5095 106 N/m2

Stress 0.5095 106

Output voltage = 2(1 + ) 5.095 106

Since points appear to be revolving once in

= 59.1 1.3 100

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