Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bernoulli: preamble
Want to discuss the properties of a moving fluid.
Will do this initially under the simplest possible
conditions, leading to Bernoullis equation. The
following restrictions apply.
Flow is inviscid, there are no viscous drag forces
Heat conduction is not possible for an inviscid
flow
The fluid is incompressible .
The flow is steady (velocity pattern constant).
The paths traveled by small sections of the fluid
are well defined.
Will be implicitly using the Euler equations of
motion (discussed later)
ds
dt
. Normal to velocity
Streamline coordinates
It is convenient to use a coordinate system defined in
terms of the flow streamlines. The coordinate along
the streamline is s and the coordinate normal to the
streamline is n . The unit vectors for the streamline
.
coordinates are s and n
The direction of s will be chosen to be in the same
direction as the velocity. So v = vs .
y
s = s2
n = n2
n = n1
s = s1
s=0
n=0
Streamlines
^
Forces on streamlines
Streamlines F = ma
Streamlines F = ma
Resolve forces
Ws = W sin = V sin
Ws would be zero for horizontal motion.
The pressure changes with height. Let p be pressure
in middle of fluid slab. Let p + ps be pressure in
front of slab and p ps be pressure behind slab.
From Taylors series
p s
ps =
s 2
The net pressure force
Fps
= (p ps )ny (p + ps )ny
p
p
= 2ps ny = sny = V
s
s
Net force
Fs = Ws + Fps
p
=
sin
V
s
Bernoulli equation
Equate two expressions for Fs
p
v
Fs = sin
V = V v
s
s
p
v
sin
= v
s
s
The change in in fluid particle speed along a
streamline is accomplished by a combination of
pressure and gravity forces.
Now use sin =
And v dv
ds =
And dp =
dz
ds
1 dv 2
2 ds
p
s ds
p
n dn
Along streamline dn = 0
dz dp
ds ds
1 dv 2
2 ds
= 0
2 ds
1 2
v
= 0
2
1 2
z + p + v = Constant
2
dz dp
+
+
ds
ds
d
z + p +
ds
2
and knowledge of how varies with p .
v2
R
= (p pn )s y (p + pn )s y
p
p
= 2pn n y = n s y = V
n
n
p
n
=0.
p
n
dp
dn
cos =
since s is constant.
dz
dn
p1 = h31 + p3
= h31 + h43
(4)
h4-3
= h
h3-1
(3)
(1)
V1 = V
(2)
V2 = 0
1 2
= p1 + v1
2
Stagnation streamline
Stagnation point
(a)
(b)
1 2
= p + v
2
1 2
= p + v + z
2
Stagnation pressure
1 2
p2 = p3 = p + v
2
(4)
(1)
V
p
(2)
p3 p 4
1 2
1 2
p1 + v1 + z1 = p2 + v2 + z2
2
2
1 2
v2
z1 =
2
p1 = patm = 0 ; gauge pressure
v1 0 ; large surface, so v1 << v2
p2 p4 = patm = 0 ; streamlines parallel
between (2) and (4) . Radius of curvature is
infinite.
z1 = h . (z2 = 0 )
z1
v2
1 2
=
v2
2
s
2h p
=
= 2gh
Flow rates
How much water flows down a channel or through a
pipe?
V
t
= v 1 A1
dm
dt
= v1 A1
Equation of continuity
For a steady state situation, the mass of fluid going
into the tank must be the same as the mass of fluid
leaving the tank.
or
Q1 = Q2
v2 =
2gh = 2 9.8 2.0 = 6.26 m/s
v
u 2(p p )
u
2
1
Q = A2 t
A22
1 A2
1
(o C)
pvap (kPa)
1.23
(1)
(2)
(3)
20
2.34
(Absolute
pressure)
Small Q
30
4.24
40
7.34
Moderate Q
pv
Large Q
0
Incipient cavitation
0.2 m
Q
D
0.1 m
A2 = D2 /4 m2
p2 p1 = 0.20 = 9800 0.20 = 1960 Pa
= 1000 kgm3
1 A22 /A21 = 1 D2 /0.102 = 1 100D 2 m2
D2
Q =
4
3920
2
=
D
1000(1 100D2 )
0.245
(100D2 1)
EL and HGL
The EL and HGL can depict whether there is
positive pressure p > patm or negative pressure
p < patm .
Compressibility effects
The isothermal model for an ideal gas, p = R T
Z
dp 1 2
C =
+ v1 + gz1
2
Z
dp 1 2
+ v1 + gz1
C = RT
p
2
1
C = RT ln p1 + v12 + gz1
2
This can be used to get
RT
v22
v12
+ z1 +
ln(p1 /p2 ) =
+ z2
2g
g
2g
Now write as p1 /p2 = 1 + (p1 p2 )/p2 = 1 + p/p2
and use ln(1 + x) = x for x 1 .
v12
RT
+ z1 +
ln(1 + p/p2 ) =
2g
g
v12
RT
+ z1 +
(p/p2 )
2g
g
v22
+ z2
2g
v22
+ z2
2g
kMa21
incompressible
=
2
#
"
k
k1
k1
1 compressible
=
1+
2 +
Ma1
0.3
0.2
p2 p1
______
Incompressible
(Eq. 3.26)
p1
Compressible
(Eq. 3.25)
0.1
k = 1.4
0
0
0.2
0.4
Ma1
0.6
0.8
Unsteady effects
Implicit in the discussion was an assumption that
the fluid flows along steady state streamlines, so
v = v(s) is a function of position along the stream
and does not contain any explicit time dependence.
If v = v(s, t) then then it would be necessary to
include this when integrating along the streamline.
Z t2
1 2
p
1 2
p1 + v1 + z1 = p2 + v2 + z2 +
ds
2
2
t1 s
The additional term does complicate matters and
can only be easily handled under restricted
circumstances. There are quasi-steady flows where
some time dependence exists, but Bernoullis
equations could be applied as if the flow were steady
(e.g. the draining of a tank).
Rotational effects