L11 PDF

MSc Lecture 11:
Fire Retardants
Dr. J. Hao
National Laboratory of Flame Retardant Materials NLFRM
School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
Professor W.K. Chow

Department of Building Services Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
10 Nov 2015
MScFDFR.ppt
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction
Fire Tests
Fire Retardant Chemistry
Halogen Containing FRs
Phosphorus Containing FRs
Intumescent FRs
Inorganic Hydroxides FRs
2
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
1. Introduction
1.1 Definition of FRs
Fire retardants (FRs) are chemical compounds or
mixtures of chemical compounds that are added
to plastics resins, blends, and coatings, to reduce

the combustibility of the finished article.
Objective of Fire-Retarding Materials

to increase the resistance of a material to ignition
once ignited, to cause the material to burn more slowly
4
Time (min)
HRR of 1-PVC, 2-PVC/Cu2O, 3-PVC/MoO3

Test standard: ASTM E1354, Specimen position: horizontal, Heat flux: 25kW.m -2
4
Objective of Fire-Retarding Materials

once ignited, to cause the fire to die out
The comparison of non-fire retardant textile specimen and fire retarded in flame test
5
1.2 Application Areas

Electrical and Electronics (E&E)
Printed Circuit Boards
Connectors
Wire and Cable
Construction
1.
2.
3.
1. A residential building with a PUR thermal skin.

2. A ventilated curtain wall with insulating slabs based on Baymer.
3. Examples of pipe insulation.
Flammability classification:
Building materials class B1 or B2 (DIN 4102).
7
Transportation & Aerospace
Textile/other
Textiles in upholstered furnishings, bedding, sofa, chair

and curtains; foams
9
1.3 Comparison of FRs & Non FRs Plastics

A TV housing
A business machine housing
Upholstered chairs
A cable array
Laminated circuit boards
10
A TV housing; A business machine housing; Upholstered chairs;

A cable array; Laminated circuit boards.
NBS reported the results of comparison
Fire Performance
FR Plastics
Non-FR Plastics
(Reference value)
Escape Time
>15 t
Mass Loss
<1/2 m
HRR
<1/4 h
Toxic Gas
1/3 [CO]
[CO]
Smoke
Not significantly different
The study shows that the proper selection of FRs can improve fire and life safety.
11
1.4 Incorporating FRs with Plastics
Twin Screw Extruder
Parts of Twin Screw Extruder
12
Layout of Compounding line
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Polymer Feeder 1
Polymer Feeder 2
Additive Feeder
Filler Feeder 1
Filler Feeder 2
Liquid Feeder
Vacuum Pump
Inlet Screw
Side Feeder
Kneader
Discharge Screw
Wet Cut Pelletizing
Centrifuge
Water Circulation System
Pellet Cooling and Drying Unit
13
1.5 Classification of FRs

According to fire retardant elements
Halogen (Br, Cl) containing
Phosphorus (P) containing
Nitrogen (N) containing
Inorganic hydroxides
Melamine, 6%
Cl, 10%
Br, 39%
Inorganics, 22%
P, 23%
Major families of FRs (percent of dollar value-1997)
14
1.6 Selection of FRs

How to choose a proper FRs?
The type of FRs and the quantity needed to meet specific objectives
depend on the specific polymer and performance requirements.
Easy to incorporate and be compatible with plastics
Polymers containing high concentrations of filler may be difficult
to process, and good dispersion and extrudability may require the
special handling (surface modification) and/or the addition of
dispersion/coupling agents.
15

To decompose near the decomposition temperature
of the substrate.
The Right Place at the Right Time Rule

The efficiency of matching the decomposition temperature of
the flammable substrate and the FRs has been cited as one of
the main keys to good fire retardancy.
16
For Example, on examination of

commercial FRs recommended
for using in flexible polyurethane
foam. The figure shows the
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
curves for five candidates versus
the highly flammable flexible
foam itself.
Good Choice:
The mixture of 3. Phosgard C22-R and 4. Firemaster T23P
17
A more efficient FR can be achieved if a mixture of two FRs is used.

These are to be chosen so that
The first FR will become volatile or begin to decompose
approximately 60 to 75 below the point at which the flammable
substrate first begins to degrade and lose weight.
The second FR is chosen to start vaporizing at the point at which
the degrading flammable substrate has lost approximately 50% by
weight and reached its maximum rate of decomposition.
This method supplies initially a high concentration of the first fire
retardant in the vapor phase relative to the concentration of fuel gases
from the decomposing flammable substrate.
18

Be stable at processing temperatures
For Example:
Inorganic FRs processing temperatures

FRs
Approximate
Processin
Temp. of Decomp. g Temp.
()
()
ATH
Mg(OH) 2
ATH alumina trihydrate,
180
300
Examples,
Recommended for
200
Polyolefins etc. , not suitable for

Engineering Plastics (e.g.
Polyamide Plastics)
> 200
Suitable for Polyolefins,

Engineering Plastics (e.g.
Polyamide Plastics) etc.
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

19

Be effective at small level
without detriment to
mechanical properties of
plastics unless specifically
required
Be low in cost
To emit low smoke and

nontoxic gases
Time (min)
SPR of 1-PVC, 2-PVC/Cu2O, 3-PVC/MoO3
Heat flux: 25kW.m-2
20
2. Fire Tests
Why carry out fire tests ?
meeting a regulatory requirement

demonstrating that a product has adequate fire
safety performance
How to select the fire test methods ?
the product and its end-use
the performance requirements

regulatory requirements
21
2.1 Classification of Fire Test

Ease of ignition - How readily will a material ignite?
to what kind of ignition source? a cigarette, a match, a
large open flame?
Flame spread - How rapidly will fire spread across a
material surface? Horizontal, upward, downward,
across a ceiling?
Heat release rate - How much heat is released? How

quickly?
22
Fire endurance - How rapidly will fire penetrate a wall,

floor, or ceiling, or other barrier (fire penetration)?
Ease of extinction - How easily will the fire to out?

Smoke release - How much smoke is released? How
quickly?
Toxic gas evolution - How potent and how rapidly are toxic
gases released? Are they irritating? Are they corrosive?
23
2.2 UL- 94 Fire Test for E&E Materials

Underwriters Laboratory
Underwriters Laboratories
Inc. (UL) founded in 1894
UL offers
product safety certification programs to

determine that products meet nationally recognized safety
standards
the American Mark of Safety is the

most accepted, trusted and recognized safety certification
mark in the United States
The UL Mark
24
UL 94 contains the following tests:

Horizontal Burning Test: 94HB
(ASTM D 635, ISO 1210, IEC
60695-11-10 or IEC 60707).
Vertical Burning Test: 94V-0, V-1,
or V-2 (ASTM D 3801, IEC
60695-11-10, IEC 60707 or ISO
1210) , a more stringent test
than 94HB.
UL 94 Test Apparatus
25
Vertical Burning Test: 5VA or 5VB (ASTM D 5048, IEC 6069511-20, IEC 60707 or ISO 9772) is for enclosures for products
that are not easily moved or are attached to a conduit system.
Thin Material Vertical Burning Test: VTM-0, VTM-1, or VTM-2
(ASTM D 4804 or ISO 9773)
Horizontal Burning Foamed Material Test: HBF, HF-1, or HF-2
(ASTM D 4986 or ISO 9772) are used for nonstructural foam
materials.
26
UL 94HB Test
Test Specimens (a set of 3 specimens)
127 mm12.7 mm, thickness < 12.7 mm, > 3.18 mm 0.13 mm
Test Criteria
A burning rate < 38.1 mm/min
(over a 3 inch span for specimens
having a thickness of 3.05 - 12.7 mm)
or
A burning rate < 76.2 mm/min

(over a 3 inch span for specimens
having a thickness less than 3.05 mm,
or
Cease to burn before the 102 mm
(4 inch) reference mark.
Horizontal Burning Test for 94HB Classification
27
UL 94V-0, V-1, or V-2 Test
127 mm12.7 mm, thickness < 12.7 mm, > 3.18 mm 0.13 mm
UL 94 vertical burning test

28
UL 94V-0, V-1, or V-2 Test
A sample is exposed vertically to a Bunsen Burner blue flame 0.75 in.

high for 10 s.
If sample self-extinguishes within 30 s, another 10 s application is made.
Flaming droplets are allowed to fall on dry absorbent surgical cotton

located 12 in. below the bottom edge of the sample.
94 V-0: t av. BT < 5 s and the drips do not ignite the cotton
94 V-1: t av. BT > 5 s but < 25 s and the cotton is not ignited
94 V-2: self-extinguishing but the cotton is ignited
29
2.3 Ease of Extinction: Limiting Oxygen Index

(ASTM D 2863-06a, ISO 4589-1996)
Oxygen Index Apparatus

30
1.
Burning Specimen
2.
Clamp with Rod Support
3.
Igniter
4.
Wire Screen
5.
Ring Stand
6.
Glass Beads in a Bed
7.
Brass Base
8.
Tee
9.
Cut-Off Value
10.
Orifice in Holder
11.
Pressure Gage
12.
Precision Pressure
13.
Filter
14.
Needle Value
15.
Rotameter
LOI Typical Equipment Layout
31
LOI Typical Equipment Layout
32
Test Specimen: 70 ~ 150 mm 6.5 mm 3.2 mm
The sample is held vertically by a clamp at its bottom end.
A mixture of oxygen and nitrogen is metered into the bottom of the tube.
The sample is ignited at its upper end with a flame, which is then
withdrawn, the sample burns like a candle from the top down.
Limiting Oxygen Index
LOI is the minimum percent of oxygen in an oxygen and

nitrogen mixture that will just sustain burning for 2 in. or
3 min, whichever comes first.
33
The most economical and precise quality control test of

combustible materials.
A primary characterizing and quality control tool to the
plastic and electric cable industries.
Assessing the relative fire performance of combustible

materials.
Optimizing the compound formulations of fire retardant
materials.
34
All materials could now be assigned an OI value that would relate its relative
flammability to any other material
Limiting Oxygen Indexes of Various Polymer Materials
Polymer Materials
OI (%)
Polyethylene, Polypropylene
17.4
Polystyrene
17.8
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
18.7
Polyethylene terephthalate
20.6
Polyamide 66
23.0
Polycarbonate
25.0
Poly(vinyl chloride) (No Plasticizer)
45.0
Carbon
65.0
Polytetrafluoroethylene
95.0
35
2.4 NBS Smoke Density Test

NBS Chamber is used
to determine the
specific optical density
(Ds) of smoke
generated by solid
materials within a
closed chamber due to
flaming and/or nonflaming combustion.
NBS Smoke Chamber (ASTM E 662, BS 6401, and NFPA 258)
36
Test Specimen: 76.2 mm 76.2 mm, thickness 25.4 mm
Samples are burned in either the flaming or non-flaming

(smouldering) mode.
F: Radiant energy heat source with an irradiance level of 2.5 W/cm2.
NF: A six-tube burner, fueled with a mixture of propane and air, is used
in combination with the radiant heat.
The specific optical density (Ds) of the resulting smoke is

measured photometrically.
37
Calculating specific optical density, Ds , at any given time as follows:
Ds = G [ log10 (100/T) + F ]
where:
G = V/AL = 132,
V = volume of the closed chamber (m3)
A = exposed area of the specimen (m2)

L = length of the light path through the smoke (m)
T = percent light transmittance as read from the light sensing instrument, and
F = a correction factor
38
The Ds for the time of maximum smoke:

Dm = 132log 100/Tminimum
The specific optical density (Ds) vs. time curves of the resulting smoke
39
3. Fire Retardant Chemistry

3.1 Function Mode of FRs
Action in the Vapor Phase

e.g. Halogen Containing FRs
Action in the Condensed Phase
e.g. Phosphorus Containing FRs; Intumescent FRs
Endothermic Functioning
e.g. Inorganic Hydroxides FRs;
Nitrogen Containing FRs, such as Melamine etc.
40
The Radical-Chain Oxidation Reactions in Flame

Branching Reaction:
O
Exothermic Ox- Reaction:
H + O2 HO +
HO + CO CO2 + H
41
3.2 Action in the Vapor Phase
Halogen containing FRs can produce hydrogen halides

HX (HBr, HCl)
RX
X
Halogen FR
halogen radical
X
RH
halogen radical hydrocarbon species
R
organic radical
HX
hydrogen halide
R
organic radical
42
HX (the radicals scavenger) can interact with HO,

H radicals in flame, so that the flame velocity can be
greatly reduced.
HX + H
HX + HO
H2 + X
H2O + X
43
3.3 Action in the Condensed Phase

Cross-linking at the surface of materials
Formation of a carbonaceous char

Char insulating the underlying substrate from flame,
heat and oxygen
44
3.4 Endothermic Functioning

Inorganic Hydroxides FRs, such as ATH, Mg(OH)2
evolving water or other non-flammable gases during heating
cooling the surface

diluting the flame
2 Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O
1127 J/g
Mg(OH) 2 MgO + H2O
1244 J/g
Endothermic Release of Water Vapor from Inorganic Hydroxides FRs
45
Nitrogen Containing FRs, such as Melamine:

Ammonium released diluting the concentration of flammable gases
Absorbing a small amount of heat energy: 470 kcal/mole
melamine
Endothermic reaction of melamine:

-NH3
-NH3
-NH3
2C3H6N6 C6H9N11 C6H6N10 C6H3N9
350
450
600
46
4. Halogen Containing FRs

4.1 Halogen containing FRs
One of the largest groups of FRs additives in the plastics
industry.
Limiting the uses of halogen containing FRs because of
corrosivity or suspected smoke toxicity.
Between 50 and 100 halogen containing FRs exist to cover
most of the market requirements.
47
The three leading producers of bromine containing FRs

Great Lakes Chemicals (USA)
Dead Sea Bromine Group (Israel)

Albemarle (USA)
The main properties of bromine containing FRs
Bromine content
Chemical structure
Thermal stability
Melting point
48
Main Bromine Containing FRs

Chemical Name
Chemical
Structure
Halogen
Content
(%)
TGA 5%,
wt loss ()
M.P.
()
Decabromodiphenyl oxide
(DECA)
---
83
362
300-315
Bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) of
TBBA
(BDBPE-TBBA)
---
68
310
106-120
Decabormodiphenyl ethane
(DBDPE)
---
82
450*
335-342
* Decomposition Temperature
49
Main Bromine Containing FRs (Continue)

Chemical Name
Chemical
Structure
Halogen
Content
(%)
TGA 5%,
wt loss ()
M.P.
()
Hexaboromcyclododecane
(HBCD)
---
74.7
>250
175-197
Brominated Indan
---
73
325
240-255
Tetrabromobisphenol A
(TBBPA)
---
58.5
305
181
50
4.2 Application of Bromine containing FRs

More than 80% of the halogen containing FRs used in E&E and
building industry.
Major uses in epoxy resins, styrenic copolymers, polypropylene and
engineering thermoplastics, polyurethanes, and textile.
Textile 7%
Transportation 6%
Construction 31%
E&E 56%
Uses of TBBPA, DBDPO, HBCD

51
FR PP applications:
electrical (wire nuts, lamp sockets, coil bobbins, connectors and wire and
cables).
housing of electrical appliances, TV yokes, pipes for water discharge,
fibers for textile applications, film and sheets for roofing.
Influence of the FR: Sb2O3 Ratio (PP)
FR: Sb2O3 ratio
1:1
2:1
3:1
6:1
BDBPE-TBBA (%)
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
Sb2O3 (%)
1.5
0.75
0.5
0.25
Fail
V-2
Fail
UL 94 class
3.2 mm
Fail
52
Many UL 94 V-2 applications such as lamps for Christmas tree have to

pass the more severe class V-0. This is the origin of an important demand
for FR PP with high FR. The average growth rate of the FR PP market is
round 8% per year. Up till 1998, the market of fire retarded PP was divided
according to fire retardancy standards as following:
UL 94 V-0: 63%
UL 94 V-2: 23%
DIN 4102 B1: 12%
Others: 2 %
Distribution of FR Polypropylenes by Standard of FR (Volume-1998)

53
Polypropylene (PP) Fire Retarded by Bromine FRs

Ref. no FR
DECA
BDBPE-TBBA
Brominated
Indane
PP
100
67.5
84
60
FRs
---
24.4
12
15
ATO
---
8.1
Talc
---
---
---
---
Mg(OH)2
---
---
---
20
Br content (%)
20
11
UL 94, class
NR
V-0 (1.6 mm)
V-0 (1.6 mm)
V-0 (3.2 mm)
Maximum strength (MPa)
35
28
32
21
Elong. At break (%)
30
29
19
3.5
Modulus (MPa)
1500
1600
1200
1900
FRs type
Composition (%)
Properties
54
PS Foams Need Fire Retardency

XPS foams (expanded foamed polystyrene) used in the building
industry for thermal insulation and for decorative profiles.
EPS foams (extrusion foamed polystyrene) used in the packaging
of electronic goods.
HBCD is the most commonly used halogen containing FR for

these applications.
The loading of HBCD is typically between 0.8 and 4 wt% in the
PS foam formulations, LOI generally can reach 26% - 30%.
55
5. Phosphorus Containing FRs

5.1 Phosphorus containing FRs
A major interest in replacing halogenated FRs
Use for thermoplastics, thermosets, textiles, paper, coatings and mastics
Phosphorus containing FRs include:
Elemental red phosphorus;
Water soluble inorganic phosphates;
Insoluble ammonium polyphosphate (APP);
Organophosphorus FRs;
Phosphorus-bromine containing FRs.
56
5.2 Application of Phosphorus containing FRs

Elemental red phosphorus highly efficient FR for oxygen-containing
polymers, such as polycarbonate (PC) and poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)
Red Phosphorus Concentration Require for UL-94 V-0 , %
Polystyrene
15
Polycarbonate
Polyethylene
10
Poly(ethylene
terephthalate)
Polyamide
Filled phenolic
57
Organophosphorus FRs
Triaryl phosphate, Alkyl diaryl phosphate etc. being as nonflammable
plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), cellulose acetate and engineering
plastics such as modified PPO resin and PC/ABS blends
A flexible PVC + 60 parts of an organic plasticizer, LOI = 22%;
A flexible PVC + 60 parts of an triaryl phosphate, LOI = 30%;
PC/ABS (10% ABS) + triphenyl phosphate and resorcinol diphosphate:

PC/ABS with 1.2% phosphorus, UL 94 V-0 (1.6mm)
58
6. Intumescent FRs
First development for application in the coatings
Recent approach: incorporation of IFR in polymeric materials

After 4 s
After 8 s
An Intumescent Coating, 3 mm thick

Foaming up to 38 mm thick by flame
After 12s
After 600 s
A thick high yield char barrier

Extinguishing fire
Protecting the coated substrate
59
6.1 Compositions and function of Intumescent FRs

Three basic components
A source of carbon (polyol) : pentaerythritol, starch etc.
A source of acid : ammonium polyphosphate (APP),
ammonium phosphate etc.
A source of gas : melamine, urea etc.
60
The Action of Intumescent FRs

Decomposition of the phosphate to phosphoric acid
an acid source.
An acid source dehydrating a carbon source to form

melted char layer on the surface of substrate.
Decomposition of the melamine (gas source) to yield
ammonia helps blow the forming char layer to a
porous product.
61
The Action of Intumescent FRs
An Example of Chemical Intumescent FRs

62
This char
insulates the substrate from flame,
heat and oxygen.
adheres to the surface of molten
materials to prevent it from dripping,
thus eliminating a possible source
of propagation of fire.
The role of char in thermal degradation: Fire Retardancy

63
Some Commercial IFR Additives

APP: Exolit AP 422 and Exolit AP 462 ( Hoechst-Celanese)
Pentaerythritol & its oligomers: (Hercules, Celanese, Perstorp)
Melamine phosphate: Amgard NH (Albright & Wilson )

Melamine pyrophosphate: Aeroguard MPP (Cytec)
Char-Guard 329 (Great Lakes Chemical)
IFRs in a Single Molecule Used
for PP and other Polyolefins
64
6.2 Application of Intumescent FRs

Fire Retarded Polypropylene
Components
Polypropylene
Virgin PP
IFR-PP
Clorinated FR-PP
Brominated FRPP
100
75
57
67
Exolit IFR 23
25
Alicyclic chlorine FR
34
Aromatic bromine FR
25
Antimony oxide
3.6
Zinc borate
5.4
Oxygen index (%)
18
30
27
28
UL-94 rating
NR
V-0
V-0
V-0
IFR-PP meeting the different requirements in product lifecycle

65
Owing to mode of action of IFRs, only very little smoke is

formed in the early stages of a fire.
800
Ds (flaming conditions)
Brominated FR-PP
600
Chlorinated FR-PP
400
200
IFR-PP
PP
0
1
time (min)
Fig. Optical smoke density of FR-PP compounds
66
6.3 Expandable Graphite

Expandable graphite (EG) flake is now being used in a growing number of
application as an intumescent fire retardant additive.
Scanning Electron Micrograph of
Expanded Graphite Flake, referred to as
a worm
A- EG in the initial state

B- After expansion at 1000
67
The Action of EG as Intumescent FRs

EG is manufactured using natural crystalline graphite flake.
Crystalline graphite consists of parallel planes of carbon atoms.
Sulfuric acid is inserted into the graphite to form EG intercalation.
When the intercalated graphite is
exposed to heat or flame, the
inserted molecules decompose and
release gases. The graphite layer
planes are forced apart by the gas
and the graphite expands.
68
6.4 Application Expandable Graphite

Adding EG to flexible PUF
EG-FR Polyurethane foam Formulation component:
Polyol + EG + reaction aids + TDI(Tolylene diisocyanate)

40 parts EG /100 parts Polyol:
LOI > 30% , ABR: 18 mm/min (no FR-FPUF, ABR: 61.8 mm/min)
69
6.5 Intumescent FR Coatings

FR Coating:
A fluid-applied surface covering on a combustible material

which delays ignition and reduces flame spread when the
coating is exposed to fire.
Steel structure
Steel, which does not contribute to the propagation

of fire with volatile products but may collapse at
the temperatures of flames, so that need to be
coated by FR coatings.
70
IFR coatings widely used on various substrates:

metal, plastics, textiles, and timber
1. Coat the surface of cardboard.
2. Test with a torch.
3. Scrape off the intumescent.
4. Read the printing on the surface
of the cardboard !
"FX-100 Flame Retardant Coating"
"Expands 100 times the applied coating thickness to protect from fire !"
71
By Surface Treatment Achieving FR
FIRE RETARDANT CABLE COATING
72
7. Inorganic Hydroxides FRs

A class of environmentally friendly FRs
Estimated Consumption of FRs, 1995 (in Thousands of Metric Tons)
FRs
North
America
Europe Japan
Asia
Total volume
Value
(US $ mm)
Halogen
79
73
45
49
246
825
Phosphorus
46
59
11
17
133
426
Antimony
oxides
23
20
16
13
72
342
ATH
232
120
42
402
221
Mg(OH)2
11
24
49
Other
19
30
66
Total
405
289
123
90
907
1929
More than 50% of the volume of FRs sold on a global basis

73
7.1 Use of Inorganic Hydroxides FRs

SB-rubber latex back-coatings used in the manufacture
of FR carpets.
FR rubber-insulated cable, insulating foam, conveyor
belt, roofing, and hoses.
FR unsaturated polyester resins.
E&E applications include connectors, insulators, and

circuit boards.
74
FR Polyolefins Plastic Cables Formulations

Compositions,
Properties
Thermoplastic
(phr*)
Cross-linking
Type (phr)
EVA**, 19%VA
---
100
EVA, 28%VA
80
---
LLDPE***
20
---
ATH
170
150
Ethylsilane
1.5
Peroxide, Antioxidant
0.07, 0.4
1.0, 0.4
LOI (%)
~ 37
~ 33
Maximum strength (MPa)
> 10
> 18
Elong. At break (%)
>180
>180
*phr- per hundred resin, **EVA- Ethylene Vinyl Acetate, ***LLDPE- Linear Low Density Polyethylene
75
7.2 Advance of Inorganic Hydroxides FRs

Two issues that limit the use of inorganic hydroxides
as a FR additive for thermoplastics :
The relatively low temp. of decomposition for ATH.
The relatively high loading level required to achieve adequate levels of FR.
FR Performance with BAO*
Polymer
Processing
temp. ()
Loading level
(%)
UL-94 rating
Oxygen index
PBT
230
55
60
Fail
V-0
29.8
Nylon 6,6
275
55
60
Fail
V-0
33.3
BAO: Basic Aluminum Oxalate - Modified ATH

76
A surface treatment of ATH The mechanical properties of EPDM

containing modified ATH can be improved.
77

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MSc Lecture 11:

Professor W.K. Chow

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

to plastics resins, blends, and coatings, to reduce

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

Objective of Fire-Retarding Materials

HRR of 1-PVC, 2-PVC/Cu2O, 3-PVC/MoO3

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

Objective of Fire-Retarding Materials

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

1.2 Application Areas

Printed Circuit Boards

Wire and Cable

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

1. A residential building with a PUR thermal skin.

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

Transportation & Aerospace

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

Textiles in upholstered furnishings, bedding, sofa, chair

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

1.3 Comparison of FRs & Non FRs Plastics

Laminated circuit boards

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

A TV housing; A business machine housing; Upholstered chairs;

Not significantly different

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

1.4 Incorporating FRs with Plastics

Twin Screw Extruder

Parts of Twin Screw Extruder

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Layout of Compounding line

Department of Building Services Engineering

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

1.5 Classification of FRs

Major families of FRs (percent of dollar value-1997)

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

1.6 Selection of FRs

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

How to choose a proper FRs?

The Right Place at the Right Time Rule

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

For Example, on examination of

The mixture of 3. Phosgard C22-R and 4. Firemaster T23P

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering

A more efficient FR can be achieved if a mixture of two FRs is used.

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Department of Building Services Engineering