MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC

CIRCUITS IN MACHINES
Dr. R. RAMESH
Associate Professor
Dept of Electrical and Electronics Engg
Anna University , Chennai
Dr.R.RAMESH
Dr.R.RAMESH

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MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF
TRANSFORMER

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MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF DC
MACHINES

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MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF
INDUCTION MOTOR

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Electric circuit

Magnetic circuit

The emf circulates

current in a closed path

The mmf creates flux in a

closed path.

Flow of current is
The creation of flux is
opposed by resistance of opposed by reluctance of
the circuit.
the circuit.
The path of current is
called electric circuit.

The path of flux is called

magnetic circuit.

Resistance, R

Reluctance,S=

Current=emf/Resistance

Flux=mmf/Reluctance

Current
density,=Current/(area of
cross-section)

flux density,B=Flux/(Area
of cross-section)

Dr.R.RAMESH

Electric circuit

Magnetic circuit

Current actually flows in

the electric circuit.

Flux does not flow, but it

is only assumed to flow.

When current flows, the

energy is spent
continuously.

Energy is needed only to

create the flux but not to
maintain it.

Resistance of the electric Reluctance of the

circuit is independent of
magnetic circuit depends
current strength.
on total flux or flux
density in the material.(
this is due to saturation).
Dr.R.RAMESH

ESTIMATION OF MMF OF A SECTION

Determine the flux in the concerned
section
Calculate the cross-section of the section
Calculate the flux density
From calculated B , detemine H (mmf per
unit length) from B-H curve
mmf for concerned section
= length of section * mmf per unit length

Dr.R.RAMESH

ESTIMATION OF MMF OF A
MACHINE
mmf = flux * relucatnce
Reluctance will not be uniform
Reluctance calculation
Reluctance of air-gap in machines with smooth
armature
Reluctance of air-gap in machines with open
armature slots
Reluctance of air gap neglecting fringing
effect
Reluctance of air gap including fringing
effect
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Reluctance of air-gap in
machines with smooth
armature

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Reluctance of air-gap in
machines with open
armature slots

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Reluctance of air gap

fringing effect

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Reluctance of air-gap in
machines with smooth
armature (sg )

lg / o L

ys

Reluctance of air gap

neglecting fringing effect

lg / o L

(y s - w s)

Reluctance of air gap

including fringing effect

lg / o L

(y s - K cs w s)

Effect of ventilating ducts

on reluctance of air gap

L = L - K cd nd wd

K cs = Carters gap coefficients for slots

depends on the ratio of slot opening /airgap length or
the empirical relation is 1/ {1+ (5lg /Ws )}

K cd =

Carters gap coefficients for ducts

the empirical relation is 1/ {1+ (5lg /Wd )}

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 Kgs : Gap contraction factor for slots

Reluctance of air gap in machine with open armature
slots / Reluctance of air gap in machine with smooth
armature = ys/ys
Kgd : Gap contraction factor for ducts
Reluctance of air gap in machine with open armature
radial ducts / Reluctance of air gap in machine without
armature radial ducts
= L/L
Kg : Total Gap contraction factor
Reluctance of air gap in machine with slotted
armature & ducts / Reluctance of air gap in machine
with smooth armature without ducts
Kg = Kgs * Kgd
Kgs = Kgss * Kgsr (for induction motor)
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MMF
mmf required for air gap in machine
= 8,00,000 Bav kg lg
if armature is smooth kg =1
slot , no ducts kg = Kgs
smooth and with ducts kg = Kgd

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MMF CALCULATION FOR TEETH:

The calculation of MMF for producing flux in the teeth
of the machine is difficult because :
i) The teeth are tapered when parallel sided slots are
used and this results in variation in the flux density
over the depth of the tooth.
ii) The slots provide another parallel path for the flux
flow, the teeth are normally worked in saturation
and hence r becomes low.

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Following METHODS are usually employed for the

calculation of MMF required for the tapered teeth:i) GRAPHICAL METHOD :
ATt = at mean x lt
ii) SIMPSONS RULE :
at mean = (at1 +4 at2 + at3)/6 A/m
iii) BT1/3 METHOD :
ATt = at1/3 x lt ,
where at1/3 = MMF for corresponding to B at 1/3 rd
height from the narrow end.

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Graphical Method

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 B app= total flux in a slot pitch / Tooth

area
B real = Actual flux in a tooth/Tooth
area

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Magnetic leakage
The flux which passes through unwanted
path is called the leakage flux.
Leakage coefficient
= Total flux/ useful flux
= (useful flux+ leakage flux) / useful flux

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Types of leakage flux

Slot leakage flux

Tooth top leakage flux
Zigzag leakage flux
Overhang leakage flux
Harmonic leakage flux
Skew leakage flux
Peripheral leakage flux
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Slot leakage flux

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Tooth top leakage flux

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Zigzag leakage flux

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