~SCIENCE ASSIGNMENT~

Meaning of Vaccination:
A vaccination is a treatment which makes the body stronger against a particular infection.
Temporarily makes you stronger to fight the disease.

Meaning of Philanthropic:
a person or organization, seeking to promote the welfare of others; generous and benevolent.

Meaning of Inoculation:
the action of inoculating or of being inoculated (treated with a vaccine to produce immunity against
a disease).

Meaning of Immunisation:
'Immunisation' is the term used for the process of both getting the vaccine and becoming immune
to the disease in the future as a result of the vaccine.

Definitions:
(shortened version)

vaccination - A vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to stimulate an

individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines
can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection

Immunisation - Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an

individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the
immunogen).

Active immunity is when a vaccination is administered containing either a

manipulated form of, or a dead pathogen allowing your body's immunity to fight the
disease, triggering memory cells and antibodies. The changed version cannot
replicate so will not multiply and give the typical effects.

Passive immunity is given in an emergency and contains antibodies to the

pathogen. Therefore, your immune system is not activated and B Lymphocytes do
not make memory cells which means they cannot fight the illness when
encountered in the future.

Why people choose to vaccinate their children

reduces and eliminates diseases

Vaccines mean fewer missed school days, time lost from work to care for a sick
child can cause a financial burden for the family.

Having a vaccination will prevent the spreading of diseases from one host to
another and will also keep you safe overseas from harmful foreign illnesses ... One
For example, someone who has measles. Measles is not very common in the
Australia due to vaccination, but it is still common in many parts of the world. The
disease might be brought into the Australia by unvaccinated travellers who are
infected while abroad. After reaching this country, measles can spread quickly
among unvaccinated people.

Immunizations can save your family time and money. A child with a vaccinepreventable disease can be denied attendance at schools or child care facilities.
Some vaccine-preventable diseases can result in prolonged disabilities and can
take a financial toll because of lost time at work, medical bills or long-term disability
care. In contrast, getting vaccinated against these diseases is a good investment
and usually covered by insurance. The Vaccines for Children program is a federally
funded program that provides vaccines at no cost to children from low-income
families.

Immunization protects future generations. Vaccines have reduced and, in some

cases, eliminated many diseases that killed or severely disabled people just a few
generations ago. For example, smallpox vaccination eradicated that disease

worldwide. Your children dont have to get smallpox shots any more because the
disease no longer exists. By vaccinating children against rubella (German measles),
the risk that pregnant women will pass this virus on to their fetus or newborn has
been dramatically decreased, and birth defects associated with that virus no longer
are seen in the United States. If we continue vaccinating now, and vaccinating
completely, parents in the future may be able to trust that some diseases of today
will no longer be around to harm their children in the future.

Vaccinations are very safe and effective. Vaccines are only given to children after a
long and careful review by scientists, doctors, and healthcare professionals.

Vaccines will involve some discomfort and may cause pain, redness, or tenderness
at the site of injection but this is minimal compared to the pain, discomfort, and
trauma of the diseases these vaccines prevent. The disease-prevention benefits of
getting vaccines are much greater than the possible side effects for almost all
children.

Why people choose not to vaccinate their children?

ALL Vaccines are Loaded with Chemicals and other Poisons, which may harm the
person being inoculated.

A Number of Vaccines Have Already Had Problems/Been Removed from the Market

The longer you wait to vaccinate your child, the better. A childs immune system
continues to develop for years after birth. The blood/brain barrier does not fully
develop until adolescence. The longer you wait, the more likely your childs immune
system will be able to handle the onslaught with minimal damage.

Do not trust pharmaceutical companies and brand names due lack of knowledge
about them and the vaccine

People think they may not need it because they are not aware they are traveling to
a harmful or disease exposed country

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a disease caused by a virus. In some cases of polio the

nerves are attacked by the virus and paralysis of the arms, lungs or diaphragm
(which controls breathing) can result. Today we rarely hear about polio because it
has become extremely rare as a result of vaccination programs. In your great
grandparent's days it was common for people to have permanent disabilities as a
result of having had polio in childhood. When the vaccine first became available
parents rushed to have their children immunised. The polio vaccine is one of the
many vaccines which are now available for all children at no cost to parents. Yet a
small percentage of children are not immunised against polio.

Members of a religion called Christian Science generally prefer not to use

vaccination and do not rely on medicine and surgery to treat disease. They believe
that healing is achieved through prayer.

While vaccines have saved many lives, there is the possibility of a negative reaction
to a vaccine. This possibility is very small but it does exist. The majority of negative
reactions are mild and may include a slight fever or pain at the site of the injection.
In a very small number of cases a more severe reaction may occur.

One in 100 people receiving the mumps vaccine may develop swelling of the
salivary glands and 1 in 3 million may suffer from mild encephalitis (an infection of
the brain). Overwhelmingly, the risk from the disease against which the vaccine
offers protection far outweighs the risk from the actual immunisation.

The combination of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, or MMR vaccine,
raised particular safety concerns in the late 1990s, as small numbers of children
appeared to develop symptoms of autism after receiving this vaccine.

Even though it has not been proven or disproved, parents still fear that it could
cause Autism to their child and tend to veer away from vaccinations. Some parents
remain doubtful about the safety of the vaccine even though they may be very
accessible and for free.

STATISTICS:
Parent Concerns and Actions

92% of Australian parents allow their children to be fully vaccinated on

time.

47% of parents have no concerns about vaccine safety.

53% of parents have at least some concerns around vaccinating their

children.

45% allow their children to be vaccinated anyway.

8% delay or avoid vaccines. (Of this 8%, 2% fully refuse vaccines for
their children).

88% of people who support vaccination get information from their GP

17% of people who support vaccination get their information from the
Internet, compared to 50% of those who oppose vaccination get their
information from the Internet

Deaths from measles, a major child killer, declined by 71 per cent

worldwide and by 80 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and
2011.

How Do Vaccinations Work?

Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. Type of infection,

however, does not cause illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce
T-lymphocytes and antibodies.

A vaccine contains a killed or weakened part of a germ that is responsible for

infection.

Because the germ has been killed or weakened before it is used to make the
vaccine, it can not make the person sick.

When a person receives a vaccine, the body reacts by making substances called
"antibodies". The antibodies are the body's defenders because they help to kill off
the germs that enter the body.

Vaccines work by stimulating our immune system to produce antibodies

(substances produced by the body to fight disease) without actually infecting us with
the disease. (active immunity)

If the vaccinated person then comes into contact with the disease itself, their
immune system will recognise it and immediately produce the antibodies they need
to fight it.

Newborn babies are already protected against several diseases, such as measles,
mumps and rubella, because antibodies have passed into them from their mothers
via the placenta. (passive immunity)

Passive immunity only lasts for a few weeks or months.

During the mid-1970s, there was an increased focus on personal health and more people
became concerned about vaccine safety. Several lawsuits were filed against vaccine
manufacturers and healthcare providers by people who believed they had been injured by
vaccines, and the evidence presented in court was good enough to win.

Forcing a parent to vaccinate their child is not a sound scientific one. All drugs are
associated with some risks and adverse reactions. The greater good argument is
concerning because causes of permanent neurodevelopmental disabilities and even
deaths following vaccination in children (with genetic and other susceptibilities) have been
established (firmly) in scientific literature

How vaccines work:

Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however,
does not cause illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes
and antibodies. Sometimes, after getting a vaccine, the imitated infection can cause minor
symptoms, such as fever.

A vaccine contains a killed or weakened part of a germ that is responsible for infection.
Because the germ has been killed or weakened before it is used to make the vaccine, it
can not make the person sick. When a person receives a vaccine, the body reacts by
making protective substances called "antibodies". The antibodies are the body's defenders
because they help to kill off the germs that enter the body. In other words, vaccines expose
people safely to germs, so that they can become protected from a disease but not come
down with the disease.

Bibliography

CDC Features - What are the Reasons to Vaccinate My Baby? year published:
2015, Accessed 1st June 2015, http://www.cdc.gov/features/ReasonsToVaccinate/

I choose, Not vaccinating? Year published: 2015, Accessed 3rd June 2015,
http://www.whyichoose.org/notvaccinating.html

Six Reasons To Say NO to Vaccination, The Healthy Home Economist, year

published: 2010, Accessed 03/08/2015,
http://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/six- reasons-to-say-no-to-vaccination/

Unicef, 'UNICEF STATISTICS', 2015. (Website). Accessed 1st August 2015,

http://data.unicef.org/child-health/immunization#sthash.ARdMqCBw.dpuf

Jacaranda,. 'Jacaranda PLUS', 2015. (Website). Accessed 2nd August 2015.

http://content.jacplus.com.au/faces/pages/ebookviewer.xhtml?
isbn=1118606353&chptr=10453&sectionNo=6&pageType=1&view=01&
cb=6045573230367

Science Public, 50% of Australians who oppose vaccination get their information
from the Internet, 2015. (Website). Accessed August 3rd, 2015,
http://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/ media-releases/vaccinationsurvey

How vaccines work. (Website) Accessed August 3rd, 2015,

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/pages/how-vaccines-work.aspx

ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE. (Website) Accessed August 3rd, 2015, from

http://data.unicef.org/child-health/immunization

In a Nutshell Kurzgesagt, The Immune System Explained I Bacteria Infection,

2014. (YouTube) Accessed August 3rd, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zQGOcOUBi6s