Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat

Part II- System Design
Chapter 5
WASTE WATER TREATMENT:
For the village, proposed waste water treatment system consists of following components:
Primary treatment
1. Screens
2. Grit chamber
3. Primary sedimentation tank

Secondary Treatment
4. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
5. Rotating Biological Contactor
6. Secondary clarifier
[Refer Fig No.- for Treatment Train]

Tertiary Treatment
7. Disinfection

5.1 Flow determination

Determination of flow:
Q = w P Where,
Q= Average wastewater flow; w= per capita wastewater generation; P= Population
Hence, Q = 100 7000 = 700000 lit/day
Q= 700 m3/day
5.2 Characteristics of sewage
Table 22 Typical Composition of domestic wastewater29
Total Dissolved Solids
1
Fixed
Volatile
mg/l
mg/l
525
325

Suspended Solids
2
Fixed
Volatile
mg/l
mg/l
75
275

BOD5
4

mg/l
20

mg/l
400

TOC
5

COD
6

mg/l
290

mg/l
1000

Chlorides
9

Sulphates
10

Alkalinity
11

Grease
12

Total Coliform
13

VOC5
14

mg/l
100

mg/l
50

mg/l
200

mg/l
150

CFU 100 mL-1

108-109

mg/l
>400

[Type text]

Total Nitrogen
7
Organic
Free ammonia
mg/l
mg/l
35
50

Settelable Solids
3

Total Phosphorous
8
Organic
Inorganicmg/l
mg/l
5
10

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Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Part II- System Design
Chapter 5
5.3 Primary Treatment
5.3.1 Design of Screens:
(i) Determination of important parameters of sewer:30
For Peak hourly flow= 3.8Ave flow31 and Ratio [ Flow depth d /Sewer dia D] = 0.8
Angle of Flow

rad
= 2 cos-1 [12(d/D)]

Sewer Gradient
imin
m/m
= 5.64 10-3 q-6/13

where
d= depth of flow
D= diameter of sewer
both in m

where
q= peak flow in m3/sec
= 0.74

= 4.42 rad

imin = 6.48 10-3

Hydraulic Radius
r
m
= (D/4) [1 ((sin ) /)]
where
D= sewer diameter
= angle of flow
r= 0.215 m

Sewer Diameter
D
m
= n (3/8) ka(-3/8) kr(-1/4) [q/(imin )1/2]3/8
where
n= roughness co-efficient=
0.0130
ka= flow area co-efficient=
0.6736
kr= hydraulic radius co-efficient= 0.3042
q= peak flow
imin= sewer gradient
D= 0.7 m
Flow Velocity
v
m/s
= (1/n) r 2/3 imin
where
n= roughness co-efficient
r= hydraulic radius
imin= sewer gradient
v= 2.22 m/s

(ii) Determination of important parameters of screen Chamber:32

The longitudinal section of the screen chamber is divided in to four sections:
Section 1 At sewer
Section 2 At screen chamber u/s of bar rack
Section 3 At d/s of bar rack
Section 4 At u/s of the outlet of screen chamber
[Type text]

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Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Part II- System Design
Chapter 5
1. Width of screen chamber with bar racks
Assuming depth of flow in screen chamber
d= 0.8 D = 0.56 m

2. Actual depth of flow in screen chamber

Bernoullis equation between sections 1 & 2,
z1 + d1 + (v12 / 2g) = z2 + d2 + (v22 / 2g) + hl

Assuming velocity of flow thru rack openings

v= 1.1 m/sec
Clear area of openings through the rack
A= q/v = 0.74/1.1 = 0.673 m2

where
z1 & z2= datum heads
d1 & d2= depth of flow at section 1 & 2
v1 & v2= velocity of flow at section 1 & 2
hl= head loss due to sudden expansion

Clear width of openings through rack

b= 0.673/0.56 = 1.2 m

hl= ke[v12/2g v22/2g]

ke= co-efficient of expansion = 0.3

Providing 48 clear spacing of 25 mm each,

Number of bars = 47 of 10 mm each

Substituting following values in above eq.

z1= 0.08 m, z2= 0
v1= 2.22 m/sec, v2= q/(bd2)
d1= 0.56 m
and solving the eq,
d2= 0.85 m
v2= 0.52 m/sec
d2= 0.85 m

Total width of screen chamber:

B= 4825 + 4710 = 1670mm = 1.67 m

B= 1.67 m
3. Velocity through clear openings of bar
racks
v= flow/net area of openings through rack

h= 0.0728 [v2 v22]

v= q/Anet = 0.74/480.0250.85
v= 0.725 m/sec

h= 0.0728 [(0.725)2 (0.52)2]

h= 0.018 m

v= 0.725 m/sec

h= 0.018 m

5. Depth and flow velocity d/s of bar rack

6. Floor raising required in channel before

free fall in to sump well- critical parameters
Depth of critical flow= dc= [ q2/gb2 ]1/3 = 0.27m

Bernoullis equation between sections 2 & 3

z2 + d2 + (v22 / 2g) = z3 + d3 + (v32 / 2g) + h

4. Head Loss through bar rack

Critical velocity= vc= q/Bdc = 1.64m/sec

where
z2 & z3= datum heads
d2 & d3= depth of flow at section 2 & 3
v2 & v3= velocity of flow at section 2 & 3
h= head loss
d3= 0.84 m v3= 0.53m/sec
d3= 0.84m v3= 0.53m/sec
[Type text]

Bernoullis equation between section 3 and 4,

z3 + d3 + (v32 / 2g)=z4 + zc + d4 + (v42 / 2g) + hn
zc= 0.45m
dc= 0.27 m

vc= 1.64m/sec zc= 0.45m

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Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Part II- System Design
Chapter 5

5.3.2 Design of Grit chamber:33

To remove grit particles up to 0.15 mm with sp gr. = 2.65
1. Settling Velocity
vs= [0.707 (Ss-1)d1/6v-0.6]0.714
where,
vs= Settling velocity
Ss= Specific gravity of particles= 2.65
d= 0.15 mm
v= settling rate= 1.1410-6 m2/s
vs= 0.0168 m/sec
vs= 0.0168 m/sec
3. Dimensions of grit chamber

2. Surface Overflow Rate

The surface overflow rate for 100 % removal
efficiency in an ideal grit chamber
=
Settling velocity of the minimum size of
particle to be removed
SOR= 0.0168243600
SOR= 1451.5m3/m2/d
SOR= 1451.5m3/m2/d

A= q/vs

4. Hydraulic residence Time at peak flow

HRT = V/q

where,
A= Plan area of grit chamber
q= peak hourly flow= 0.74 m3/s
vs= settling velocity= 0.0168m/sec

where,
HRT= hydraulic residence time
V= volume= (Ad)= (442)= 88 m3
q= peak flow= 0.74 m3/sec

A= 0.74/0.0168= 44 m2

HRT= 2 minutes

A= 0.74/0.0168= 44 m2

[Type text]

HRT= 2 minutes

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Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Part II- System Design
Chapter 5
5.3.3 Design of primary sedimentation tank:34

1. Required Surface area

For average flow condition,
A= Q/OR

2. Tank Length
Width of the channel as 3.0 m,
L= A/W

where,
Q= Average flow= 700 m3/day
OR= Overflow rate= 30 m3/m2.d

where,
A= Surface area
W= Width of the channel

A= 700/30 = 23.33= 24 m2

L= 24/3 = 8m

A= 24 m2
3. Detention time
t= V/Q
where,
V= Tank Volume= 382.5= 60 m3
(let depth to be 2.5 m)
Q= Average flow= 700 m3/day
t= 2 hrs

L= 8m
4. Scour Velocity
VH= [8k(s-1)gd/f]
where,
k= cohesion constant= 0.05
s= specific gravity= 1.25
g= gravitational acceleration= 9.81 m/s2
d= particle diameter= 100 m
f= darcy-weisbach friction factor= 0.025
VH= 0.063 m/sec

t= 2 hrs

VH= 0.063 m/sec

5. BOD Removal

6. TSS Removal

% BOD removed= t/(a+bt)

% TSS removed= t/(a+bt)

where,
t= detention time
a= a constant= 0.018
b= a constant= 0.020
% BOD removed = 35%
35%

where,
t= detention time
a= a constant= 0.0075
b= a constant= 0.014
% TSS removed= 56 %
56 %

[Type text]

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Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Part II- System Design
Chapter 5
5.4

Secondary Treatment

5.4.1 UASB Design:35

Influent characteristics
Flow Rate: 700 m3/d COD: 1000g/m3 sCOD: 800g/m3 TSS: 168 g/m3 SO4= 50g/m3
1. Design parameters and Assumptions
2. Reactor Volume
1. = 0.08g VSS/g COD
Vn= QSo/Lorg
kd = 0.03g VSS/g VSS.d
m= 0.25g VSS/g VSS.d
where,
fd = 0.15g VSS cell debris/gVSS bm decay
Q= Ave flow in m3/d= 700 m3/d
So= Soluble COD kg/m3= 0.8 kg/m3
2. CH4 production at 35 C= 0.40l CH4/gCOD
Lorg= organic loading kgsCOD/m3.d= 4kg/m3.d
3. Reactor volume effectiveness factor= 0.85
4. Height for gas collection = 2.0 m

Vn= 7000.8/6= 140 m3

VL= Total reactor required Volume
= 140/0.85= 165 m3
VL= 165 m3

3. Reactor Dimensions- Diameter

A= Q/v
where,
A= Reactor cross sectional area
Q= Ave flow= 700 m3/day
v= Upflow velocity= 1.5 m/h

4. Reactor Dimensions- Height

HL= VL/A
where,
HL= Reactor Liquid Height
VL= Reactor Volume= 165 m3
A = Reactor Area = 19.45 m2

A= 700/1.524= 19.45 m2
A= 3.14D2/4
D= 5.0 m

HL = 110.6/18.2= 8.5 m
H= Total height of the reactor
= Ht of Liquid chamber + Ht of gas chamber
+ Ht of sludge chamber
= 8.5 + 2.0 + 1= 10.6 m
H= 10.6 m

D= 5.0 m
5. Hydraulic detention time
t= VL/Q
where,
t= hydraulic detention time
VL= Reactor Volume= 165 m3
Q= Ave daily flow= 700 m3/day
t= 16524/700= 5.6 hrs

t=5.6 hrs
[Type text]

6. Solid Retention Time

SRT= [mSe/(ks + Se) - kd]-1
where,
m, kd, ks= Kinetic co-efficients
Se= effluent soluble COD concentration g/m3
SRT= Solid retention time
SRT= [0.2580/(360 + 80) 0.03]-1
SRT= 63 days
SRT= 63 days
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Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Part II- System Design
Chapter 5
7. sCOD Removal
S= ks[1+ kdSRT] / SRT(k kd) 1

8. Methane production
(a) COD degraded= (900-80) = 820 g/m3

where,
S= effluent soluble COD
SRT= Solid retention time
ks, kd, k, = kinetic constants

(b) COD removal with sulphate as electron

accepter, 0.67 g COD / g SO4

S= 360[1 + 0.0363]/63(0.083.125 0.03) 1

S= 72.34 mg/l

(c) COD used by methanogenic bacteria

The fraction of influent sCOD in effluent=

72.34/800 = 0.09 = 9% i.e <10 % for 90 %
removal efficiency.
Hence SRT is adequate.
S= 72 .34 mg/l

[Type text]

CODSR= 0.90[0.6750]= 30.15 g/m3

CODMB= [ (a) (c) ] Q

= (820-30.15)700
= 552895g/d
(d) Methane production
0.40 l/g 552895g/d = 221158 l/d
hence, 221.16 m3/day
Gp= 221.16 m3/day

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Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Part II- System Design
Chapter 5
5.4.2 Rotating Biological Contactor:36
Influent Characteristics
Flow Rate: 700 m3/d BOD= 156 g/m3
1. Number of RBC shafts

sBOD= 130g/m3 TSS= 140 g/m3

2. Number of trains & Stages

Assuming Ist stage sBOD= 12 g/m2.d

Assuming two trains with 2 numbers of stages
sBOD loading= 120700= 84000g/d
Disk area required= 84000/12= 7000 m2
flow rate per train= 700/2= 350 m3/d
using 9300m2/shaft (standard)
volume of tank per stage39=45 m3
Number of shafts=1
Length of the shaft37= 8.23 m
diameter of each disc38=3.5 m
Number of shafts=1
2 trains with 2 stages
3. sBOD concentration at each stage
BOD concentration at stage 1
S1= -1+ [1+ 4(0.00974)(As/Q)So]1/2/2(0.00974)(As/Q)
where,
S1= sBOD concentration at stage 1
As= Surface area of disc= 9300 m2
Q= Ave daily flow= 700 m3
So= sBOD in influent= 130 g/m3
S1= 28.06 g/m3
BOD concentration at stage 2
S2= -1+ [1+ 4(0.00974)(As/Q)S1]1/2/2(0.00974)(As/Q)
S2= 1.46 g/m3
sBODe= 1.46 g/m3, BODe= 27.46 g/m3
4. Organic and hydraulic loading
First stage organic loading
Overall organic loading(COD)
Lorg= 700130/9300 = 9.78 g sBOD/m2.d
Lorg= 700272.34/29300 = 20.4 g COD/m2.d
Overall organic loading(BOD)
Hydraulic loading
2
Lorg= 700156/29300 = 5.87 g BOD/m .d
HLR= 700/29300= 0.037m3/m2.d
Lorg= 5.87 g sBOD/m2.d
HLR= 0.037m3/m2.d
Effluent TSS = 0.7140= 98 g/m3
Effluent COD= 0.6272.34= 163.4 g/m3

[Type text]

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Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Part II- System Design
Chapter 5

5.5

Effluent characteristics:
Table 23 Important parameters of effluent

Parameter

Treatment
level
Primary
Treatment

TSS
Secondary
Treatment

Parameter

COD

Parameter

Treatment
level

Secondary
Treatment

Treatment
level
Primary
Treatment

BOD
Secondary
Treatment

[Type text]

Unit

Influent

Effluent

Remarks40

Primary
Sedimentation
tank
UASB

350 mg/l

168 mg/l

Further
treatment

168 mg/l

140 mg/l

RBC

140 mg/l

98 mg/l

Further
treatment
<100 mg/l
can be
discharged to
Inland surface
water

Unit

Influent

Effluent

Remarks41

UASB

1000 mg/l

272.34 mg/l

RBC

272.34

163.4 mg/l

Further
treatment
<250 mg/l
can be
discharged to
Inland surface
water

Unit

Influent

Effluent

Remarks42

Primary
Sedimentation
tank
UASB

400 mg/l

260 mg/l

Further
treatment

260 mg/l

156 mg/l

RBC

156 mg/l

27.46 mg/l

Further
treatment
<30 mg/l
can be
discharged to
Inland surface
water
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Total Waste Management in Rural Sector of India- proposed waste

management plan for Village Tintoda-Dist. Gandhinagar-Gujarat
Part II- System Design
Chapter 5
On the basis of utility area of treated water, further treatment for Nitrogen and Phosphorous
removal can be selected. Presently there is no treatment is recommended for removal of Nitrogen
and Phosphorous, effluent water can be reused for irrigation purpose.
5.6 Utilization of biogas produced from UASB
Total gas generation from UASB= 221 m3/day, that can be supplied to around 200 families in the
village considering 1 m3 biogas can serve the purpose of cooking for 5 to 6 member family for
three meals.

[Type text]

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