ANSWER

1) (a)

(b) 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)

(c)

CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(d)Note : To determine the instantaneous rate of a reaction, we determine the gradient of

the curve at that point.
Experiment I :
a
Rate of reaction =
b
= 20.0 cm3 min-1 0.2 cm3 min-1
Experiment II :
Rate of reaction = 25.0 cm3 min-1 0.2 cm3 min-1

ANSWER
The rate of reaction is higher for experiment II because the smaller the marble size, the
larger the total surface area. The frequency of collisions of hydrogen ions on the
marble surface is higher. This results in a higher rate of reaction.
(d)Nota : Untuk menentukan kadar tindak balas serta merta, kecerunan lengkung pada
titik itu ditentukan.
Eksperimen I :
a
Kadar tindak balas =
b
= 20.0 cm3 min-1 0.2 cm3 min-1
Eksperimen II :
Kadar tindak balas = 25.0 cm3 min-1 0.2 cm3 min-1
Kadar tindak balas lebih tinggi bagi eksperimen II kerana semakin kecil saiz marmar,
semakin besar jumlah luas permukaan. Kekerapan pelanggaran ion hidrogen pada
permukaan marmar adalah tinggi. Ini menyebabkan kadar tindak balas menjadi tinggi.
(e) The same quantity of reactants are used.
(e) Beberapa kuantiti bahan tindak balas digunakan.
(f) Some of the carbon dioxide dissolved in the water to form carbonic acid.
H2O(l) + CO2 (g) H2CO3(aq) Carbonic acid
(f) Sesetengah karbon dioksida larut dalam air untuk menghasilkan asid karbonik.
H2O(c) + CO2 (g) H2CO3(ak) Asid karbonik
(g) The total volume of carbon dioxide gas collected is doubled that is 116 cm 3. The
number of moles of hydrochloric acid used is doubled.
(g) Jumlah isipadu gas karbon dioksida yang dikumpul diganda duakan iaitu 116 cm 3.
Bilangan mol asid hidroklorik yang digunakan juga diganda duakan.
2) (a)

Manganese(IV) oxide.
(a) Mangan(IV) oksida
(b) 2H2O2(l) MnO
2 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
(c) The gas is collected in an inverted burette.
(c) Gas dikumpul dalam buret yang diterbalikkan.
(d)

(e) Experiment I. The quantity of catalyst used is more.

ANSWER
(e) Eksperimen I. Kuantiti mangkin yang digunakan lebih banyak.
(f)The catalyst lowers the activation energy of the reaction. Thus there are more
effective collisions between the hydrogen peroxide molecules resulting in reaction.
(f) Mangkin merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan tindak balas. Maka terdapat lebih banyak
pelanggaran berkesan antara molekul hidrogen peroksida dalam tindak balas.
(g) Heating the hydrogen peroxide solution to a higher temperature.
(g) Panaskan larutan hidrogen peroksida ke suhu yang lebih tinggi.
2H+(aq) + Mg(s) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
(a) 2H+(ak) + Mg(p) Mg2+(ak) + H2(g)
(b) Hydrochloric acid ionises totally in water to give a high concentration of hydrogen
ions. Where as ethanoic acid ionizes partially in water to give a low concentration of
hydrogen ions. The higher the hydrogen ions concentration, the higher the rate of
collisions.
HCl water
H+ + ClCH3COOH H+ + CH3COO(b) Asid hidroklorik mengion dengan lengkap dalam air untuk memberikan ion hidrogen
dalam kepekatan yang tinggi. Manakala asid etanoik mengion secara separa dalam air
untuk memberikan ion hidrogen dalam kepekatan yang rendah. Semakin tinggi kepekatan
ion hidrogen, semakin tinggi kadar pelanggaran.
HCl water
H+ + ClCH3COOH H+ + CH3COO(c) Sulphuric acid is dibasic whereas hydrochloric acid is monobasic. Thus the
concentration of hydrogen ions is higher in sulphuric acid.
2
H2SO4 water
2H+ + SO 4
HCl water
H+ + Cl(c) Asid sulfurik ialah dwibes manakala asid hidroklorik ialah monobes. Maka kepekatan
ion hidrogen lebih tinggi dalam asid sulfurik.
2
H2SO4 water
2H+ + SO 4
HCl water
H+ + Cl(d) Copper(II) sulphate catalyses the reaction by lowering the activation energy of the
reaction. The frequency of effective collisions increases.
(d) Kuprum(II) sulfat memangkinkan tindak balas dengan merendahkan tenaga
pengaktifan tindak balas. Kekerapan pelanggaran berkesan bertambah.
(e) Shorter than 60 seconds. At higher temperature, the kinetic energy of the H + ions is
higher. Frequency of collisions increases. Also more H + ions have energies above the
activation energy. Thus the frequency of effective collisions also increases.
(e) Lebih pendek daripada 60 saat. Pada suhu tinggi, tenaga kinetik ion H+ adalah lebih
tinggi. Kekerapan pelanggaran bertambah. Lebih banyak ion H + yang mempunyai
tenaga melebihi tenaga pengaktifan. Maka, kekerapan pelanggaran berkesan juga
bertambah.
3) (a)

2HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l)

(a) 2HCl(ak) + Na2S2O3(ak) 2NaCl(ak) + SO2(g) + S(p) + H2O(c)
4) (a)

ANSWER
(b)(c)
Experiment
Eksperimen
Volume of 0.2 M of Na2S2O3
solution.
Isispadu 0.2 M larutan
Na2S2O3.
Volume of water /cm3
Isipadu air / cm3
Concentration
of
sodium
thiosulphate solution / M
Kepekatan larutan natrium
thiosulfat / M
Volume of 2.0 M HCl / cm3
Isipadu 2.0 M HCI / cm3
Time,t /sec

1
/ sec1
t

II

III

IV

50

40

30

20

10

10

20

30

40

0.2

0.16

0.12

0.08

0.04

20.5
0.049

25.0
0.04

32.5
0.03

50.0
0.02

100.0
0.01

(d)

Axes are labeled with units

1 mark
Paksi dilabel dengan unit
1 markah
Points are transferred correctly
1 mark
Titik dipindahkan dengan betul
1 markah
Curve is smooth.
1 mark
Lengkung licin
1 markah
(e) The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the shorter is the time
of reaction or
The lower the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the longer is the
time of reaction.
(e) Semakin tinggi kepekatan larutan natrium thiosulfat, semakin pendek masa tindak
balas atau

ANSWER
Semakin rendah kepekatan larutan natrium thiosulfat, semakin panjang masa tindak
balas
(f) (i)

(ii) From your graph,

(ii) Daripada graf,

1
0.025 , t = 40 seconds.
t
1
0.025 , t = 40 saat.
t

1
is directly proportional to concentration of solution.
t
1
However,
is directly proportional to rate of reaction. Thus the rate of reaction is
t
directly proportional to the concentration of solution.
1
(iii) berkadar terus dengan kepekatan larutan.
t
1
Tetapi, berkadar terus dengan kadar tindak balas. Maka, kadar tindak balas berkadar
t
terus dengan kepekatan larutan.
(g) Before a reaction can take place, the particles must collide with each other. (1m)
The higher the concentration of the solution, the greater is the number of particles per
unit volume of solution. (1m)
The frequency of collisions between the thiosulphate and hydrogen ions increases. Thus
the rate of reaction increases. (1m)
(g) Sebelum tindak balas berlaku, zarah-zarah berlanggar antara satu sama lain. (1m)
Semakin tinggi kepekatan larutan, semakin besar bilangan zarah per unit isipadu
larutan. (1m)
Kekerapan pelanggaran antara ion thiosulfat dan ion hidrogen bertambah. Maka, kadar
tindak balas bertambah. (1m)

(iii)

ANSWER
5) (a)

Number of moles of sodium chlorate(V),

MV
n
,
1000
where M = 0.5 mol dm-3 and V = 50 cm3
0.5 50
n
1000
= 0.025 mole.
(1m)
From the equation, 2 moles of NaClO3 produce 3 moles of O2.
0.025
3 moles of O2 = 0.0375 mole (1m)
Thus 0.025 mole of NaClO3 produces
2
(a) Bilangan mol natrium klorat(V),
MV
n
,
1000
dimana M = 0.5 mol dm-3 dan V = 50 cm3
0.5 50
n
1000
= 0.025 mol.
(1m)
Daripada persamaan, 2 mol NaClO3 menghasilkan 3 mol O2.
0.025
3 mol O2 = 0.0375 mol (1m)
Maka 0.025 mol NaClO3 menghasilkan
2
(b)(c)(i)(ii)

(d) Decreases with time.

The concentration of hydrogen peroxide decreases with time. Thus rate of collisions
decreases with time.
(d) Berkurang dengan masa.
Kepekatan hidrogen peroksida berkurang dengan masa. Maka, kadar pelanggaran
berkurang dengan masa.
(e)Chromium(III) oxide.
(e) Kromium(III) oksida

ANSWER
6) (a)

Experiment II. The experiment took longer time to complete.

(a) Eksperimen II. Eksperimen itu mengambil masa yang lebih lama untuk lengkap.
480
(b) Average rate =
= 3.2 cm3 sec-1.
150
480
(b) Purata kadar =
= 3.2 cm3 sec-1.
150
(c) (i)1 mole of gas occupies 24000 cm3 at room temperature and pressure.
360
360 cm3 of gas =
x 1 mole = 0.015 mole
24000
(c) (i)1 mol gas menempati 24000 cm3 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik.
360
360 cm3 gas =
x 1 mol = 0.015 mol
24000
(ii)

2HCl
+
CaCO3
CaCl2
+
CO2
+
H2
2 moles of HCl produce 1 mole of CO2
0.015
Thus 0.015 mole of CO2 is produced from
x 2 moles of HCl = 0.03 mole.
1
MV
n=
where n = 0.03 mole, V=100 cm3 and M = molarity of HCl.
1000
M 100
0.03 =
1000
M = 0.3 mol dm-3.
(ii)

2HCl
+
CaCO3
CaCl2
+
CO2
+
H2
2 mol HCl menghasilkan 1 mol CO2
0.015
Maka 0.015 mol CO2 dihasilkan daripada
x 2 mol HCl = 0.03 mol.
1
MV
n=
dimana n = 0.03 mol, V=100 cm3 dan M = kemolaran HCl.
1000
M 100
0.03 =
1000
M = 0.3 mol dm-3.
(d) Use marble chips of smaller sizes.
Heat the hydrochloric acid solution to a higher temperature.
(d) Menggunakan ketulan marmar bersaiz kecil.
Panaskan larutan asid hidroklorik ke suhu yang lebih tinggi.
(e) The number of moles of HCl used is different.
(e) Bilangan mol HCI yang digunakan adalah berlainan.
7) (a)

(i) A catalyst is a chemical substance that affects the rate of a reaction. (1)
After the reaction, the chemical properties of the catalyst remain unchanged although its
physical properties might change. (1)
(a) (i) Mangkin ialah bahan kimia yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas. (1)

ANSWER
Selepas tindak balas, sifat kimia mangkin kekal tidak berubah walaupun sifat fiziknya
mungkin berubah. (1)
(ii) Iron powder catalyses the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen gases to form
ammonia in the Haber Process. (2)
Vanadium(V) oxide catalyses the reaction between sulphur dioxide and oxygen gases to
form sulphur trioxide in the Contact Process. (2)
(ii) Serbuk besi memangkinkan tindak balas antara gas nitrogen dan gas hidrogen
untuk menghasilkan ammonia dalam Proses Haber. (2)
Vanadium(V) oksida memangkinkan tindak balas antara gas sulfur dioksida dan gas
oksigen untuk menghasilkan sulfur trioksida dalam Proses Sentuh. (2)
(b)

Two equal volumes of 1 cm3 hydrogen peroxide solution was poured into two
boiling tubes labelled A and B.
(1)
Some manganese(IV) oxide powder was added into the boiling tube B.
(1)
A glowing splint was placed into each of the boiling tube.
(1)
The glowing splint that rekindles first was noted.
(1)
Dua larutan hidrogen peroksida dalam isipadu yang sama 1 cm 3 dituang ke dalam dua
tabung didih berlabel A dan B.
(1)
Serbuk mangan(IV) oksida ditambah ke dalam tabung didih B.
(1)
Kayu uju berbara dimasukkan ke dalam setiap tabung didih.
(1)
Kayu uji berbara yang menyala dahulu dikenalpasti.
(1)
Result
The glowing splint in boiling tube B lighted up whereas the glowing splint
in boiling tube A did not.
(1)
Keputusan
Kayu uji berbara dalam tabung didih B menyala dahulu manakala kayu uji berbara
dalam tabung didih A tidak menyala.
(1)
Conclusion.
The manganese(IV) oxide catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
into water and oxygen gas.
(1)

2H2O2
2H2O + O2
(1)
The oxygen gas will then relit the glowing splint.
(1)
Kesimpulan.

ANSWER
Mangan(IV) oksida memangkinkan penguraian hidrogen peroksida kepada air dan gas
oksigen.
(1)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
(1)
Gas oksigen menyalakan semula kayu uji berbara.
(1)
(c) For the H2O2 to decompose, the molecules have to collide with each other.
(1)
Not all collisions result in decomposition of the H2O2 molecules.
Only molecules that collide with energy equal or higher that the activation
energy will result in reaction.
(1)
The collisions that result in chemical reaction are called effective collisions.(1)
The MnO2 catalyst lowers the activation energy.
(1)
Thus more molecules can overcome the energy barrier.
(1)
The frequency of effective collisions will increase and thus the rate of reaction increases.
(1)
(c) Bagi penguraian H2O2, molekul-molekul mestilah berlanggar antara satu sama lain.
(1)
Tidak semua pelanggaran menyebabkan penguraian molekul H2O2.
Hanya molekul yang berlanggar dengan tenaga yang sama atau dengan tenaga
pengaktifa yang lebih tinggi akan menyebabkan tindak balas.
(1)
Pelenggaran yang menyebabkan tindak balas kimia dipanggil pelanggaran berkesan. (1)
Mangkin MnO2 merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan
(1)
Maka lebih banyak molekul dapat mengatasi rintangan tenaga.
(1)
Kekerapan pelanggaran berkesan akan bertambah dan kadar tindak balas juga
bertambah.
(1)
(a) Particle size of the solid, concentration of the solution and temperature of the
solution.
(a)Saiz zarah pepejal, kepekatan larutan dan suhu larutan.
(b)
8)

Aim : To study the effect of the size of zinc metal on the rate of reaction.
Tujuan : Untuk mengkaji kesan saiz logam zink terhadap kadar tindak balas.
Procedure:
6 g of granulated zinc was placed in a conical flask.
(1)
A burette was filled with water and then inverted into a basin of water.
(1)
The water level in the burette was adjusted to the 50 ml mark and the clamped

ANSWER
vertically using a retort stand.
(1)
3
50 cm of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid was measured using a measuring cylinder
and poured into the conical flask.
(1)
The stop watch was started and the burette reading was recorded at minute
intervals and tabulated.
(1)
The experiment was repeated by replacing 6 g of granulated zinc with 6g
of zinc powder.
(1)
Two graphs of total volume of H2 gas collected against time was plotted on
the same axes. (1)
Prosedur:
6 g biji zink dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang kon.
(1)
Buret yang diisi dengan air diterbalikkan di dalam satu besen air.
(1)
Aras air di dalam buret diubah kepada tanda 50 ml dan kemudian diapit secara menegak
menggunakan kaki retort.
(1)
3
50 cm 0.2 M asid hidroklorik diukur menggunakan silinder penyukat dan dituang ke
dalam kelalang kon.
(1)
Jam randik dimulakan dan bacaan buret dicatatkan pada selang minute dan
dijadualkan.
(1)
Eksperimen diulang dengan menggantikan 6 g granul zink dengan 6 g serbuk zink.
(1)
Dua graf jumlah isipadu gas H2 yang dikumpul melawan masa diplotkan pada paksi
yang sama. (1)
Tabulation
Granulated zink
Penjadualan
Biji zink
Time/min
0
Masa/ min
Burette
reading/
cm3
Bacaan
buret/cm3
Volume of
H2 gas/
cm3
Isipadu
gas H2 /
cm3
Zinc powder
Serbuk zink
Time/min
Masa/ min

etc

etc

ANSWER
Burette
reading/
cm3
Bacaan
buret/cm3
Volume of
H2 gas/
cm3
Isipadu
gas H2 /
cm3
Conclusion:
Two graphs of volume of H2 against time was plotted and shown below:
Kesimpulan :
Dua grag isipadu H2 melawan masa diplotkan dan ditunjukkan di bawah.

The zinc powder takes a shorter time to react compared to the granulated zinc.
The total volume of H2 gas collected is the same because the quantity of
reactants used are the same.
Serbuk zink mengambil masa yang lebih pendek untuk bertindak balas berbanding
granul zink. Jumlah isipadu gas H2 yang dikumpul sama kerana kuantiti bahan tindak
balas yang digunakan adalah sama.
(c) The zinc powder has a larger total surface area than the granulated zinc.(1)
The frequency of collisions of the H+ from the acid on the zinc powder is higher.(1)
Thus its reaction rate is higher and the reaction takes a shorter time to complete. (1)
(c) Serbuk zink mempunyai jumlah luas permukaan yang lebih besar berbanding granul
zink.(1)
Kekerapan pelanggaran H+ daripada asid dengan serbuk zink adalah tinggi. (1)
Maka, kadar tindak balas lebih tinggi dan tindak balas mengambil masa yang lebih
pendek untuk lengkap. (1)
9) (a)

How does the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution affects the rate

ANSWER
of reaction with hydrochloric acid.
(2)
(a) Bagaimana kepekatan larutan natrium thiosulfat mempengaruhi tindak balas dengan
asid hidroklorik
.
(2)
(b) The higher the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution, the higher
the rate of reaction.
(2)
(b) Semakin tinggi kepekatan larutan natrium thiosulfat, semakin tinggi kadar tindak
balas.
(2)
(c) Manipulated variable : Concentration of Na2S2O3 solution
Responding variable : Rate of reaction
Controlled variable : Temperature of solutions and concentration of HCl.(3)
(c) Pembolehubah dimanipulasi : Kepekatan larutan Na2S2O3
Pembolehubah bergerak balas : Kadar tindak balas
Pembolehubah dikawal : Suhu larutan dan kepekatan HCl.(3)
(d) Procedure
50 cm3 of 0.2 M sodium thiosulphate solution was poured into a conical flask. (1)
5 cm3 of 2.0 M HCl was added to the sodium thiosulphate solution.
(1)
The stop watch was started immediately.
(1)
The mixture was shaken and then placed on a paper marked with X.
(1)
The conical flask was viewed from above. The moment the mark X
disappeared from view, the stop watch was stopped. The time taken for the
reaction was recorded.
(1)
The experiment was repeated using diluted sodium thiosulphate solutions
as shown in the table below.
(1)
(d) Prosedur
50 cm3 0.2 M larutan natrium thiosulfat dituang ke dalam kelalang kon. (1)
5 cm3 2.0 M HCl ditambah kepada larutan natrium thiosulfat.
(1)
Jam randik dimulakan dengan segera.
(1)
Campuran digoncang dan kemudian diletakkan di atas sehelai kertas yang bertanda X.
(1)
Kelalang kon dilihat dari atas. Apabila tanda X hilang, jam randik dihentikan. Masa
tindak balas dicatatkan.
(1)
Eksperimen diulang menggunakan larutan natrium thiosulfat seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam jadual di bawah.
(1)
(e) Tabulation
(e) Penjadualan
Experiment
1
2
3
4
5
Eksperimen
Volume of
50
40
30
20
10
3
Na2S2O3 / cm
Isipadu
Na2S2O3 / cm3
Volume of
0
10
20
30
40
3
water/ cm
Isipadu air/
cm3
Concentration
0.2
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04

ANSWER
of Na2S2O3
(M)
Kepekatan
Na2S2O3 (M)
Volume of
HCl / cm3
Isipadu HCl /
cm3
Time, t (s)
Masa, t (s)
1
t (sec-1)
1
t (saat-1)

(f) Two graphs are plotted:

(i) Concentration against time, t
(f) Dua graf diplot:
(i) Kepekatan melawan masa, t

From the graph we can conclude that the higher the concentration the
shorter the time of reaction.
Daripada graf, dapat disimpulkan bahawa semakin tinggi kepekatan
semakin pendek masa tindak balas.
1
(ii) Concentration against .
t
1
(ii) Kepekatan melawan .
t

(1)
(1)

ANSWER

From the graph the concentration is directly proportional to

1
.
t

1
is directly proportional to the rate of reaction.
t
Thus rate of reaction is directly proportional to concentration of Na2S2O3 . (1)
1
Daripada graf kepekatan berkadar terus dengan .
t
1
Tetapi berkadar terus dengan kadar tindak balas.
t
Maka kadar tindak balas berkadar terus dengan kepekatan Na2S2O3 .
(1)

However

2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

(a) 2Li(p) + 2H2O(c) 2LiOH(ak) + H2(g)
(b)
10) (a)

a c

b d
(ii) The quantity of lithium decreases with time.

(c) (i) Rate decreases with time. That is

ANSWER
a c

b d
(ii) Kuantiti litium berkurang dengan masa
360
(d) Number of moles =
= 0.015 mole
24000
(i) Sodium
(1)
(ii) Sodium reacts more vigorously than lithium.
Sodium and lithium have one valence electron.
(1)
During chemical reaction each will donate one valence electron,
(1)
so as to attain duplet and octet electron configuration.
(1)
The atomic radius of sodium is larger than lithium.
(1)
The electrostatic form of attraction between the nucleus and the valence
electron is weaker in the sodium atom.
(1)
The sodium atom loses its valence electron more easily than the lithium
atom. Thus it is more reactive than lithium.
(1)
360
(d) Bilangan mol =
= 0.015 mol
24000
(i) Natrium
(1)
(ii) Natrium bertindak balas dengan lebih cergas berbanding litium.
Natrium dan litium mempunyai satu elektron valens
(1)
Dalam tindak balas kimia setiap atom akan menderma satu elektron valens.(1)
untuk mencapai konfigurasi elektron oktet atau duplet.
(1)
Jejari atom natrium lebih besar daripada litium.
(1)
Daya elektrostatik antara nukleus dan elektron valens lebih lemah dalam
atom natrium
(1)
Atom natrium lebih mudah kehilangan elektron valensnya berbanding
atom litium. Maka, natrium lebih reaktif berbanding litium.
(1)

(c) (i) Kadar berkurang dengan masa.