What is a theory?

A set of facts or principles analyzed in relation to one

another and used to explain phenomena(a fact or behavior
that can be observed)

How do you create a positive environment for children in

your care?
*Ensure learning centers have ample space for movement.
*Reduce the number of transitions throughout the day.
*Ensure the environment feels safe for the child.
*Provide activities that are slightly challenging to the child.
*Provide activities to increase development without
causing frustration.

Abraham Maslow developed what?

The hierarchy of human needs

How many levels does Maslow's hierarchy have?

Five

What
Level
Level
Level
Level
Level

are the 5 levels of Maslows hierarchy?

1-Physical
2-Comfort and Saftey
3- Social
4-Self-esteem
5-Self-Actualizing

What are examples of a Physical need?

*Air to breathe
*Shelter to protect
*Water to drink
*Food to eat
*Clothes to wear
*Health care

What are examples of Comfort and Saftey?

*Safety
*Security
*Stability
*Transportation
*Safe relationships
*Child care

What are some examples of Self-Esteem?

*Adequacy
*Confidence
*Importance
*Sense of efficiency,capability,resilency,hopefulness
*Ability to cope and problem solve

What are some examples of Self-Actualizing?

*Fulfill one's life purpose and meaning
*Being all that one is able to be
*Spirituality
*Personal emotional response
*Refinement of interpersonal skills

What does the heirarchy of needs mean to you as a child

care professional?
*Basic needs must be met first,when not met,the child's
self worth suffers.
*Neglect can occur at all levels,not just basic needs.All
needs are important.
*Child care professionals need to be aware of the family
circumstances to understand what needs are beig met at
home.

What are some hints that will help you remember

Maslows's theory?
*If you close the "M" at the bottom, it will form triangles or
pyramids.
*Maslow studies human needs.
*What motivates children to act the way they do? Needs
being met.

Do the lower levels of needs have to be met before

higher needs can be accomplished?
Yes

Successfully meeting the needs at each level results in

what?
Fulfilling one's life with purpose and meaning.

Erik Erikson developed what?

He developed eight pyschosocial stages through which
humans develop throughout their entire lifetime. It is called
the Eight Conflicts in Emotional Development.

How is Erik Erikson recognized?

As a development pyschologist who can be compared to

Sigmund Freud because of his theory that humans develop
in stages.

What are each of Erikson's stages called?

Conflicts

Moving successfully through each of Erikson's stages

results in what?
A strong social and emotional life.

What is the first conflict in Erikson's theory and the age

that it is presented at?
Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)

What is the second conflict in Erikson's theory and the

age that it is presented?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 years)

What is the third conflict in Erikson's theory and the age

that it is presented?
Initiative vs. Guilt (4 to 5 years)

What is the fourth conflict in Erikson's theory and the age

that it is presented?
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years)

Why don't we study Erikson's Conflicts 5-8?

They are important in the study of human development,but
they are less significant in child development,because
Erikson believes that they occur after the age of 12.

What is the meaning of Trust vs. Conflict

*Trust is developed over time by providing an infant with a
consistent,comforting environment.
*When needs are met,trust is established.
*Trust builds a emotional foundation.
*A lack of trust can result in proor emotional stability.

What is the meaning of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

*Toddlers need to explore their own bodies and
environment in order to become confident about
themselves.
*When autonomy is allowed a person can become

comfortable with his/her choices.

*A lack of autonomy can result in a feeling of shame or
insecurity.

What is the meaning of Initiative vs. Guilt?

*When initiative is encourged,a person experiments within
one's environment.
*4 or 5 year olds begin to develop an interest in exploring
beyond themselves.
*Children who can't explore will be prone to guilt for their
actions.
*A lack of industry can result in a feeling of low self worth.

What does Erikson's theory mean to a child care

professional?
It means they can:
*Create relationships with children based on trust.
*Allow children to exercise autonomy whenever safe and
practical.
*Guide children to initiate activity or portions of activities
whenever safe and practical.
*Promote the building of your children's creativity during
activities.

What are some hints to help you remember Erikson's

theory?
*E. Erikson contains 8 letters---8 stages
*E.E.= two "E's" playing together---social behaviors
*Focus on emotional and personality development.
*Major conflict at each stage and how they are dealt with
affect development.

How can you resolve conflicts and create a resilient social

and emotional life?
By encouraging trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry.

What is Jean Piaget's theory called?

The Four Stages of Cognitive Development

What is Jean Piaget most known for?

His work on the psychology of intelligence.

What was Jean Piaget interested in?

Learning how children develop an intellectual
understanding of the world.

What was Jean Piaget's theory based on?

The concept of cognitive structures. These structures are
patterns of physical or mental action that underlie acts of
intelligence and correspond to stages of child
development.

What does Piaget assume about humans?

They take the information that they recieve and process
it,then react to it.

According to Piaget,children develop the ability to learn in

how many basic stages?
4

In each of Jean Piaget's stages what does development

focus on?
Acquiring a diffrent set of related characteristics and
abilities.

What are the Four Stages of Cognitive Development?

1- Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2- Preoperational (2-7 years)
3-Concrete-operational (7-11 years)
4-Formal Operations (11+ years)

What are the signs of sensorimotor?

*Explore their world through senses and motor skills.
*Understand the world by physically manipulating objects.
*Trial and error problem solving
*Object permanence child does not know that physical
objects remain in existence when out of sight.

What are signs of preoperational?

*Preschoolers and early school-age children learn about
their world through their actions.
*Uses symbols to mentally represent objects.
*Increase development of language and concepts.
*Reasoning may be illogical and not sequential.
*Egocentric thought processes

What are signs of concrete-operational?

*Older school-age children learn about their world by
applying logic.
*Deal with changes and process

*Are able to make relationships about why things happen.

*Understand how things relate to one another

What are signs of formal operations?

*Early high-school schildren learn about their world through
constructing and solving problems.
*Begin to think about thinking
*Think in abstract terms
*Make educated guesses

How does knowledge of Jean Piaget's four stages help you

the child care provider?
The stages help you understand how babies and children
may percieve their envirnment.

When you plan developmentally appropriate learning

activities what is important to keep in mind?
A child's stage of cognitive development

What does Piaget's theory help you understand?

Why children make thinking "mistakes"

What are two primary instructional techniques that are

based on Piaget's theory?
Discovery learning and supporting the developing interests
of children.

Children should be exposed to a wide variety of concrete

experiences such as?
*Use of manipulative field trips and working in groups to
help them learn

What did Lev Vygotsky develop?

He developed the social development theory of learning

What did Lev Vygotsky theorize?

That social and cultural interaction are the primary sources
of learning and behavior.

What were some of Vygotsky's major theory ideas?

*Children acquire knowledge through culture.
*Children learn through problem solving experiences
shared with a knowledgeable abult or peer.
*A child can perform a task under adult guidance or with

peer collaboartion that could not be achieved alone.

Vygotsky called this the zone of proximal and claimed that
learning occured in this zone.

What is scaffolding?
An instrumental technique where a person interacting with
the child assumes more responsibility for guiding the
learning. As the child learns,the responsibility is gradually
transferred to him.

How can child care professionals use the information from

vygotsky's theory?
*Give them things within in their range of ability
*Pair children up

Where must Learning environments be developed?

Where children play an active role in their own education
as well as the educatiom of their peers. The adult
collaborates with children in order to create meaing in
ways that childrencan make their own.

What does the culture that surrounds children and their

social interaction lead to?
Continous step-by-step changes in their learning and
behavior.
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