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Assignment by Electrical Mentor

(ESE)

Author: BNSS Shankar, M.Tech (IITK)

Paper Code: ESE TF01-CON
Branch: Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Subject: Transformers (Conventional)
Instructions:
1.
The following assignment will have 30 conventional questions. I will suggest the students
to finish this assignment in one week to 10 days. You can solve the questions in the order
as per your wish
2.
These assignments will give good practice to write conventional questions for the
students who are preparing for ESE
3.
Try to write down the answers in loose A4 sheets and arrange them in one file. If you get
any doubt while solving the questions, show your work to your teacher and get clarify
your doubt.
4.
If you practice all of these assignments on conventional questions, I am very sure that
your expertise in the domain knowledge will improve as we as it will be easy in the
exam. All the best and start the assignment
01.
(A)

A single phase transformer of turns ratio 3 : 1 is connected to 110 V AC mains. It draws

a primary current of 1 A at unity p.f when delivering power to a load with an efficiency
of 85 %. If the no load current of the transformer is 0.43 A, determine the p.f at no load

(B)(i) What will be the effect on VA rating of a transformer if we double the frequency
(ii)
In three phase transformers, discuss the use of tertiary windings
(iii) A three phase Y transformer has its secondary delta open circuited. A voltmeter is
placed across open circuited terminals. Will the voltmeter reads zero? Discuss
(iv)
No load parameters of transformer are shown as shunt branch. Explain why?
02.
(A)

Two winding 10 kVA, 500/50 V transformer is converted to an auto transformer to obtain

the following rating of:
(i)
550/50 V
(ii)
500/550 V
and (iii)
500/450 V
Compute the kVA rating of the auto transformer for the above connections, VA
transferred conductively and magnetically
(B)(i) The primary winding of a single phase transformer is energized from a fixed sinusoidal
voltage with secondary open circuited. If a small portion of the iron core is removed,
discuss what would happen to the magnitudes of its exciting current, core flux and the
no load power factor?
(ii)
Explain why the transformer rating is expressed in VA or in kVA? Describe the
significance of all the items mentioned on the name plate of a single phase transformer

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(iii)

(iv)

Derive the expression for per unit voltage regulation of a single phase transformer.
Draw phasor diagram. Show the magnitude of per unit voltage regulation is equal to per
unit value of equivalent leakage impedance of the transformer
Explain the use of quarter wave transformer for transmission line matching

03.
(A)(i) What is all day efficiency? Why is it necessary to calculate such efficiency?
A 300 kVA transformer has a core loss of 1.5 kW and a full load copper loss of 4.5 kW.
Calculate the efficiency at 75% of full load output at a p.f of 0.8 lag. Calculate the
maximum efficiency and the load at which it occurs?
(ii)
Two transformers A and B are operating in parallel have equal voltage ratios and leakage
impedances. Their reactance to resistance ratios are 10 and 4 respectively. Determine the
ratio of the full load kVA delivered by the parallel combination to the sum of their
individual kVA ratings. Comment on the results.
(B)
Three 600 kVA, 33000/11000 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase Delta/Star transformers are connected in
parallel. These transformers give the following test results when operated at the rated full
load current with their low voltage windings short circuited:
Transformer A 300 V, 3000 W
Transformer B 400 V, 3500 W
Transformer C 450 V, 4000 W
Determine the maximum load at unity power factor which can be supplied by the parallel
combination without overloading any of them
04.
(A)
The figure shows an equivalent circuit of a small two winding transformer in terms of
the primary.

If self inductance L2 of the secondary is 16 H, estimate the following

(i)
The actual winding resistance of the secondary
(ii)
The secondary open circuit voltage when primary supplied with 220 V ac
(iii) The mutual inductance between the primary and secondary
(B)(i) Discuss transformer noise and means adopted to reduce it
(ii)
A 30 kVA singlephase transformer has an iron loss of 457 W and copper loss of 125 W
when delivering half full load. At what percent of the full load will the transformer have
maximum efficiency?
05.
3
(A)(i) A transformer has maximum efficiency of 98% at th of its full load at unity p.f. The
4
iron losses equal 314 W. Compute the efficiency of the transformer at 50 % and 100%
rated full load at the same power.
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(ii)

The maximum efficiency of a 50 kVA transformer is 97.4 %and occurs at 90% full load
at UPF. Calculate efficiency at full load with 0.8 pf and half full load with 0.9 pf

(B)

A 150 kVA, 2400/240 V transformer has the following parameters referred to primary
side: R1 = 0.5 and X1 = 1.5 . The shunt magnetizing impedance is very large and can
be neglected. At full load, transformer delivers rated kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor
and the secondary voltage is 240 V. Calculate:
Voltage regulation
The efficiency assuming core losses to be 600 W

06.
(A)

(B)(i)

(ii)
07.
(A)

A 1500 kVA, 6.6/1.1 kV, three phase delta-star connected transformer has the following
test
data, when low voltage side is shortcircuited: 300 V, 30 kW, 1312 A
(1)
% resistance and reactance drops
(2)
% regulation on full load and 0.8 pf lag
Draw the phasor diagram of a singlephase transformer. A single phase, 50 Hz,
1200/120 V transformer gave the following results of open circuit test with high voltage
winding open circuited applied voltage 120 V, current 16 A, power input 400 W. Find
magnetizing and core loss components of no load current
Explain logically why primary current increases when secondary side loaded

Three single phase transformers, each rated at 11 kVA, 220/440 V, 50 Hz are connected
to form a three phase step up, Y- connection. The parameters of each transformers are:
Primary side (220 V): r1 = 39.5 m; x1 = 61.5 m; Rc = 240 ; x = 290
Secondary side (440 V): r2 = 133.5 m; x2 = 201 m
What will be the power rating and efficiency of the transformer in Y- connection, when
it delivers the rated load at rated voltage and 0.8 p.f lagging?

(B)(i) In open circuit test of a transformer, the ohmic losses are usually neglected in comparison
with core loss. Justify
(ii)
A single phase transformer has voltage regulation of 6% and 6.6% for lagging power
factors of 0.8 and 0.6 respectively. Full load ohmic loss is equal to iron loss. Calculate:
The lagging power factor at which full load voltage regulation is maximum
The full load efficiency at unity power factor
08.
(A)
State and explain the conditions required for the successful parallel operation of single
phase transformers.
A single phase load is supplied through a 34.5 kV feeder and a 34.5/2.4 kV transformer.
The feeder has an impedance of 50 + j 80 ohm and the transformer has an equivalent
impedance of 24 + j 120 ohm referred to its high voltage side. The load takes 260 kW at
2.3 kV and 0.866 lagging power factor.
Find the voltage at the primary side of the transformer

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(B)

09.
(A)

(B)

10.
(A)

Determine the voltage at the sending end of the feeder

Calculate the real and reactive power inputs at the sending end of the feeder.

The cores of a core type transformer having cylindrical coils are enclosed in circles of
diameter d cm. Compare the maximum available gross core sections if (i) square (ii)
single stepped (cruciform) shapes are used
[(i) 0.5d2 (ii) 0.616d2]

The core of a 230/260 V continuously variable auto transformer consists of circular

laminations, internal diameter 6 cm, external diameter 14 cm, built to a height of 8 cm.
Allowing 10% for insulation and a maximum number flux density of 1.2 Wb/m2, find the
required number of turns and size of wire for a single layer winding
[339 turns tapped at 300; 1.3 mm over insulation]
A 3 phase, 50 Hz transformer of the shell type has an iron cross section of 400 cm2
(gross). If the flux density be limited to 1.2 Wb/m2, find the number of turns per phase on
high and low voltage windings. The voltage ratio is 11,000/550 V, the high voltage side
being connected in star and low voltage in delta.
[670/58]
A 50 Hz, 3 phase core type transformer is to be built for a 10,000/500 V ratio,
connected in star/delta. The cores are to have a square section and the coils are to be
circular. Taking an induced electromotive force of about 15 V per turn, and a maximum
core flux density of about 1.1 Wb/m2, find the cross sectional dimensions of the core, the
diameter of the circumscribing circle, and the number of turns per phase.
[26 cm 26 cm; 37 cm; 392/34]

(B)(i) Draw the flux waveform in a transformer when its primary is excited with voltage
waveform of sinusoidal, square and trapezoidal
(ii)
How can measure the losses in a transformer and how can you minimize it?
(iii) Two mutually coupled coils act as an ideal transformer. Find the nature of its reluctance.
11.
(A)

(B)

12.
A)

Three single phase transformers connected in delta to supply 100 A per line to a 3
phase, 3 wire system. (i) What is the current in each transformer? One unit develops a
fault and is removed (ii) by how much is the capacity of the set reduced for the same
temperature rise? (iii) Find the current in each of the remaining transformers if the line
current corresponds to the rating in (ii). Draw the phasor diagram.
[(i) 57.8 A (ii) 42.2% (iii) 57.8 A]
A lighting load of I ampere is taken from one phase of a three phase transformer bank.
Show the current distribution in the phase and in the lines (i) when the transformers are
connected in delta/delta. (ii) When the primary side is connected in star (3 wire) and the
secondary in delta (iii) when both sides are connected in open delta.

Mid points of the secondaries of a bank of a 4000/440 V transformers are used to provide
a lower voltage, as shown in the figure. Find (i) the voltage of the bus bars a, b, c and (ii)

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the current in the transformer secondaries when currents of 100 A at unity power factor
are taken from each of the two sets of low voltage bus bars a b c and A B C

(B)

13.
(A)

(B)

(C)

14.
(A)

(B)

[(i) 200 V; (ii) 76 A]

Two single phase scott connected transformers supply a 3 phase, 4 wire, 50 Hz
distribution system with 250 V between lines and neutral. The high voltage windings are
connected to a 2 phase system with a phase voltage of 11,000 V. Allowing a maximum
flux density of 1.2 Wb/m2 in a gross core section of 550 cm2, determine the number of
turns in each section of the high voltage and low voltage windings and the position of the
neutral point.
[886; 35, 30, 20 from outer in phase with 30 turns]
Two single phase furnaces X and Y are supplied at 80 V by means of a Scott connected
transformer combination from a 3 phase, 6600 V system. The voltage of furnace X is
leading. Calculate the line currents on the three phase side when the furnaces take 500
kW and 800 kW respectively (i) at unity power factor (ii) furnace X at unity power
factor, furnace Y at 0.7 p.f lagging. Draw the corresponding vector diagrams.
[(i) 129, 129 and 87.6 A; (ii) 207, 145 and 87.6]
The ratio of the number of turns per phase in the primary, secondary and tertiary
windings of a transformer is 10:2:1. With lagging currents of 45 A at a power factor of
0.8 in the secondary, and 50 A at a power factor 0.71 in the tertiary winding, Find the
primary current and power factor.
[14.0 A, 0.77]
A 6600 V/400 V/110 V Star/Star/Mesh connected three phase transformer has a
magnetizing current of 5.5 A and balanced three phase loads of 1000 kVA at 0.8 lagging
on secondary and 200 kVA, 0.5 leading power factor load on the tertiary. Find the
primary current and power factor. Neglect losses.

A star/star/delta transformer, with primary, secondary and tertiary voltages of 11,000 V,

1000 V and 400 V respectively has a magnetizing current of 3 A. There is a balanced
load of 600 kVA at 0.8 power factor lagging on the secondary winding and a balanced
load of 150 kW on the tertiary winding. Neglecting losses, find the primary and tertiary
phase currents if the primary power factor is 0.82 lagging
[40.8 A, 126 A]
A 3 phase step down transformer is connected to 6600 V mains, and takes 10 A.
Calculate the secondary line voltage, line current and output for the following
connections: (i) delta/delta (ii) star/star (iii) delta/star (iv) star/delta

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The ratio of turns per phase is 12. Neglect losses

[(i) and (ii) 550 V, 120 A (iii) 953 V, 69.4 A (iv) 318 V, 208 A; 114.3 kVA ]

15.
(A)

(B)

Derive an expression for the approximate relative weights of copper in an auto

transformer and a 2 winding transformer, the primary voltage being V1 volt and
secondary voltage being V2 volt. Compare the weights of copper when the transformation
ratio is 3. Ignore the magnetizing current.
A 11,500/2300 V transformer is rated at 100 kVA as a 2 winding transformer. If the
two windings are connected in series to form an auto transformer, what will be the
voltage ratio and output?
[13.8/11.5 kV, 600 kVA or 13.8/2.3 kV, 120 kVA]

16.
(A)

A 50 Hz, 1 phase transformer has a turn ratio of 6. The resistances are 0.9 and 0.03
, the reactances are 5 and 0.13 for high voltage and low voltage windings
respectively. Find (i) the voltage to be applied to the high voltage side to obtain a full
load current of 200 A in the low voltage winding on short circuit, (ii) the power factor on
short circuit
[(i) 330 V; (ii) 0.2]
(B)(i) What happens in a transformer if the core is made from high permeability ferro magnetic
material
(ii)
What are the basic difference between hot rolled and CRGO laminations used in a
transformer

17.
(A)

A three phase transformer is supplied at 6000 V on the delta connected side. The terminal
voltage on the star connected side when loaded at power factor 0.8 is 415 V. The
equivalent resistance and reactance drops are 1 and 5 %. Find the turns ratio
[24]
(B)(i) How is voltage regulation of transformer affected by a change in its operating
Frequency?
(ii)
Is it possible to operate a single phase 110 V, 50 Hz transformer satisfactorily at
200 Hz? If yes, explain how?

18.
(A)

(B)

The efficiency, at unity power factor, of a 6600/384 V, 200 kVA, 1 phase transformer is
98% both at full load and half load. The power factor on no load is 0.2 and the full load
regulation at a lagging power factor of 0.8 is 4%. Draw the equivalent circuit referred to
the LV side and insert all values
Calculate the regulation of a transformer in which the ohmic loss is 1% of the output and
the reactance drop is 5% of the voltage, when the power factor is (i) 0.8 lag (ii) unity
(iii) 0.8 leading

19.

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(A)

A 4 kVA, 200/400 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer gave the following test results:
No load: 200 V, 0.7 A, 60 W on low voltage side. Short circuit: 9 V,6 A 21.6 W on high
voltage side. Calculate: (i) the magnetizing current and the component corresponding to
iron loss at normal voltage and frequency (ii) the efficiency on full load at UPF (iii) the
secondary terminal voltage on full load at power factors of unity, 0.8 lag and 0.8 lead
[(i) 0.63 A, 0.3 A (ii) 97.1 % (iii) 394 V, 387 V, 403.4 V]

(B)(i) Derive a condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer

(ii) Transformer is a constant-flux machine. Justify.
20.
(A)

(B)

21.
(A)

(B)

22.
(A)

(B)

(C)

The maximum efficiency of a 500 kVA, 3300/500 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer is

97% and occurs at 75% full load, unity power factor. If the impedance is 10%, calculate
the regulation at full load, at power factor of 0.8 lagging
[7.51%]
A voltage of (200 sin t 50 sin 3t ) is applied to a 250 turn transformer winding having
negligible resistance and leakage reactance. Deduce an expression for the flux and find its
maximum value. By what percentage will the eddy current loss in the iron be reduced if
the applied voltage is altered to (200 sin t ) where = 100
2
1

[ 4 cos t cos 3t mWb; 2.76 mWb; 5.9%]

3

The area of the hysteresis loop 1200 cm3 ferro magnetic material is 0.9 cm2 with Bmax =
1.5 T. The scale factors are 1 cm = 10 A/cm along x axis and 1 cm = 0.8 T along y
axis. Find the power loss in watt due to hysteresis if this material is subjected to a 50 Hz
alternating flux density with a peak value 1.5 T
Calculate the core loss per kg in a specimen of alloy steel for a maximum density of 1.1 T
and a frequency of 50 Hz, using 0.4 mm plates. Resistivity is 24 - cm. Density is
7.75 g/cm3, hysteresis loss 355 J/m3 per cycle

A linear magnetic circuit has a mean flux length of 100 cm and uniform cross sectional
area of 25 cm2. A coil of 100 turns is wound over it and carries a current of 0.5 A. If
relative permeability of the core is 1000, calculate the inductance of the coil and energy
stored in the coil.
In the magnetic circuit of part (A), if an air gap of 2 mm length is introduced calculate (i)
the energy stored in the air gap (ii) energy stored in core and (iii) force acting between
the faces of the core across the gap for the same coil current.
A coil wound on a magnetic core is excited by the following voltage sources:
100 V, 50 Hz
110 V, 60 Hz
Compare the hysteresis losses and eddy current losses with these two different sources.
For hysteresis loss, consider Steinmetz constant n = 2.

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23.
(A)

(B)

24.
(A)

(B)

An iron ring with a mean diameter of 35 cm and a cross section of 17.5 cm2 has 110 turns
of wire of negligible resistance. (a) What voltage must be applied to the coil at 50 Hz to
obtain a maximum flux density of 1.2 T; the excitation required corresponding to this
density 450 AT/m? Find also the inductance. (b) What is the effect of introducing a 2 mm
air gap?
A coil wound over a core, is designed for 200 V (rms), 50 Hz such that the operating
point is on the knee of the B-H characteristic of the core. At this rated voltage and
frequency the value of the exciting current is found to be 1 A. Give your comments on
the existing current if the coil is energized from: (i) 100 V, 25 Hz supply. (ii) 200 V, 25
Hz supply.
In Figure shown below, the ideal transformer has turns ratio 2:1. Draw the equivalent
circuits referred to primary and referred to secondary. Calculate primary and secondary
currents and the input power factor and the load power factor.

In the Figure shown below, a 4-winding transformer is shown along with number of turns
of the windings. The first winding is energized with 200 V, 50 Hz supply. Across the 2nd
winding a pure inductive reactance X = 20 is connected. Across the 3rd winding a pure
L

resistance R = 15 and across the 4th winding a capacitive reactance of X = 10 are

C

connected. Calculate the input current and the power factor at which it is drawn.

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25.
(A)

In the circuit shown in Figure, T1, T2 and T3 are ideal transformers.

(i) Neglecting the impedance of the transmission lines, calculate the currents in primary
and secondary windings of all the transformers. Reduce the circuit refer to the
primary side of T1.
(ii) For this part, assume the transmission line impedance in the section AB to be
ZAB=1+j3. In this case calculate, what should be Vs for maintaining 450 V across
the load Z L = 60 + j80 . Also calculate the net impedance seen by V s .

(B)

26.
(A)

A 10 kVA, 1000 V / 200 V, 50 Hz, single phase transformer has HV and LV side
winding resistances as 1.1 and 0.05 respectively. The leakage reactances of HV and
LV sides are respectively 5.2 and 0.15 respectively. Calculate [i] the voltage to be
applied to the HV side in order to circulate rated current with LV side shorted; [ii] Also
calculate the power factor under this condition.
A 5 kVA, 200 V / 100 V, 50Hz single phase transformer has the following parameters:
HV winding Resistance = 0.025
HV winding leakage reactance = 0.25

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(B)

27.
(A)

(B)

LV winding Resistance = 0.005

LV winding leakage reactance = 0.05
Resistance representing core loss in HV side = 400
Magnetizing reactance in HV side = 190
Draw the equivalent circuit referred to [i] LV side and [ii] HV side and insert all the
parameter values.
Draw the complete phasor diagrams of a single phase transformer when [i] the load in the
secondary is purely resistive and [ii] secondary load power factor is leading.

A 30 kVA, 6000/230V, 50Hz single phase transformer has HV and LV winding

resistances of 10.2 and 0.0016 respectively. The equivalent leakage reactance as
referred to HV side is 34 . Find the voltage to be applied to the HV side in order to
circulate the full load current with LV side short circuited. Also estimate the full load %
regulation of the transformer at 0.8 lagging power factor.
A single phase transformer on open circuit condition gave the following test results:

Assuming Steinmetz exponent n = 1.6, find out the hysteresis and eddy current loss
separately if the transformer is supplied with 240 V, 50 Hz.

28.
(A)

Refer to the following figure which shows the windings of a 3-phase transformer.
Primary turns per phase are 250. Each phase has got two identical secondary windings
each having 100 turns. The primary windings are connected in star by shorting A2, B2 and
C2 and supplied from a balanced three phase 1000 V (L - L), 50 Hz source

(i) If the secondary coils are connected by joining a with b and b with c then calculate
2

Va1c1
(ii) All the 6 coils are connected in series in the following way:
a joined with b b joined with c
2

2 1

c joined with c c joined with b

1

4 3

b joined with a
3

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Draw the phasor diagram and calculate the voltage Va1a4

(B)

29.
(A)

(B)

30.
(A)

A balanced 3-phase load of 20kW, 0.8 power factor lagging is to be supplied at a line to
line voltage of 110V. However, a balanced 3-phase voltage of 381V (line to line) is
available. Using three numbers of identical single phase ideal transformers each of rating
10kVA, 220V/110V, 50Hz make an arrangement such that the above load can be
supplied. Draw the circuit diagram and show the magnitude of currents in the lines and in
the windings of the transformers on both LV and HV side.

Three number of single phase ideal transformers, each of rating. 10kVA, 200V / 100V,
50Hz is connected in star/delta fashion to supply a balanced three phase 20 kW, 0.8
power factor load at 100V(line to line). Draw a circuit diagram for this. Calculate (i) what
line to line voltage should be applied to the primary side? (ii) Calculate the line and phase
currents on the secondary and primary sides and indicate them on the diagram
The following figure shows an ideal autotransformer with number of turns of various
sections asNAB = 100, NCB = 60 and NDB = 80. Calculate the current drawn from the supply
and the input power factor when the supply voltage is 400V, 50Hz.

An ideal autotransformer steps down a 400 V, single phase voltage to 200 V, single phase
voltage. Across the secondary an impedance of (6 + j8) is connected. Calculate the
currents in all parts of the circuit.

(B)

Calculate the values of currents and show their directions in the various branches of a 3phase, star connected autotransformer of ratio of 400 / 500 V and loaded with 600 kW at
0.85 lagging. Autotransformer may be considered to be ideal. It may be noted that, unless
otherwise specified, voltage value of a 3-phase system corresponds to line to line voltage.

(C)

A delta-star connected 3-phase transformer is supplied with a balanced 3-phase, 400 V

supply as shown in figure below. A 3-phase auto transformer is fed from the output of the
3-phase transformer. Finally at the secondary of the autotransformer a balanced 3-phase
load is connected. The per phase primary and secondary turns of both the transformers
are given in figure.

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Calculate line to line voltage at which the load receives power. If the load draws 10 A
current, calculate currents (i) in the section XZ & ZY of the autotransformer and (ii) line
currents and coil currents of both the sides of the 3-phase, delta-star connected
transformer.

End of the Assignment

All the best
BNSS Shankar, M.Tech (IITK)

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