How standards interact

CIHT Midland Branch

Annual Symposium
Highway maintenance in Volatile Times

SHW
2008
PD 6691

Introduction to Asphalt Paving Materials

BS 594987
Jukka Laitinen

26th March 2013

Euro
Standards

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

BS EN 13108 translated into local language

UK Asphalt Specifications

PD 6691 2010
Guidance on the use of BS EN 13108, Material Specification
Part 1 Asphalt concrete AC, including Enrob a Module lev
(EME2)
Part 2 Asphalt Concrete for thin surface course systems, refers
to BBA HAPAS//(CE Mark), very detailed standard for
proprietary mixes + TS 2010 SMA Scotland
Part 4 Hot Rolled Asphalt, HRA
Part 5 Stone Mastic Asphalt, SMA generic spec.
Part 8 Reclaimed Asphalt RAP
Specification includes where appropriate performance data
Parts 3 and 7 Soft Asphalt and Porous Asphalt not generally used
on highways.

Specification for Highway Works (SHW)

Sets out in a series of volumes and specification clauses
overall requirements covering
Bitumenous mixtures, types of construction, layers
Production, Paving, Compaction
Levels, Ride, Texture depth
Quality control effecting durability
But is not the detailed specification, but overall requirement.
Specification also refers to BS EN 13108 and BS 594987
plus RN 42 a Best Practice Guide for the real detail.

Plus specials Defence Infrastructure organisation,

airfields
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26th March 2013

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

26th March 2013

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Asphalt Engineering
Concepts & Applications

BS EN 13108 translated into local language

Surface
course

BS 594987 2010.

Surfacing

Asphalt specification for transport, laying and compaction

plus type testing protocols
Types of vehicle, release agents site preparation etc
Material type and min. thickness to laid
Bond coats, all layers, machine spread, all joints sealed
Determination of voids, w/tracking resistance, coring,
trials etc.
Plus information on mix design requirements, binder
drainage testing etc.

Binder
course

RoadBase

Base

Deformation resistance (EAPA)

Cracking
(EAPA)
Low temp cracking
(EAPA)
Fuel Resistance)
Scuff Resistance
Adhesion
Binder Draining
Ageing resistance
Toughness

Structural Strength
Deformation resistance
Fatigue

(EAPA)
(EAPA)
(EAPA)

Sub-base

Foundation
Sub-grade

26th March 2013

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

26th March 2013

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Load Distribution through a Pavement

Good design = Durability
Primary use trunk all general road
applications
Well proven track record on all types of
road applications since 1992 intro.
Nominal mixtures 6mm, 10mm and
14mm, becoming popular.

Hot Rolled Asphalt

Typically 14mm

Surface course
Binder course
Base

EME 2 Asphalt Concrete

Typically 10mm or 14mm

Sub-base
Formation Level

SMA, small stone. Low

voids, high binder

26th March 2013

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Properties of Asphalt

Foundation

Capping

Subgrade
8

Country Road = 10 msa

Rut Resistance
Stiffness
Flexibility
Safety
Ride/Noise
Impermeability/Permeability
Workability
Recyclability
Cost
Durability
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Motorway = 500 msa

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Asphalt Properties Affected by Aggregate Type

Mechanical Properties
Durability
Colour
Density
Workability
Skid Resistance

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Polished Stone Value (PSV)

70+

Calcined Bauxite

68+

Very few Gritstones

65+

Some Gritstones

60-65

Gritstones

56-62

Basalts

60*

Steel Slag

50-60

Most Igneous rock

52-57

Granite

40-50

Gravels

<45

Limestones

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Noise

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Skid Resistance
Macro and Micro Texture
Micro
texture
Micro texture
(texture of
(texture
of stone)
stone)

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Macrotexture
Texture
Macro
(overall
road)
(overalltexture
textureofof
road)

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Noise
Bitumen Types
Straight run bitumen
Blown Bitumen
Cutback Bitumen / Emulsion as an alternative

Proud chippings in HRA

creates loud impact noise
from car tyres
Negative texture in SMA
provides smooth surface
and low noise
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Modified Bitumen
Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
Cellulose Fibres
Natural Bitumens
Trinidad Lake Asphalt
Gilsonite

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Bitumen Grades
The Main Properties of Bitumen are: Thermoplastic

Hard
Reacts to temperature, soft hard

Viscoelastic
Reacts to loading rates, elastic/viscous.

Soft
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Pen
15
20
35
50
85
125
190
300

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Echelon Paving, good compaction, bond and

sealing vital for durability

Modern Asphalt Plant

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Stone Mastic Asphalt, SMA most common material

SMA suitable for varied applications

Primary use trunk all general road

applications
Well proven track record on all types of
road applications since 1992 intro.

Typical binder 40/60 + fibres

Increased use of PMBs to eliminate fibres, improve
durability
PMB commonly used
For highways complies with BBA/HAPAS
Requirement for w/track, water sensitivity, supplier defines
max traffic
Texture 1.3mm as laid
Life 12-20 years

Nominal mixtures 6mm, 10mm and

14mm, smaller size becoming popular.

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Hot rolled Asphalt

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Hot rolled Asphalt

Traditional UK surfacing used extensively

Traditional UK surfacing used extensively

PCC compacted into HRA
To achieve TD of 1.5mm
High elastomeric content PMBs used
to meet w/track requirements at 60C
Can achieve 15 20 year life

Typically a 35/14 HRA 50 pen

Laid 45mm thick
20mm PCC applied 12 13Kg/m2
Feeding chip spreader can be
problem on narrow roads

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

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55/14 HRA Poole New Lift Bridge with PMB

26th March 2013

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Transport Scotland 2010 SMA

Provides superior rut

resistance and adhesion
Laid in 1 layer onto deck
High stone content HRA not
chipped

TS2010 designed to increase durability by Tightly controlled

voids, increased binder vol. + PMB
BS EN 14023 class 75/130-75

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Overlaying concrete

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

SMA in new applications

In 4 lifts of asphalt

26th March 2013

RAF Lossiemouth and Aberdeen Docks

Overlaying
concrete, for
reducing reflective
cracking, with SAMI,
HRA BC and
German type SMA
surfacing, all layers
PMB

Increasing acceptance of use on

airfields
Ease of supply and paving
compared to traditional Marshall
asphalt.
However PMB generally
specified

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

AC and EME 2 Binder and Base Course

Asphalts for heavy

duty applications

AC mixtures generally 40/60 or

100/150 pen.
Most common base binder
Increasing use of EME2 since
2004
Low voids hard binder either
10/20 or 15/25 (FX15 or FX 20)
Very workable material
Can be difficult to design to
meet all parameters.

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

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Heavy duty asphalt

26th March 2013

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Porous Asphalt

Planning law now

requires that
drainage is
considered
Using a PMB allows
for better durability

Require good design

For high sheer and
stress resitance
Good workability
Can be AC, SMA or
EME based
mixtures, possibly
even PA
Will require heavy
duty binder

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

HD Asphalt

replacing failed concrete

for Sustainable Urban Drainage

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26th March 2013

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Smooth high sheer resistance asphalt

with PMB

Tatem skate park and Buckmore Kart track plus Brands Hatch (PMB)

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

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26th March 2013

Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

Mastic Asphalt

Toughness and workability

Binder and surface course in Dartford Tunnel (PMB)

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

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Dams

Gussasphalt
Inverness

On M5 Avonmouth Bridge, also Kessock Bridge

(PMB)

New Picture?

New Picture?

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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium

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Sea Defences

Thank you
jukka.laitinen@nynas.com
www.nynas.com
The Institute of Asphalt Technology
www.instituteofasphalt.org
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Nottingham Trent University CIHT Symposium