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MATRIC NO.
D20092036907
D20111048854
D20111048860
D20111048872
D20111048874
Variation of Parameters
Consider the differential equation,
Assume that y1(t) and y2(t) are a fundamental
set of solutions for
Then a particular solution to the
nonhomogeneous differential equation is,
Example 1
Find a general solution to the following
differential equation
2 y 18 y 6 tan(3t )
The differential equation the actually be
solving is
y 9 y 3tan(3t )
Cont
Complementary solution is:
yc (t ) c1 cos(3t ) c2 sin(3t )
So, we have
y1 (t ) cos(3t )
y2 sin(3t )
Cont.
Particular solution:
y p (t ) cos(3t )
3sin(3t ) tan(3t )
3cos(3t ) tan(3t )
dt sin(3t )
dt
3
3
sin 2 (3t )
cos(3t )
dt sin(3t ) sin(3t )dt
cos(3t )
1 cos 2 (3t )
cos(3t )
dt sin(3t ) sin(3t ) dt
cos(3t )
cos(3t ) sec(3t ) cos(3t )dt sin(3t ) sin(3t ) dt
cos(3t )
sin(3t )
3
3
cos(3t )
ln sec(3t ) tan(3t )
3
Cont.
General solution
cos(3t )
y(t ) c1 cos(3t ) c2 sin(3t )
ln sec(3t ) tan(3t )
3
Example 2
Find the general solution to
2
ty (t 1) y y t
Given that:
y1 (t ) et
y2 (t ) t 1
Form a fundamental set of solutions for the
homogeneous differential equation
Solution
First, need to divide out by a t.
1
1
y 1 y y t
t
t
t 1
1
e e (t 1) te
t
Cont
The particular solution is:
(t 1)t
e (t )
Yp (t ) e
dt (t 1)
dt
t
t
te
te
t
et (t 1)e t dt (t 1) dt
t
e (e (t 2)) (t 1)t
t
t 2t 2
2
Cauchy-Euler
The Cauchy-Euler equation has the form
a0 xn y ( n) a1 xn1 y ( n1) ...... an1 xy an y b( x)
Example
Find the general solution
x y 2 xy 2 y x , x 0
2
Solution:
Taking the transformation x et the equation
reduces to:
yt 3 yt 2 y e3t
Solution
Corresponding homogeneous equation:
yt 3 yt 2 y 0
Characteristic equation:
r 2 3r 2 (r 2)(r 1) 0
r1 2, r2 1
Cont.
Complementary solution:
2t
t
yc (t ) c1e c2e
Non-homogeneous term is b(t ) e
3t
3t
S
The UC set of e is 1
The candidate for particular solution is:
3t
y p (t ) Ae
3t
yp ( x) 9 Ae
Cont
Substituting into the equation
9 Ae3t 9 Ae3t 2 Ae3t e3t
1
A
2
1 3t
y p (t ) e
2
1 3t
2t
t
y (t ) c1e c2e e
2
General solution:
1 3
y( x) c1 x c2 x x
2
2
L = Inductance
R = Resistance
1
= Elastance
= Electromotive Force
C = Capacitor
Kirchhoffs voltage law says that the sum of these voltage drops is
equal to supplied voltage:
= ()
Since =
equation becomes
2
2
= ()
Equation 1
0 = 0 therefore, 0 = =
Initial value problem can be solved by methods of Additional: Non
homogeneous linear equations.
A differential equation for the current can be obtained by
differentiating Equation 1 with respecting to and remembering
that =
2
2 + + = ()
Question:
Find the charge and current at time in the circuit of figure if
= 40, = 1, = 16 104 , = 100 cos 10 and the
initial charge and current are both 0.
From Equation 1 with given values of , , and (),
2
2
+ 40
40 900
2
= 20 15
= 10 sin 10 + 10 cos 10
= 100 cos 10 100 sin 10
84
697
and =
64
.
697
1
(84 cos 10
697
+ 64 sin 10)
General solution is
= + = 20 1 cos 15 + 2 sin 15
4
+
(21 cos 10 + 16 sin 10)
697
697
=
= 20 201 + 152 cos 15 + 151 202 sin 15
40
+
21 sin 10 + 16 cos 10
697
0 = 201 + 152 +
640
697
= 0, 2 =
464
2091
Formula of charge is
=
4 20
[
(63 cos 15
697
3
PROBLEM 1
QUESTION:
Solve the equation + = for ,
given that you step off the bridge-that is no
jumping, no diving! Stepping off means that
the initial conditions are 0 = 100, 0 =
0. Use = 160, = 1, and = 32.
SOLUTION
We apply the theorem from subtopic 4.3
Homogenous Linear Equation With Constant
Coefficients (Second-Order) by let as any
particular solution on an interval I.
To solve a non-homogenous differential equation,
we need to find:
1) that is a fundamental set of solutions that
form when 1 and 2 are linearly independent.
2) then, we find the .
1)
160
=
32
=5
+ =
52 + = 160
52 + = 0
5 + 1 = 0
=0 ,
(a)
5 + 1 = 0
5 = 1
=
= 1 +
1
2 5
= 160
=
= 0
= 0
When substitute into (a);
5 0 + 0 = 160
0 + 0 = 160
Let = , as variable,
=
= 0
5 0 + = 160
= 160
= 160
= 1 + 2
1
5
+ 160
(b)
2)
Let =
Given 0 = 100
1 + 2
1 +
1
(0)
2 5
+ 160 = 100
+ 160 = 100
1 + 2 = 100
Given 0 = 0
= 1 +
1
5
2
+ 160
1
1
= 2 5 + 160
5
1
1
5 0
2
+ 160 = 0
1
2
5
2
= 160
= 800
(1)
1
5
+ 160
() = 900 + 800
Let =
() = 900 + 800
1
5
1
5
+ 160
+ 160
PROBLEM 2
QUESTION:
Use the solution from Problem 1 to compute the
length of time you free-fall (that is, the time it
takes to go to the natural length of the cord:100
feet)
SOLUTION
From Problem 1,
= 100
= 900 +
1
800 5
800
1
5
1
800 5
+ 160 = 100
+ 160 = 1000
1
5
160
+
800
1
5
1000
800
5
4
1
5
5 1
=
4 5
5 1
= ln( )
4 5
=
25
ln( )
4
= ln 25 ln(4)
1
+ ln(4) = ln 25
5
1
( + ln 4) = ln 25
5
ln 25
1
+ln 4
5
= 2.71
= 2.71s
PROBLEM 3
QUESTION:
Compute the derivative of the solution you
found in Problem 1 and evaluate it at the time
you found in Problem 2. You have found your
downward speed when you pass the point
where the cords starts to pull.
SOLUTION
From the answer in Problem 1,
1
800 5
() = 900 +
We need to find it derivatives;
+ 160
() = 900 +
1
800 5
+ 160
1
1
(800 5 ) + 160
5
= 160
1
5
+ 160
= 160
1
5
+ 160
= 160(
1
5
+ 1)
1
= 160( 5 + 1)
1
(2.71)
= 160( 5
+ 1)
2.71
2.71 = 66.9465
PROBLEM 4
Solve the initial-value problem
+ + = , 1 = 0, 1 = 1
SOLUTION
Let 1 = 2.71 and 1 = 66.95
Have, = 160, = 1 and = 32, = 14
+ + =
1
1
14
+
+
=1
32
160
160
160
+ + 14 = 160
32
5 + + 14 = 160
Solve for
Auxillary Equation: 52 + + 14 = 0
=
1 14(5)(14)
1 279
10
1 279
10
2(5)
Compare with =
We have, =
=
10
10
and =
1 cos
279
10
279
10
+ 2 sin
279
10
Solve for ,
=
= 0
= 0
5 0 + 0 + 14 = 160
=
160
14
80
7
80
7
So, =
10
1 cos
279
10
+ 2 sin
279
10
80
7
2.71
10
279(2.71)
279(2.71)
80
1 cos
+ 2 sin
+
=0
10
10
7
80
+
=0
7
1 sin
+
2 cos
10
10
10
10
1
279
279
10 1 cos
+ 2 sin
10
10
10
10
2.71
279
279 2.71
279
279 2.71
=
1 sin
+
2 cos
10
10
10
10
1
279 2.71
279 2.71
10
1 cos
+ 2 sin
= 66.95
10
10
10
2.71
10
10
279
279
80
52.19475 cos
+ 5.43746 sin
+
10
10
7
PROBLEM 5
Compute the derivative of the expression you
found in Problem 4 and solve for the value of t
where the derivative is zero. Denote this time as
t2. Be careful that the time you compute is
greater than 1 - there are several times when
your motion stops at the top and bottom of your
bounces ! After you find t2, substitute it back
into the solution you found in Problem 4 to find
your lowest position
SOLUTION
1
10
1
10
80
1 cos + 2 sin +
7
1 sin + 2 cos
1 1
10 1 cos + 2 sin
10
We have, 2 = 0
1
102
1
10
1 sin 2 + 2 cos 2
1 1 2
10 1 cos 2 + 2 sin 2 = 0
10
1 sin 2 + 2 cos 2
1 1 2
=
10 1 cos 2 + 2 sin 2
10
1 sin 2 + 2 cos 2
1
=
1 cos 2 + 2 sin 2
10
1
1
1 2 sin 2 + 2 1 cos 2 = 0
10
10
Substitute values 1 , 2 and
sin 2
= 0.04403
cos 2
tan 2 = 0.04403
2 = tan1 0.04403
2 = 0.04400
Substitute value of
2 = 0.02634
1
10
80
1 cos + 2 sin +
7
PROBLEM 6 (CAS) :
You have brought a soft bungee cord with
k = 8.5, a stiffer cord with k = 10.7, and a climbing
rope for which k = 16.4. Which, if any, of these
cords can you use safely under the given
conditions?
Solution
Problem 6 has been marked as computer
problem. Therefore, we use the tool to plot
solutions for the given k values (k spring
constant).
PROBLEM 7
You have a bungee cord for which you not
determined the spring constant k. To do so, you
suspend a weight of 10 pounds from the end of
the 100-foot cord, causing it to stretch 1.2 feet.
What is the value of k for this cord?
SOLUTION
Given weight, mg = 10 and x(t) = 1.2
We can use the equation of net force :
mx = mg + b(x) -
We know that,
b(x) = -kx for x> 0 mx = mg kx -
Since the question ask the value of k, then
rewrite the equation into :
kx = mg - - mx
Then,
x(t) = 1.2,
x(t) = 0,
x(t)= 0.
Substitute all the value in the equation,
mx = mg kx -
kx = mg - - mx
k(1.2) = 10 0 0
k=
k = 8.3 #
Problem 8 (CAS)
What would happen if your 220-pound
friend uses the bungee cord whose
spring constant is k = 10.7
Problem 9
If your heavy friend wants to jump anyway,
then how short should you make the cord
so that he does not get wet?
Reference
Book
Curtis F. Gerald, Patrick O. Wheatley. (2004).
Applied Numerical Analysis (Seventh ed.).
USA: Greg Tobin.
Richard L. Burden, J. Douglas Faires. (2005).
Numerical Analysis (8th ed.). USA: Bob Pirtle.
Zill, D. G. (2009). A First Course in Differential
Equations With Modelling Applications (Ninth
ed ed.). USA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
Website
http://www.cengage.com/math/book_content
/0495108243_zill/zill_DE/project/final/publish
/tool/tool.html
http://www.idea.wsu.edu/Bungee/