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This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now a
day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like
Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control the
train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is defined;
stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is predefined.
In this Project
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using
microcontroller ATMEGA 8L as CPU. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper
Motor, for displaying message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two
lines. The train is designed for three stations, named as Aligarh, Ghaziabad & New Delhi.
The Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is
a LCD display for showing various messages in the train for passengers. There are
indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. Up path and Down path. Before
stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also includes an emergency brake system
due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied and resumes journey when the
emergency situation is over.
This paper describes a prototype that has been developed to demonstrate the concept of
integrated gaming and simulation for incident management. Architecture for the purpose
was developed and presented at the last conference. A hypothetical emergency incident
scenario has been developed for demonstrating the applicability of integrated simulation
and gaming. A number of simulation and gaming modules have been utilized to model the
major aspects of the hypothetical scenario. The modules demonstrate the value of utilizing
simulation for incident management applications. They can be used to highlight the value
of simulation and gaming for training applications in particular. Two of the simulation
modules have been integrated using a modified implementation of the high level
architecture to give an idea of the advantages. Technical issues in integration are identified.
LIST OF TABLES
CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter 1
• Introduction 1-29
Chapter 2
• Literature Review 30-37
Chapter 3
• PCB Designing 3 8-40
•
Working 41-42
•
Block Diagram 43
•
Circuit Diagram 44
Chapter 4
• Cost Analysis 45
•
Problem Faced & Troubleshooting 46
Chapter 5
• Conclusion 47
• Future Scope 47
REFERENCES 48-49
APPENDIX
•
Program Coding 50-58
• Datasheets 59-77
MAJOR PROJECT: METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION & COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION
This project is designed so that students can understand the technology used in the now
a day’s driver less metro train which is used in most of the developed countries like
Germany, France, and Japan etc. These trains are equipped with the CPU, which control
the train. The train is programmed for the specific path. Every station on the path is
defined; stoppage timing of the train and distance between the two stations is
predefined. This is very wonderful project to control the working of the train without
driver. These train are equipped with the CPU which control the train.
1. ATMEGA 8L Microcontroller
2. ULN 2003
3. Stepper motor
4. LCD
In this project we try to give the same prototype for this type of trains. We are using ATMEL
microcontroller ATMEGA 8L to control all the function as CPU. Microcontroller controls the
rotation of motor. First the motor is controlled and name of each station is displayed over LCD
and accordingly the different delay for each station is provided. So this project works for metro
train without driver. The motion of the train is controlled by the Stepper Motor, for displaying
message in the train we are using Intelligent LCD Display of two lines. The train is designed for
three stations, named as New Delhi, Noida, and Greater Noida. The Stoppage time is of 3 Sec and
time between two consecutive stations is 6 sec. There is a LCD display for showing various
messages in the train for passengers. There are indicators, which are used to show the train
direction i.e. UP path and down path. Before stopping at station the train blows the buzzer. It also
includes an emergency brake system due to which the train stops as soon as the brakes are applied
and resumes journey when the emergency situation is over.
The basic concept is the collision detection of two trains: both trains determine their position
and movement vector using GNSS. This information is transmitted together with some other
information like type of mission and train number by mobile radio to the trains in the area
around.
Each receiver compares his own position and vector with all received vectors. As soon as a
collision in the four-dimensional space (time and three space dimensions) has been
identified a specific reaction is triggered. Depending of the parameters like remaining
distance, time to collision and the speed the reaction is selected beginning from different
types of warning up to an automatic braking.
The application of RCAS for level crossings uses the detected status of the road vehicle
passing the rails and informs the driver of the train. The detected and transmitted obstacle
information triggers a warning or removers the warning if the road vehicle leaves the danger
zone.
WHAT IS EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY
Automotive application
Braking system, Traction control, Airbag release system, Management units, and
Steer-by-wire systems.
Domestic application
Dishwasher, television, washing machines, microwave ovens, Video recorders,
Security system, Garage door controllers, Calculators, Digital watches, VCRs, Digital
cameras, Remote Controls, Treadmills
Robotic
Fire fighting robot, Automatic floor cleaner, robotic arm
Aerospace application
Flight control system, Engine controllers, Autopilots, Passenger entertainment system
Medical equipment
Anesthesia monitoring system, ECG monitors, Pacemakers, Drug delivery systems,
MRI scanners
Defense system
Radar systems, Fighter aircraft flight control system, Radio system, Missile guidance
systems
Office automation
Laser printers, Fax machines, Pagers, Cash registers, Gas pumps, Credit /Debit card
readers, Thermostats, Grain analyzers
LIST OF COMPONENTS USED
2 IC ULN 2003 1
3 Transformer 1
6 Stepper Motor 1
7 Crystal Oscillator 1
8 Switch 2
9 LED 2
10 Resistors(220~, 4. 7 k ~, 1 0 k ~) 10
11 Capacitors(33pf,ceramic disk) 2
12 Diode 2
13 Buzzer 1
1) MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051
DESCRIPTION
INSTRUCTIONS
Instructions in a computer are binary numbers just like data. Different numbers, when
read and executed by a processor, cause different things to happen. The instructions
are also called opcodes or machine codes.
Different bit patterns activate or deactivate different parts of the processing core. Every
processor has its own instruction set varying in number, bit pattern and functionality.
PROGRAM
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
ASSEMBLER
PIN DESCRIPTION
RST (Pin 9)
RESET pin
1. Active high. On applying a high pulse to this pin, microcontroller will reset and
terminate all activities.
2. INPUT pin
3. Minimum 2 machine cycles required to make RESET
4. Value of registers after RESET
8
External Access: EA 31
• Connected to VCC for on chip ROM
• Connected to Ground for external ROM containing the code Input Pin
PORT 0
• Pins 32-39
• Dual role: 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins
.AD0-AD7
PORT 1
• Pins 1 through 8
• No dual function
PORT 2
• Pins 21 through 28
• Dual Function: Along with Port 0 used to provide the 16-Bit address for
external memory. It provides higher address A8-A16
PORT 3
• Pins 10 through 17
ALU
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs the internal arithmetic manipulation of
data line processor. The instructions read and executed by the processor decide the
operations performed by the ALU and also control the flow of data between registers
and ALU.
Operations performed by the ALU are Addition , Subtraction , Not , AND , NAND ,
OR , NOR , XOR , Shift Left/Right , Rotate Left/right , Compare etc. Some ALU
supports Multiplication and Division. Operands are generally transferred from two
registers or from one register and memory location to ALU data inputs. The result of
the operation is the placed back into a given destination register or memory location
from ALU output.
REGISTERS
Registers are the internal storage for the processor. The number of registers varies
significantly between processor architectures.
• INDEX REGISTERS
Points to memory addresses.
• STATUS REGISTERS
Stores the current status of various flags denoting conditions resulting from
various operations.
• CONTROL REGISTERS
Contains configuration bits that affect processor operation and the operating
modes of various internal subsystems.
Memory is used to hold data and program for the processor.
• SRAM
Volatile, fast, low capacity, expensive, requires lesser external support
circuitry.
• DRAM
Volatile, relatively slow, highest capacity needs continuous refreshing. Hence
require external circuitry.
• EEPROM
Electrically erasable and programmable, can be erased programmed in- circuit,
Used for storing system parameters.
BUSES
A bus is a physical group of signal lines that have a related function. Buses allow for
the transfer of electrical signals between different parts of the processor.
• Data bus
• Address bus
• Control bus
CONTROLLER LOGIC
Processor brain decodes instructions and generate control signal for various sub units. It
has full control over the clock distribution unit of processor.
I/O Peripherals
The I/O devices are used by the processor to communicate with the external world
• Parallel Ports.
• Serial Ports.
• ADC/DAC.
2) ULN 2003
FEATURES
DESCRIPTION
The ULN2001, ULN2002, ULN2003 and ULN2004 are high voltage, high current
Darlington Arrays each contain seven open collector Darlington pairs with common
emitters. Each Channel rated at 500mA and can withstand peak currents of 600mA.
Suppression diodes are Included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned
opposite the outputs to simplify board
MAXIMUM RATING
Table No. 1.2: Maximum Rating of ULN
WHY WE USE ULN 2003?
Digital system and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the relay. While
the stepper motor’s coil needs around 1 0ma to be energized, the microcontroller’s pin
can provide a maximum of 1-2 mA current. For this reason, we place a driver.
3) VOLAGE REGULATOR
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage
regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some
automatic protection from excessive current (over load protection) and overheating
(thermal protection). Many of fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads. They include a
hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.
DESCRIPTION
These voltage regulators are monolithic circuit integrated circuit designed as fixed
voltage regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card regulation.
These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal shutdown, and
16
safe-area compensation. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in
excess of 1.0 A. Although designed primarily as a fixed voltage regulator, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and current.
FEATURES
4) STEPPER MOTOR
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
18
Figure No. 1.7: Basic Stepper Motor
5) LCD DISPLAY
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain
output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there is a few which
don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is
more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull
up resistors.
We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire
the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the
data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if
the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is
overcome by inserting known delays into our program.
The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here. As
with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power
supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling
capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly.
The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of
manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The diagram to the
right shows the pin numbers for these devices. When viewed from the front, the left pin
is pin 16 and the right pin is pin 1.
6) POWER SUPPLY
AC
Suppl
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Bridge rectifier circuit consists of four diodes arranged in the form of a bridge as
shown in figure.
AC
Supply
During the positive half cycle of the input supply, the upper end A of the
transformer secondary becomes positive with respect to its lower point B. This
makes Point1 of bridge
Positive with respect to point 2. The diode D1 & D2 become forward biased &
D3 & D4 become reverse biased. As a result a current starts flowing from
point1, through D1 the load & D2 to the negative end.
During negative half cycle, the point2 becomes positive with respect to point 1.
Diodes D1 & D2 now become reverse biased. Thus a current flow from point 2
to point1.
7) TRANSFORMER
1. Step up transformer
2. Step down transformer
Key Benefits
• Structured BASIC with labels.
Structured programming with IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF, DO-LOOP, WHILE-
WEND, SELECT- CASE.
• Fast machine code instead of interpreted code.
• Variables and labels can be as long as 32 characters.
Bit, Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Single and String variables.
• Compiled programs work with all AVR microprocessors that have internal
memory.
Statements are highly compatible with Microsoft’s VB/QB.
Special commands for LCD-displays , I2C, 1WIRE , PC keyboard, matrix
keyboard, RC5 reception, RS232 communication.
• Local variables, user functions, library support, mixed ASM and
BASIC programming.
• Integrated terminal emulator with download option..
• Integrated simulator for testing.
Integrated ISP programmer (application note AVR910.ASM).
Integrated Kanda STK200+ programmer and STK300 programmer.
The following statements are supported (actually there are more look for
them in the help file):
I2C
I2CSTART, I2CSTOP, I2CWBYTE, I2CRBYTE, I2CSEND and I2CRECEIVE.
1WIRE
1WWRITE, 1WREAD, 1WRESET, 1WIRECOUNT, 1WSEARCHFIRST,
1WSEARCHNEXT.
SPI
SPIINIT, SPIIN, SPIOUT.
Interrupt programming
ON INT0/INT1/TIMER0/TIMER1/SERIAL, RETURN, ENABLE, DISABLE,
COUNTERx, CAPTUREx, INTERRUPTS, CONFIG, START, LOAD.
Bit manipulation
SET, RESET, ROTATE, SHIFT, BITWAIT, TOGGLE.
Variables
DIM, BIT , BYTE , INTEGER , WORD, LONG, SINGLE, STRING , DEFBIT,
DEFBYTE, DEFINT, DEFWORD.
Miscellaneous
REM, ' , SWAP, END, STOP, CONST, DELAY, WAIT, WAITMS, GOTO, GOSUB,
POWERDOWN, IDLE, DECLARE, CALL, SUB, END SUB, FUNCTION, END
FUNCTION, MAKEDEC, MAKEBCD, INP,OUT, ALIAS, DIM , ERASE, DATA,
READ, RESTORE, INCR, DECR, PEEK, POKE, CPEEK, FUNCTION,
READMAGCARD.
Compiler directives
$INCLUDE, $BAUD and $CRYSTAL, $SERIALINPUT,
$SERIALOUTPUT, $RAMSIZE, $RAMSTART, $DEFAULT XRAM, $ASM-
$END ASM, $LCD, $EXTERNAL, $LIB.
String manipulation
STRING, SPACE, LEFT, RIGHT, MID, VAL, HEXVAL, LEN, STR, HEX, LTRIM,
RTRIM, TRIM, LCASE, UCASE.
You can even simulate the hardware ports with the special bascom monitor
program!
When you are done with the simulator it is time to program the chip using one of the
supported programmer like the STK200+ or STK300.
SK U
Description
#Pr ic e
BASCOM-AVR BSCAVR $69
BASCOM-AVR cross upgrade for BASCOM users. Serial
BSCAVRB $49
number required.
Availability
BASCOM-AVR is available NOW.
BASCOM-LT and BASCOM-8051 users can order the cross upgrade BSCABRB.
Your serial number is required for this.
Not all code is optimized yet. There is no ASM output yet. ASM outputs needs lots of
documentation to be useful for the end user. A high priority is given to finish these
features.
In the power supply we use step down transformer. We apply 220V AC on the primary
of step down transformer. This transformer step down this voltages to 6V AC. We Give
6V AC to rectifier circuit, which convert it to 5V DC.
8) DIODE
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of
the current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias.
When the current flows from the P to N direction. Then it is in forward bias. The Zener
diode is used in reverse bias function i.e. N to P direction. Visually the identification of
the diode`s terminal can be done by identifying he silver/black line. The silver/black
line is the negative terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the positive terminal
(cathode).
APPLICATION
FUNCTION
Resistor restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series
with a light-emitting diode(LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.
TYPES OF RESISTORS
It includes two types of resistors as carbon film and metal film .These two types are
explained under
During manufacture, at in film of carbon is deposited onto a small ceramic rod. The resistive
coating is spiraled away in an automatic machine until the resistance between there two ends of
the rods is as close as possible to the correct value. Metal leads and end caps are added, the
resistors is covered with an insulating coating and finally painted with colored bands to indicate
the resistor value
Metal film and metal oxides resistors are made in a similar way, but can be made more
accurately to within ±2% or ±1% of their nominal vale there are some difference in
performance between these resistor types, but none which affects their use in simple circuit.
A wire wound resistor is made of metal resistance wire, and because of this, they can be
manufactured to precise values. Also, high wattage resistors can be made by using a thick wire
material. Wire wound resistors cannot be used for high frequency circuits. Coils are used in high
frequency circuit. Wire wound resistors in a ceramic case, strengthened with special cement.
They have very high power rating, from 1 or 2 watts to dozens of watts. These resistors can
become extremely hot when used for high power application, and this must be taken into
account when designing the circuit.
TESTING
Resistors are checked with an ohm meter/millimeter. For a defective resistor the ohm-meter
shows infinite high reading.
10) CAPACITORS
• The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the
battery accepts electrons that the battery is producing.
• The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the
battery loses electrons to the battery.
11) LED
LED falls within the family of P-N junction devices. The light emitting diode (LED) is a diode that
will give off visible light when it is energized. In any forward biased P-N junction there is, with in
the structure and primarily close to the junction, a recombination of hole and electrons. This
recombination requires that the energy possessed by the unbound free electron be transferred to
another state. The process of giving off light by applying an electrical source is called
electroluminescence.
LED is a component used for indication. All the functions being carried out are
displayed by led .The LED is diode which glows when the current is being flown
through it in forward bias condition. The LEDs are available in the round shell and
also in the flat shells. The positive leg is longer than negative leg.
28
BUZZER
Buzzer is a device used for beep signal. This will help us to make understand
information or message. A buzzer is usually electronic device used in automobiles,
household applications etc.
EMBEDDED IN EMBEDDED
Intel and the licensees soon realized that 8051 is a nice core that can be
embedded in various ASIC chips to perform setup and control tasks.
Typically, the resources of the ASIC are mapped as external data memory,
as if the ASIC would be connected to a conventional 8051 chip. This
approach allows to use an unmodified core, which speeds up the chip
development and decreases the chance for error; also the ASIC could be
breadboard-prototyped in this form easily.
EXTRAS
Besides application-specific, also general purpose derivatives have been
introduced by Intel and the licensees, with enhanced features and increased
code and data memories. In contrast with the ASICs mentioned above,
these chips tend to implement the extra features in the core itself, accessed
usually via extra SFRs. This
allows faster code as SFRs are accessed by all the instructions using direct
addressing (mov, logic), and some of them by the bit-manipulation
instructions, too.
One of the first such derivative by Intel was the 80C51FA, which
introduced the programmable counter array (PCA) (and was a 8052
otherwise). It was intended for automotive applications (brake control).
Soon, FB and FC continued, with more and more code memory.
80C51RA/RB/RC followed, with added "internal external" data memory.
These were the basis for the today's 89C51RD2 "sub-family", produced by
Philips, Atmel (as ex-Temic), SST and Winbond.
When the 8051 was accepted widely enough, some of the applications
started to grow and soon required more power than the 8051 even with
enhancements could provide. There were 16-bit microcontrollers around
(e.g. Intel had it's 80C 196 line), but it seemed a good idea to provide a
more natural migration path by creating a 16-bit version of 8051.
Intel addressed the problem by introducing 80C25 1. It went all the way to
achieve compatibility - it was able to run 8051 binary code (being able to
switch to native 16-bit 251-mode) and had a package pin-compatible with
8051. It was not a big success, most probably for bad market timing
(although it is second sourced by Temic/Atmel).
Philips on the other hand employed source-compatibility for its XA family,
which seems to be adequate for most of the applications, where legacy
code has to be maintained or parallel development with 8051 is needed; and
poses little constraint on the chip design itself.
All in all, the 16-bit versions of 8051 gained far less popularity than the
8051 and are less widespread.
In the 90s, Atmel introduced a derivative of 8051 with Flash code memory,
enabling fast erasure and reprogramming. It enabled to use the production-
grade chip in development, and enabled the chips used in the product to be
reprogrammed when upgrade or a bugfix was needed, cutting down costs.
It brought down the 8051 to the masses - the small "garage" companies and
hobbyists. Besides that, Atmel introduced also 89C2051 with decreased pin
count (and price).This was a smart move, the chip proved to be extremely
popular in many small applications.
Today, virtually all manufacturers produce 8051 derivatives with Flash, most
of them able to be programmed via some few-pin serial interface (called in-
situ programming (ISP), SPI-style or UART-style) and the higher-end
versions also able to reprogram themselves (in-application programming,
IAP). MaskROM and EPROM - windowed or OTP - seems to become
extinct, at least in the mainstream applications.
The first derivative addressing this in a radical way is the now legendary
Dallas DS80C320. It featured a 4-clocker core with incompatible timing,
and could be clocked as high as 33MHz. Unfortunately, it was produced as
ROMless only.
The following step was taken by Cygnal, where a single-clock core has
been developed. In the top-range models, the clocking is as high as
100MHz, being the fastest 805 1s around.
Today, there are many 8051 derivatives with sped-up cores available. They
can be divided into two groups: the 6-clockers (e.g. the 8xC51RD2) and 2-
clockers (Philips LPC9xx) have the same number of instruction cycle per
instruction as the original; while the 4-clockers and singleclockers are
incompatible in this way, requiring recalculation of timing loops if used.
WHERE IS IT GOING?
The 8051 is a sound mcu core with rich history. However, it seems that it is
already over its peak, although it might take quite a lot of time until it will
be completely replaced by most modern microcontrollers.
1) P.C.B. DESIGNING
P.C.B. LAYOUT
The following points are to be observed while forming the layout of P.C.B.
3. The most important points are that the components layout is making
proper compromise with copper side circuit layout.
First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of
the copper clad board. Then enamel paint is applied on the tracks of
connection with the help of a shade brush. We have to apply the paints
surrounding the point at which the connection is to be made. It avoids the
disconnection between the leg of the component and circuit track. After
completion of painting work, it is allowed to dry.
ETCHING
The removal of excess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit
is known as etching. From this process the copper clad board wit printed
circuit is placed in the solution of FeCl with 3-4 drops of HCL in it and is
kept so for about 10 to 15 minutes and is taken out when all the excess
copper is removed from the P.C.B.
After etching, the P.C.B. is kept in clean water for about half an hour in
order to get P.C.B. away from acidic, field, which may cause poor
performance of the circuit. After the P.C.B. has been thoroughly washed,
paint is removed by soft piece of cloth dipped I thinner or turbine. Then
P.C.B. is checked as per the layout, now the P.C.B. is ready for use.
SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where
two metal conductors are to be join or fused is heated with a device called
soldering iron and then as allow of tin and lead called solder is applied
which melts and converse the joint. The solder cools and solidifies quickly
to ensure is good and durable connection between the jointed metal
converting the joint solder also present oxidation.
• Mass soldering.
The surface to be soldered must be cleaned & fluxed. The soldering iron
switched on and bellowed to attain soldering temperature. The solder in
form of wire is allied hear the component to be soldered and heated with
iron. The surface to be soldered is filled, iron is removed and joint is cold
without disturbing.
1. Use always an iron plated copper core tip for soldering iron.
4. Tighten the tip screw if necessary before iron is connected to power supply.
6. Apply solder between component leads, P.C.B. pattern and tip of soldering iron.
7. Iron should be kept in contact with the joint for 2-3 seconds only
instead of keeping for very long or very small time.
Use optimum quantity of solder
WORKING
METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE is a microcontroller based device.
It is used in driverless metro train, which is used in most of
developed countries. These trains are equipped with CPU, which
control the chain. The train is programmed for the specific path.
Every station on the path is defined; stoppage timing of the train
and distance between the two stations is predefined.
1. POWER SUPPLY
2. ATMEGA 8L IC
3. DISPLAY UNIT
4. STEPPER MOTOR
1. TRANSFORMER
2. 7805 REGULATOR
3. DIODES 4007 (in bridge shape)
4. CAPACITOR OF 100 MICRO FARADS & 470 MICRO FARAD
• First problem that was in making the circuit of METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE
that,
it is difficult to match time with rotation of stepper motor & LCD.
• Second problem is faced due to redundancy in handling the rotation of
STEPPER MOTOR
• We have to take extra care while soldering 2 line LCD
• During soldering, many of the connection become short cktd. So we desolder
the connection and did soldering again.
• A leg of the crystal oscillator was broken during mounting. So it has to be
replaced.
• LED`s get damaged when we switched ON the supply so we replace it by the
new one.
TROUBLESHOOT
CONCULSION
AREA OF APPLICATIONS
The circuit diagram is shown in the figure. Here LCD display is connected
with the P1 of the MC. Control lines are connected with port 3 of the
microcontroller. The contrast of the LCD is controlled by 10K variable
resistor.
Unipolar Stepper motor is used for running of the train. This motor has 5
wires, which are named as A1, B1, B2, and COM. Common line is given at
+5V. The other lines can be connected with port 2 of microcontroller. The
stepper motor is derived by the ULN 2003 chip. This Chip includes
Darlington pairs, so that motor can get enough current to for its running.
This chip required pull ups at inputs.
FUTURE SCOPE
This Project is useful in dveloping conturies & this project has a bright
future as it is being used in countries like Germany, France & Japan. This
project helps us to control train without a driver and the stations are shown
on the LCD so the passenger doesn’t has any difficulty. This project will
lead to increase in technological trends & this will help the people in many
ways.