Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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A2.
A silicon crystal is doped with 3 x 1019 m-3 Phosphorous atoms. Determine the type
of conductivity of this sample at 300 K. For silicon, the intrinsic carrier density is
1.5 x 1016 m-3 at this temperature.
A3.
The band gap of a CdSe sample is 1.7 eV. Calculate the wavelength of the photons
that will just be able to excite an electron from the top of the valence band to the
bottom of the conduction band.
A4.
Sketch labeled I-V characteristics of a photodiode both in the dark and under
illumination.
A5.
List at least three non-power related benefits of an open cycle OTEC system.
A6.
A7.
Name the processes by which ethanol and biodiesel are produced, and the type of
vehicle engines they may be used in.
A8.
How is pyrolysis different from gasification? What are the final products of these
two processes?
A9.
Briefly describe a method for the determination of the volumetric flow rate Q of a
hydropower station.
A10.
Write an expression for the rated maximum power produced by a wind front of
speed u0 and density passing across a turbine intercepting cross section area A.
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(a)
Starting with the concept of global warming, explain how renewable energy
technologies and energy efficiency can help in climate change mitigation. Describe
at least one example of such an activity that you have come across.
[5 marks]
(b)
Determine the time of sunrise and sunset in Suva (latitude 18.10 South) on June 20th
2013.
[5 marks]
(c)
B2.
(a)
i)
Solar ponds
[2 marks]
ii)
[2 marks]
iii)
Selective absorbers
[2 marks]
(b)
Two silicon specimen doped with 1.5 x1020 m-3 phosphorus impurity and 2.0 x
1019m-3 boron impurity are used to form a p-n junction.
i)
Sketch labelled band diagrams for the specimen before and after the contact
was made.
[3 marks]
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Sketch the band diagram when the junction is forward biased and explain
the effect of biasing.
[2 marks]
iii)
iv)
What are the barrier heights under a forward bias of 0.7 V and a reverse
bias of 10.5 V?
[2 marks]
v)
B3.
(a)
With the help of its equivalent circuit and band diagram, explain the operation of a
p-n junction solar cell.
[6 marks]
(8)
AC/DC
Watts
4 Lights 28
W each
TV
Computer
2 Fans, 75
W each
DC
112
Duty
hour/day
6
AC
AC
AC
60
200
150
4
4
4
cycle
-4-
B4.
(a)
Show that for deep water waves, the average power carried forward in the wave per
unit width across the wave front is given by
g 2 a 2T
8
where the symbols carry their usual meaning and given that the wavenumber of a
deep water wave is
2
g
[7 marks]
(b)
Compare and contrast the operation of a PEM electrolyzer and a PEM fuel cell.
[5 marks]
(c)
With help of schematic diagrams, explain the operation of the following ocean
energy technologies:
i)
ii)
B5.
(a)
i)
ii)
iii)
show that the work Weng done by a heat engine during one complete cycle is
equal to the net heat Qnet.
[3 marks]
-5-
A small timber-milling community requires 100 kW for its electrical power needs.
It plans to generate this using a thermal power plant that will use the timbermilling residues produced.
i)
Show, with the help of a schematic diagram, how the energy conversion
processes will take place. Take the efficiencies of the furnace, steam
turbine and generator to be 80%, 35% and 85% respectively
[2 marks]
ii)
What is the Carnot efficiency of the heat engine if the boiler temperature is
350 oC and the condenser temperature is 30 oC? State why the actual
efficiency is lower than the Carnot efficiency.
[2 marks]
iii)
B6.
(a)
Show that the power P that can be generated from water flowing down from a
height H is given by
P = gQ H
where is the density of water, and Q is the volumetric flow-rate.
[2 marks]
(b)
Describe the difference between the Francis, Propellor and the Pelton Wheel
turbines, and use the above expression for the input power at a hydropower station
to decide which turbine you will use for a high head, a low head and a very low
head.
[4 marks]
(c)
A 2-jet Pelton Wheel produces an output power of 8.5 MW from a head of 315 m.
The speed of rotation of the runner is 300 rpm. If the head loss (due to friction) is
15 m, and the turbine and generator efficiencies are 90% and 85% respectively.
Determine ;
i) the speed vj of the water in the jets
[2 marks]
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B7.
a)
[4 marks]
A small scale (20 kW) wind turbine has a power coefficient of 0.3 at the
rated wind speed of 15 m s-1.Calculate the rotor diameter, assuming the air
density is 1.20 kg m-3.
[2 marks]
b)
The power coefficient CP, the fraction of power extracted from the wind, is given
by:
CP
i)
4 a 1 a
ii)
FA
Au 2
2
c)
4 a 1 a
[6 marks]
i)
Sketch with well labelled axes the wind turbine operating regions and power
performance (power curve) of a 20 kW wind turbine. The cut-in wind
speed of the turbine is 4.5 m s-1 and the rated wind speed is 16 m s1.The cut
out wind speed is 25 m s-1.
[2 marks]
ii)
Explain the effect of blade spacing and rotation on the optimum power
extraction efficiency.
[2 marks]
ii)
Explain why thermodynamically only about half the power in the wind can
possibly be extracted.
[1 mark]
THE END
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