The greenhouse effect and global warming are issues that are talked about by geologists

all the time. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps the earth at temperatures
that
are livable. Energy from the sun warms the earth when its heat rays are absorbed by
greenhouse
gasses and become trapped in the atmosphere. Some of the most common greenhouse
gasses are
water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. If there were no greenhouse gasses, very few
rays
would be absorbed and the earth would be extremely cold. When too many rays are
absorbed, the
earth?s atmosphere starts to warm, which leads to global warming. Global warming can lead
to
many problems that affects the environment in which we live.

In order to talk about global warming, we must first learn what causes the greenhouse
effect. A lot of the rays from the sun are absorbed by water vapor that is naturally in our
atmosphere. Water vapor accounts for ?80 percent of natural greenhouse warming. The
remaining 20 percent is due to other gasses that are present in very small amounts? (Murck,
Skinner and Porter 488). Carbon dioxide is also a big absorber of the sun?s heat rays.
Humans
can cause a lot of carbon dioxide to be released. Every time we burn fossil fuels, we release
more
carbon dioxide. Emissions from cars also increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. If there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere more rays from the sun are
absorbed. This will cause the atmosphere and the earth?s temperature to warm. The
warming of
the earth will cause the oceans to become warmer. When they heat up, more water is
evaporated,
causing more carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere. Once this process starts, it
is
extremely hard to control. If the temperature keeps rising, more carbon dioxide will be
released.
Another greenhouse gas is methane: ?Methane absorbs infrared radiation 25 times more
effectively than carbon dioxide, making it an important greenhouse gas despite its relatively
low

concentration? (490). There have been many studies on how methane is released into the
atmosphere. Methane in the atmosphere is ?generated by biological activity related to rice
cultivation, leaks in domestic and industrial gaslines, and the digestive process of domestic
livestock, especially cattle? (490).

An environmental effect of global warming is the fact that higher temperatures will lead to
a change in the water cycle. Some places may experience more rain. Warmer temperatures
will
cause a greater amount of evaporation from lakes, rivers, and oceans. In some areas this
could be
good, and in others it could be considered bad. In northern regions of the United States, an
increase in the temperature and amount of rain could actually extend the growing season of
crops.
This would in turn mean more money for farmers in the northern region. It could also hurt
some
farmers. Too much rain is bad for some crops. Certain areas will actually get less rain, which
would lead to more droughts and have a negative impact on crops. Warm and wet weather
is
usually a factor that promotes tropical storms. Global warming would lead to tropical storms?
appearing with greater frequency. More rain will also force plant life to adjust. Forests and
plant
life migrate naturally, but scientists say that global warming would cause them to migrate at a
much faster rate. If the climate changes the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
says,
?some forest species in North America will shift by as much as 300 miles to the north?
(www.pirg.org/enviro/global_w/fact.htm). If a region is getting more rain and plants on the
border of that region need rain to survive, they will naturally begin growing in the new region.

The Environmental Media Services Organization has found that the greenhouse effect
?could drive global temperatures up as much as 6 degrees by the year 2100 - an increase in
heat
comparable to the 10 degree warming that ended the last ice age?
(www.ems.org/climate/sub2_html). If a ten degree warming was the factor that ended the ice

age, imagine what another warming by about that same amount could do. Scientists believe
that a
warming of only 6 degrees would cause glaciers to melt at a high rate. This would cause an
increase in the level of the oceans. According to the article ?Turning up the Heat: How
Global
Warming Threatens Life in the Sea,? coastal cities and islands would be in danger of
flooding if
the ocean levels rose: ?Only a 1-cm rise in sea level can erode a full 1 meter of beach?
(Berntson
and Mathews-Amos www.worldwildelife.org/news/pups/wwf_ocean.htm). Sea ice would also
be
susceptible to melting, which would raise the water level even more.

Global warming will not just make sea levels rise, it will also affect sea life. Corals ?are
intolerant of temperatures just a few degrees warmer than usual? (ibid.). Small increases in
the
temperature can kill corals. There have been problems with corals dying in the past few
years
because of increased water temperatures. Other marine life may migrate northward or
southward
because the waters are warmer. The warm water would make them think that they were in
their
natural habitat, when they were actually migrating toward the poles. Food would be scarce in
their new habitat.

Patterns of the circulation of sea water are disturbed by global warming. Cold water
moves along the sea floor towards the equator and warm water around the equator moves
toward
the poles across the surface of the ocean. It is known as thermohaline circulation. It is a very
important process concerning ocean life. This circulation process brings oxygenated water to
the
sea floor. If this did not happen, ?water along the sea floor would become depleted of the
oxygen
organisms need to survive? (ibid.).

Fish, such as salmon, are also sensitive to the temperature of the water. During the
summer when the water is warm, salmon have a higher metabolic rate. During the winter
months,
their metabolism slows down, which is good because less food is available. With global
warming
and increased water temperatures, salmon would have a higher metabolic rate, even if it
were
during the winter. Less food would be available for them and many salmon would die.

Another impact of global warming will be that some diseases are likely to be spread more
easily. Mosquitoes are a major carrier of tropical diseases. They are commonly known for
carrying malaria, cholera, and dengue fever. Malaria outbreaks are usually confined to ?
where the
minimum winter temperature reaches no lower than 16 [degrees Celsius],? according to the
World
Wide Fund for Nature, an independent conservation organization
(www.panda.org/climate/climate_docs/health_factsheet/malria.htm). Scientists are beginning
to
notice that malaria outbreaks are occurring outside these places. They are attributing this to
increased temperatures from global warming. Places such as California, Texas, Florida,
Michigan,
and New York have had more cases of malaria. People from these states know that the
summers
have been very hot and humid lately. Malaria mosquitoes thrive in hot and humid weather.
Increased temperatures and more rain in some areas will cause hot and humid weather,
which will
allow for mosquitoes to migrate to new places and spread the disease. A study suggests that
?malaria transmission would increase from 45% of the globe to 60%, if atmospheric levels of
greenhouse gases reach concentrations equivalent to a doubling of CO2 since the industrial
revolution? (ibid.). Cholera and dengue fever are also carried by mosquitoes and thrive in
warm
and moist climates. As with malaria, more cholera and dengue fever outbreaks would occur
because of migrating mosquitoes.

As stated earlier, the warming of the oceans will increase the amount of carbon dioxide in

the atmosphere and will make global warming a problem of increasing severity. There are
other
ways that this happens too. As the weather becomes warmer, more organic matter in the
ground
will be decomposed. This causes carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere: ?If
average
temperatures would rise by .3 degrees C per decade, soils will release an amount of CO2
equal to
nearly 20 percent of the projected amount released by combustion of fossil fuels? (Murck,
Skinner
and Porter 495 ). Gas hydrates will also decompose with warmer temperatures. Gas
hydrates are
?icelike solids in which molecules of gas, mainly methane, are locked in the structure of
water?
and are usually found in frozen soil or in ocean sediments (495). Scientists have found that ?
gas
hydrates worldwide hold a total of 10,000 billion metric tons of carbon, twice the amount
contained in all the known coal, gas, and oil reserves on the land? (495). When
temperatures
increase, frozen soil will melt and release gas hydrates, and hydrates from ocean sediment
will also
break down. Because of this, more methane and carbon will be released into the
atmosphere,
making the greenhouse effect even stronger. This will damage our environment even more.

Global warming is becoming a major problem as we move to the 21st century and
beyond.
When more greenhouse gasses like carbon dioxide and methane are released, they trap
heat rays
and keep them in our atmosphere. This causes an increase in temperature. Increases in
temperature can do a lot of damage, even in small increases. Only a few degrees ended the
ice
age thousands of years ago. Another warming like that can have huge environmental effects.
Changes in temperature will upset water cycles. Some areas will get more precipitation,
some
will get less. A warming of a few degrees would cause glaciers and sea ice to melt. This
would

lead to ocean levels rising and would damage coastal cities and islands. It would also cause
a
disruption in different species living in the ocean and increase the levels of some disease,
especially ones carried by mosquitoes, which thrive in warm climates. In order to stop global
warming, much has to be done. Although it is very difficult to reverse once the process is
started,
global warming has to be stopped if we want to live like we are now. Emission of fossil fuels
by
humans is a big factor in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Controlling these
emissions is one of the first of many steps that we must take in order to combat global
warming.
If it is not controlled, problems such as the aforementioned ones, along with others, will
definitely
disrupt our living patterns.

Works Cited

Berntson, Ewann, ?Turning up the Heat: How Global Warming Threatens Life in the Sea.?
World
Wildelife Fund and the Marine Conservation Biology Institute. 20 Jan. 2000
.

?Fast Facts? 1999. Environmental Media Services. 20 Jan. 2000

.

?Malaria and Dengue Fever? World Wildlife Fund for Nature. 20 Jan. 2000
.

Murck, Barbara, Brian Skinner, and Stephen Porter. Environmental Geology. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.

?Stop Global Warming.? Mar. 1999. Public Intrest Research Groups. 20 Jan. 2000
.

Tarbuck, Edward and Frederick Lutgens. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996.