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PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
CPT/SPT CORRELATIONS
CPT/SPT CORRELATIONS
CPT/SPT CORRELATIONS
Comment:
Single most important factor influencing N value is energy
delivered to SPT sampler, expressed as rod energy ratio.
Energy ratio of 60% is generally accepted to represent
average SPT energy. Results should be corrected to N60.
CPT/SPT CORRELATIONS
Effects of fines content
6
4
OC
R
St
10
6
5
4
1
e
St
2
0.1
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.1
0
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
100
Sa nd
Gra velly sand to sand
Very stiff fine grained*
Sa nd to clayey sa nd*
10
qt
uo
u2
u -u
Bq = q 2- o
vo
5
4
1
OC
R
St
0.1
-0.2
* Overconsolidated or cemented.
0.2
0.4
100
6
Qt
10
5
12
0.8
1.0
1.2
5.
6.
7.
8.
qt
u
Qt
10
Increasing
OCR , age
3
1
1
2
2
1
10
-0.4
0.4
0.8
1.2
10
6
5
4
1
e
St
1
0.1
0
Zone
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
vo
Increasing
sensitivity
0.1
7 uo
100
11
2
1.4
8
9
1
0.6
Increasing
OCR, age
cementation
1
10
vo
9
100
10
9,
10,
11
or 12
Dr.
Zone :
1000
7
d
ate
olid
ns
co
5
1
1000
O
CR
u -u
Bq= q 2- o
t vo
u2
11
OC
R
10
uo
7
12
9
(q c/pa)/N 60
2
1
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
1
2
y
all
rm
No
qt
10
vo
8
1.
2.
3.
4.
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
100
10
9,
10,
11
or 12
Dr.
100
9.
10.
11.
12.
Zone
7.
8.
9.
Sand
Gra velly sa nd to sa nd
Very stiff fine grained*
Sand to cla yey sand*
Robertson et al.,1986
CPT/SPT CORRELATIONS
In lack of soil grain size data, use Robertson (1990) soil
classification chart to define soil behaviour type index:
qt
v0
v0
'
, Fr =
fs
v0
'
Incr ea sing
OCR, age
ce mentat ion
Gravilly sand
Sands clean sand to silty sand
Sand mixturees silty sands to sandy silts
Silt mixtures clayey silts to silty clay
Clays
Organic soils - peat
7 uo
9
Westport
Warehose
facility outside
Kuala Lumpur
Soil
investigation
by Soils and
Foundations
Sdn.Bhd
qt
u
d
ate
lid
nso
Qt
10
Incr ea sing
OCR, age
3
1
Incre as ing
se nsi tivity
1
0 .1
vo
100
co
10
7
6
5
4
3
2
100 0
10 0
Qt
Zone
ly
p a ) N 60 = 8 . 5 (1 I c 4 . 6 )
mal
Nor
(q c
2 0.5
Robertson,1990
1
2
2
1
10
-0.4
0.4
0.8
1.2
2 0.5
A lot of old
investigations with
SPT
CPT/SPT correlations
Several studies
Robertson et al., 1988; 8 cases
Briaud, 1988; 78 pile load tests
Tand and Funegrd, 1989; 13 cases
Sharp et al.,1988; 28 cases
NGI, 1998
qc
(Mpa)
<1
1 to 5
5
>5
Factors kc
Group
Group
I
II
0.4
0.5
0.35
0.45
0.4
0.5
0.45
0.55
5
5 to 12
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.5
>5
0.2
0.4
> 12
0.3
0.4
FRICTION COEFFICIENT,
(BUSTAMANTE AND GIANESELLI, 1982)
qp = kc qca
Group I: plain bored piles; mud bored piles; micro piles (grouted under
low pressure); cased bored piles; hollow auger bored piles; piers;
barrettes.
Group II: cast screwed piles; driven precast piles; prestressed tubular
piles; driven cast piles; jacked metal piles; micropiles (small
diameter piles grouted under high pressure with diameter < 250
med mer); driven grouted piles (low pressure grouting); driven
metal piles; driven rammed piles; jacket concrete piles; high
pressure grouted piles of large diameter.
Nature of soil
qc (Mpa)
<1
1 to 5
5
>5
5
5 to 12
>5
< 12
fp = qc/
Bustamante and Gianesseli(1982)
I
A
30
40
60
60
100
100
60
150
Category
Coefficients,
II
B
A
90
90
80
40
150
60
120
60
120
100
200
100
80
60
300
150
B
30
80
120
120
120
200
80
200
FRICTION COEFFICIENT,
FRICTION COEFFICIENT,
Nature of soil
Soft clay and mud
Moderately compact
clay
Silt and loose sand
Compact to stiff clay
and compact clay
Soft chalk
Moderately compact
sand and gravel
qc (Mpa)
<1
1 to 5
5
>5
5
5 to 12
I
A
0.015
0.035
(0.08)
0.035
0.035
(0.08)
0.035
0.08
(0.12)
Category
Maximum limit of fp (Mpa)
II
III
B
A
B
A
B
0.015 0.015 0.015 0.035
0.35
0.035 0.035 0.08 0.12
(0.08) (0.08)
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.08
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.08 0.20
(0.08) (0.08)
0.035 0.035 0.035 0.08
0.035 0.035 0.08 0.12 0.20
(0.08) (0.12)
Weathered to fragment
chalk
Compact to very compact
sand and gravel
>5
> 12
I
A
0.12
(0.15)
0.12
(0.15)
Category
Maximum limit of fp (Mpa)
II
III
B
A
B
A
0.08
0.12
0.12 0.15
(0.12) (0.15)
0.08
0.12
0.12 0.15
(0.12) (0.15)
B
0.20
Example from
Westport, Kuala
Lumpur
0.20
Cone resistance
in sand for pile
bearing capacity
calculation
Pile tip
resistance in
sand by CPT
method
qc (Mpa)
Category: IA: plain bored piles; hollow auger bored piles; micropiles
(grouted under low pressure); cast screwed piles; piers; barrettes.
IB: cased bored piles; driven cast piles. IIA: driven precast piles;
prestressed tubular piles; jacket concrete piles. IIB: driven metal
piles; jacked metal piles. IIIA: driven grouted piles; driven rammed
piles. IIIB: high pressure grouted piles of large diameter > 250 mm;
micropiles (grouted under high pressure).
Note: Maximum limit unit skin friction, fp: bracket values apply careful
execution and minimum disturbance of soil due to construction.
fp = qc/
Example from
Westport Kuala
Lumpur
Nature of soil
Deep compaction
vibrocompaction
vibro-replacement
dynamic compaction
compaction piles
deep blasting
Compaction
control
Range of cone
penetration test
values before and
after compaction
and surface
compaction with
vibrating plate
Compaction by blasting
Compaction control
Effect of time
Example of
comparative
before and after
CPT logs with a
near-surface
clay layer
From Mitchell and Solymar(1984)
Effect of vibrocompaction at
Chek Lap Kok airport in
Hong Kong.
4 drops
2 drops
Time in days
From Ng, Berner and Covil (1996)
Liquefaction resistance
Major concern for structures constructed
with or on sand and sandy silt.
Cyclic loads from : earthquakes, wave
loading, machine foundations and other
To evaluate potential for soil liquefaction
important to determine soil stratigraphy and
in situ soil state
Liquefaction
potential from
cone resistance
(after Shibata and
Teparaksa, 1988)
Comparison of qc
with estimated (qc)cr
value in 1983
Nihonkaichuba
earthquake (from
Shibata and
Teparaksa, 1988)
Evalaution of
liquefaction
potential in
Japanese
soil
Effect of compaction on fs
1-2
1-2
1-2
Bearing
capacity
1-2
1-2
2-3
Settlement
2-3
3-4
3-4
Compaction
control
1-2
3-4
2-3
Reserve overheads
Liquefaction
Massarsch and Fellenius (2002) present a method for estimating the change in K0 of a hydraulic
fill before and after compaction. This simple method uses the sleeve friction measured during
CPTUs and estimates of the respective internal friction angles with the following formula:
1-2
K01 / K00
K00
K01
0
1
fs0
fs1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Eq. 4.1
Where
Reliability rating:
1=High
2=High to moderate
3=Moderate
4=Moderate to low
5=Low
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0.0
1.0
0.4
2.0
0.0
1.0
3.0
m
,
e
c
a
rfu
s
w
o
le
b
h
tp
e
D
2.0
4.0
3.0
m
, 4.0
e
c
a
rfu
s
w 5.0
o
le
b
h
tp
e 6.0
D
5.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
9.0
9.0
10.0
10.0
0
10
20
30
40
sleeve friction fs, kPa
qc0
qc1
fs0
fs1
50
60
K 00
K 01
0.9
Compaction by blasting
Effect of time
D2/4
Base capacity : Qb = qb
Pile base resistance qb = f(qc, D/DCPT)
D = pile diameter ; DCPT = 0.036 m
SAND:
Unit skin friction,fp, minimum of :
-f1 = 0.12 Mpa
Qu = Qs + Q p = f p As + q p Ap
fp =
f
N
qt v 0 qnet
, k1 = k t ; = p
=
su
k1
k1
qp =
qnet
N
, k 2 = kt ; N c = 9
k 2
Nc
CPT/SPT CORRELATIONS
fp= qnet / K1
qnet = qt - vo
Settlement of shallow
foundations on sand
Settlements of shallow
foundations on sand
Schmertmann (1970,1978)
s = C1*C2*p*(Iz/Es) z
see chart
Schmertmann(1970,1978)
Schmertmann(1970)
z = thickness of sublayer