GROSS ANATOMY

Review Notes and Work Sheets

I.

Cardiovascular System
A. Heart - organ review
B. Arterial flow
C. Venous drainage
D. Lymphatic flow

II.

Digestive System
A. Position of GI tract and accessory organs and ducts
B. Concepts of intra, retro, and extra peritoneal organs- views of mesenteries
C. Some embryo thoughts
D. Blood supply and innervation

III. Urogenital System

A. Position of kidneys; male and female organs
B. Contents of perineal pouches - definitions
C. Homologues
IV. Respiratory System
A. Follow the airway - compare right and left lungs
B. Larynx and speech - function and innervation
V.

Body Cavities, Walls, and Regions

A. Consider definitions and boundaries of compartments
B. Triangles
C. Inguinal canal and hernias
D. Cross sections

VI. Musculoskeletal System

A. Which bones form articulations?
B. Skull and foramina
C. Muscle groups - common facts
D. Embryo thoughts
E. Limb muscles and functions
F. Nerve lesions - functional losses
VII. Nervous System
A. Definitions - spinal nerves
B. Cranial nerves: foramen, function, lesions
C. Autonomic nervous system - origin and distribution
These drawings, charts, and lists were gathered to provide anatomical highlights of major
body systems, cavities, and regions for your review.

ORGAN REVIEW
Name
Location
Shape
Coverings
Specializations
Arterial supply
Venous drainage
Innervation
Function
Anatomical relationships

What vessels course together?

1. LAD and great cardiac vein
2. Post. interventricular art. and middle cardiac vein
3. Right marginal artery and small cardiac vein
What opens into each chamber?
What is lateral to the heart?
What chamber is at the base? right margin? diaphragmatic surface?

CIRCULATION
ARTERIAL SYSTEM

Thoracic aorta
Ascending aorta
Right coronary
Marginal
Post. intervent.
Left coronary artery
LAD
Circumflex
Arch of the aorta
1. Brachiocephalic
2. L. com. carotid
3. Left subclavian
Descending aorta
Visceral branches
Esophageal
Bronchial
Pericardial
Mediastinal
Perietal branches
P. intercostals
(3 to 11)
Subcostal (T12)
Sup. phrenic
Common iliac artery
External iliac
Inferior epigastric
Deep circumflex iliac
Internal iliac
Parietal branches
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacrals (2)
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Obturator
Internal pudendal
Visceral branches
Umbilical
Superior vesical
Uterine
Inferior vesical
Vaginal/prostatic
Middle rectal

Label the major vessels

Axillary artery
1. Superior thoracic
2. Thoracoacromial
3. Lateral thoracic
4. Subscapular
5. Anterior humeral circumflex
6. Posterior humeral circumflex
Brachial artery
7. Profunda brachii
Radial artery
8. Deep palmar arch
Ulnar artery
9. Common interosseus
10. Superficial palmar arch

How does blood reach the fingers?

Label the major blood vessels

Femoral Artery
1. Superficial epigastric
2. Superficial circumflex
3. External pudendal
4. Profunda femoris
5. Medial circumflex
femoral
6. Lateral circumflex
femoral
7. Popliteal
8. Anterior tibial
9. Dorsalis pedis
10. Posterior tibial
11. Peroneal
12. Lateral plantar
13. Plantar arch
14. Medial plantar

iliac

Which vessels run in which regions

of the lower extremity?
Thigh
Posterior
Anterior
Medial
Leg
Posterior
Anterior
Lateral

Abdominal aorta

Visceral branches
Paired
Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
paired
Suprarenals
Renals
Gonadals
Parietal branches
Paired
Inferior phrenics
Lumbars (4)
Common iliac
Unpaired
Middle sacral

Common carotid artery

Internal carotid artery
Ophthalamic
Anterior cerebral*
Middle cerebral*
*See in Neuroanatomy
External carotid artery
1. Superior thyroid
2. Ascending pharyngeal
3. Lingual
4. Facial
5. Occipital
6. Posterior auricular
7. Superficial
temporal
8. Maxillary
Anastomoses

Thyroid Gld. EC & Sub

through inf. & Sup Thyroid
Tongue R to Left EC
Through lingual
Facial - - R-L EC
Brain - - Circle of Willis
Carotid/Subc

Subclavian artery
9. Internal thoracic
10. Vertebral
11. Costocervical
12. Thyrocervical trunk
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular
Inferior thyroid

VENOUS DRAINAGE
Generalization: Veins follow arterial pattern
Exceptions
1. Dural sinuses
2. Hepatic portal vein
3. Diploic veins, emissary veins
4. Pulmonary veins
5. Venous plexuses
6. Right-left inferior
Inferior Vena Cava
1.
2.
3.
4.

7.
8.
9.

Inferior phrenics
Hepatics
Right renal
Left renal
5. Left gonadal
6. Left suprarenal
Right gonadal
Right suprarenal
Lumbars

DURAL SINUSES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Superior sagittal*
Inferior sagittal
Straight*
Transverse* (2)
Sigmoid (2)
Cavernous (2)
Superior petrosal (2)
Occipital*

*Drain into the confluence

of sinuses located at the inion

Identify
A. Falx cerebri
B. Tentorium cerebelli

PORTAL HEPATIC SYSTEM

Portal vein
Splenic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein - enters in the area of the junction of the superior messenteric and
splenic veins
The portal vein also receives veins from the stomach.
Sites of anastomoses between the portal and caval systems.
1. Umbilicus
2. Rectum
3. Esophagus
4. Retroperitoneal organs

CIRCULATION
Venous System
Brachiocephalic veins (direct tributaries)
Internal jugular
Subclavian
Vertebral
Left brachiocephalic vein (additional)
Left superior intercostal
Inferior thyroid
Retromandibular vein
Superficial temporal
Maxillary

Venous drainage of the heart

Right atrium
Superior and inferior vena cava
Anterior cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein

LYMPHATICS
Generalization: follows venous pattern
Exceptions
1. Pelvis
2. Head and neck
Thoracic duct versus right lymphatic duct
Shaded areas drain into the right lymphatic duct NOT the thoracic duct

Thoracic Duct
Rt Head
Rt Neck
Rt Upper Ext.
Rt Upper Chest

Diaphragm
Everything
drains into
Thoracic duct

LYMPHATICS

GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
Follow food through pathway:
What happens in the oral cavity?
What is characteristic (different) about each segment of the tract?
Think HISTOLOGY!
How does the system receive secretions?

MESENTERY
Definition: a portion of the peritoneum that suspends a part of the GI tract from the body wall.
Allows for the passage of vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
Intraperiotneal
Retroperiotneal

VENTRAL
Intraperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Organs
Intraperitoneal
Stomach
Duodenum - first part
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
appendix
Transverse colong
Sigmoid colon
Spleen
Liver and gall bladder
Blood and lymph vessels, nerves
contained in the mesenteries
Uterus and uterine tubes
Ovaries

Retroperitoneal
Duodenum - parts 2, 3, & 4
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Rectum
Kidneys and ureters
Suprarenal glands
Pancreas
Aorta
Inferior vena cava

Innervation of the GI Tract

Parasympathetic
Input

Target

Sympathetic
Input

Ganglia

Arterial supply of the GI tract

Celiac artery (supplies foregut derivatives)
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Liver and gall bladder
Pancreas
NOTE: The spleen is also supplied by the celiac artery but it is NOT a foregut
derivative, it is derived from mesoderm.
Superior mesenteric artery (supplies midgut derivatives)
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon - right half
Inferior mesenteric artery (supplies hindgut derivatives)
Transverse colon - left half
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum - upper portion

PERITONEAL CAVITY
Lesser omentum: a mesentery that consists of the
1. hepatoduodenal ligament
2. hepatogastric ligament
What structures are found in #1?
Omental bursa = lesser peritoneal sac: a subdivision of the peritoneal cavity found posterior to the stomach, liver,
and lesser omentum.
What are the lateral boundaries?
How do you enter this space?

Epiploic foramen of Winslow: opening into the omental bursa.

A finger in the epiploic foramen that presses
anteriorly touches:

posteriorly touches:

ANATOMICAL RELATIONSHIPS
How does the bile duct
reach the duodenum?

What contacts the right

colic flexure?

What contacts the

left colic flexure?

Through which foramen do

the ureters pass as they
enter the pelvis?

What is superior to
the liver?

UROGENITAL SYSTEM
Urinary portion - position of kidneys and ureters

Pelvic
diaphragm
Levator ani muscles
Coccygeus muscles
UG (urogenital) diaphragm
Deep transverse perinei muscles
Sphincter urethrae muscle

Position of organs and peritoneum in the male

Urethra
1. Prostatic urethra
2. Membranous urethra
- where sphincter is
3. Penile urethra

Recto vesicle
Pouch

Position of organs and peritoneum in the female

What view is this?

1. Broad ligament
a. Mesosalpinx
b. Mesovarium
c. Mesometrium
2. Round ligament of the uterus
3. Ovarian ligament (proper lig. of the ovary)
4. Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Where is the ureter?
Review homolog list in the Embryology section

DEEP MUSCLES SCAN DIAGRAMS

Pelvic Diaphragm
Levator Ani

SUPERIOR FASCIA OF THE

UG DIAPHRAGM

THE UG DIAPHRAGM

Sphincter urethrae
Deep Transversus perinei

PERINEAL MEMBRANE
(Inferior fascia)

STRUCTURES IN THE
SUPERIFICAL POUCH

MUSCLES IN THE
SUPERFICIAL POUCH
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus
Superficial transversus perinei

Layers of the Perineum (Male and Female)

Bartholins
glands

SUPERFICIAL and DEEP PERINEAL POUCHES (SPACES)

Male and Female
SUPERFICIAL PERINEAL POUCH (SPACE)
Boundaries
Superficial perineal fascia = Colle's fascia
Inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm = perineal membrane
Male and Female
Muscles
Superficial transverse perineus
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
Arteries (branches of the internal pudendal artery)
Perineal
Artery to the bulb (bulb of the penis or vestibular bulb)
Nerves (branches of the pudendal nerve)
Perineal
Posterior scrotal or labial
Muscular branches
Erective tissue
Male
Corpora cavernosa
Corpus spongiosum

Female
Corpora cavernosa
Vestibular bulb

Glands
Male - none

Female - greater vestibular gland

DEEP PERINEAL POUCH (SPACE)

Boundaries
Superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
Male and Female
Organs
Male - urethra

Female - urethra and vagina

Muscles
Deep transverse pernieus
Sphincter urethra
Arteries (branches of the internal pudendal artery)
Dorsal artery of the penis or clitoris
Deep artery of the penis or clitoris
Nerves (branches of the pudendal nerve)
Muscular branches of perineal nerve
Dorsal artery of the penis or clitoris
Glands
Male - bulbourethral glands

Female - none

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Follow airway - label the parts of the pharynx
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Uvula
Epiglottis
Vocal cords
Auditory tube opening
Esophagus
Post. pharyngeal wall
Frontal sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Nasal conchae

At what level does the trachea bifurcate:

With what level is the apex of the lung associated?
Compare the right and left lungs.
Note: lobes, fissures, bronchopulmonary segments

Larynx
Draw in two muscles
Posterior cricoarytenoids
Cricothyroids

BODY SPACES AND CAVITIES

MEDIASTINUM
What is found in each segment of the mediastinum?
Superior
Thymus
Trachea
Esophagus
Phrenic nerves
Azygos vein
Vagus nerves
Superior vena cava
Brachiocephalic veins
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Thoracic duct

Posterior
Descending aorta
Esophagus
Thoracic duct
Azygos vein
Splanchnic nerves
Vagus nerves

Anterior
Thymus, Fat
Ligaments

Middle
Pericardium & heart
Phrenic nerves
Ascending aorta
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
(roots of the lungs)

What structures are found in more than one part of the mediastium?

Label the Triangles of the Neck

Anterior Triangle
A. Submandibular
B. Submental
C. Carotid
D. Muscular

Posterior Triangle
E. Occipital
F. Subclavicular

BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS

INGUINAL CANAL

Hernia - definition:
Types and locations of hernias
Inguinal, femoral, hiatal (diaphragmatic)
Classification of inguinal hernias
1. Direct: emerges through the posterior wall of canal medial to the inferior
epigastric vessels.
2. Indirect: passes through the deep ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels,
courses through the inguinal canal.
Descent of the testis
Spermatic fascia - abdominal wall derivative
1. External spermatic fascia - external abdominal oblique
2. Cremasteric spermatic fascia - internal abdominal oblique
3. Internal spermatic fascia - transversalis fascia
What does the tunica vaginalis represent?

Femoral Triangles
Boundaries
Sartorius
Adductor longus
Infuinal ligament
Contents
Femoral nerve, artery & vein
Femoral canal
Lymph nodes
Femoral sheath
Suboccipital Triangle
Boundaries
Rectus capitus posterior major
Obliquus capitis superior
Obliquus capitis inferior
Contents
Suboccipital nerve (CI)
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Vertebral artery
Posterior arc of the atlas
Anal triangle
Boundaries
Lines connecting the two ischial tuberosities and
the coccyx
Contents
Anus and associated muscles
Ischiorectal fossa and fat
Pudendal nerve
inferior rectal nerves
Internal pudendal artery and vein
inferior rectal arteries and veins
Urogenital triangle
Boundaries
Lines connecting ischial tuberosities and the
pubic symphysis
Contents
Superficial perineal space
Superficial perineal fascia
Muscles
Superficial transverse perineus
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
Erectile tissue
Crus of the penis clitoris
Bulb of the penis
Vestibular bulb
Branches of the pudendal nerve and the internal
pudendal artery and vein
Female - greater vestabular gland

Anterior Triangle of the Neck

Boundaries
Sternocleidomastoid
Mandible
Anterior midline
Subtriangles
Carotid triangle
Boundaries
Superior belly of omobyoid
Posterior belly of digastric
Sternocleidomastoid
Contents
Accessory nerve
Vagus nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Ansa cervicalis
Common carotid artery
External and internal carotic aa.
Internal jugular vein
Submandibular triangle
Boundaries
Anterior and posterior bellies of digastric
Mandible
Contents
Submandibular gland and duct
Facial artery and vein
Stylohyoid muscle and ligament
Mylohyoid nerve (V3)
Muscular triangle
Boundaries
Superior belly of omohyoid
Sternocleidomastoid
Anterior midline
Contents
Infrahyoid (strap) muscles
Branches of ansa cervicalis
Thyroid gland
Thyroid and cricoid cartilages
First trachel ring
Posterior triangle of the neck
Boundaries
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle
Contents
Accessory nerve
Brachial plexus (roots, trunks, divisions)
Suprascapular nerve
Long thoracic nerve
Dorsal scapular nerve
Phrenic nerve
Cutaneous nerves of cervical plexus
Inferior belly of omohyoid
Subclavian artery and vein
Scalene muscles

Ischiorectal fossa
Boundaries
Levator ani
Obturator internus and fascia
Skin of buttock region
Contents
Anal canal and anus associated muscles
Pudendal nerve
Inferior rectal nerves
Perineal nerve
Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
Internal pudendal artery and vein
Inferior rectal art. & vein
Fat
Superficial perineal pouch (space)
Boundaries
Superficial perineal fascia
Ischiopubic (conjoined) rami
Inferior fascia of the urogenital
Diaphragm (perineal membrane)
Contents
See perineal triangle
Deep perineal pouch (space)
Boundaries
Superior and inferior fascia of the
urogenital diaphragm
Contents
Deep perineus muscles
Sphincter urethra muscle
Urethra
Male
Bulbourethral glands
Female
Vagina
Adductor Canal
Boundaries
Sartorius
Vastus medialis
Adductor longus and magnus
Contents
Femoral artery and vein
Saphenous nerve
Popliteal fossa
Boundaries
Lateral and medial head of gastrocnemius
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus
Contents
Popliteal artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve

Cranial fossae
Anterior cranial fossa
Boundaries
Frontal bone
Lesser wing or sphenoid bone
Contents
Frontal lobe
Olfactory nerve
Middle cranial fossa
Boundaries
Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
Superior ridge of temporal bone
Contents
Temporal lobe
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Abducens nerve
Trigeminal nerve and ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve
Lesser petrosal nerve
Greater petrosal nerve
Internal carotid artery
Middle meningeal artery
Cavernous sinus
Hypophysis (pituitary)
Posterior cranial fossa
Boundaries
Superior ridge of temporal bone
Occipital bone
Contents
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve
Dural sinuses
Occipital
Transverse
Sigmoid
Vertebral and basilar arteries
Infratemporal fossa
Boundaries
Ramus of mandible
Lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid)
Maxilla
Temporal bone
Contents
Maxillary artery and vein
Lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
Otic ganglion

CROSS SECTIONS

1.
Look at the periphery of the sections or images. Landmarks: ribs, vertebrae, or pelvic
bones. Establish dorsal and ventral surfaces.
2.

Look for solid or tubed organs.

Solid - like the liver, Tubed - like the trachea or heart
This establishes right and left sides in your mind.

3.

Recall neighboring structures and walk from one to another.

Abdominal section

Thoracic section

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

1. Pericardial sac
2. Right ventricle
3. Right atrium
4. Superior vena cava (SVC)
5. Aortic valve
6. Left atrium
7. Esophagus
8. Descending aorta
9. Anterior mediastinum
10. Bronchus
11. Right pulmonary vein
12. Lung - superior lobe
13. Lung - inferior lobe

Liver - right lobe

Liver - left lope
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
Hepatic veins
Ligamentum venosum
Caudate lobe of liver
Coronary ligament
Pleural cavity
Diaphragm

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeletal System
What bones articulate to form the joints listed below?
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
Where does supination and pronation take place?
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Where does eversion and inversion take place?

Vertebral column
Curvatures: primary = thoracic & sacral;
secondary = cervical & lumbar
Disks: annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
Notochord remnants?

Skull:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Cribriform plate
Optic canal
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Internal auditory meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen magnum

Cranial fossa

foramina - fossa

SKULL
Base of the skull
1.
Stylomastoid foramen
2.
Carotid canal
3.
Jugular foramen
4.
Foramen ovale
5.
Foramen spinosum
6.
Foramen lacerum
7.
Foramen magnum
8.
Greater palatine foramen
9.
Lesser palatine foramen
10. Incisive canal

Front of the skull

1.
Supraorbital foramen (fissure)
2.
Infraorbital foramen
3. Mental foramen
4.
Superior orbital fissure
5.
Inferior orbital fissure

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle Groups
Head
a.
b.
c.
d.

Face
Mastication
Extraocular
Tongue

Neck
a.
b.
c.
d.

Lateral
Infrahyoid
Suprahyoid
Anterior vertebral

Back
Sets
Thorax
a. Intercostal and diaphragm
b. Accessory muscles of respiration
Abdomen
a. Anterolateral
b. Posterior
Pelvis
a. Diaphragm
b. Walls
Perineum
a. UG triangle
b. Anal triangle
Upper limb
Lower limb
Functional groups
a. Swallowing
b. Head turning
c. Speech
Branchial arch muscles
See Embryology

Upper Limb Muscle Groups

Deltoid

Lower Limb Muscle Groups

Muscular System - Nerve Lesions

Reminder: Follow the clues in the question as to the location of the injury. An injury will
manifest in symptoms distal to the site of the injury.
Example: Radial nerve cut at the wrist. Sensory: loss on the dorsum of the hand
No muscular loss as these are already innervated above the sit of the nerve injury.
Thoughts on muscle-nerve lesions
1. Without specifically naming all the muscles assign a function to the various
compartments of the limbs. Example: Posterior brachium = extension at the shoulder
and the forearm.
2. List the nerve(s) that innervate those muscles or that area.
brachium = radial nerve.

Example:

Posterior

3. You have: an area of the limb; a function of the muscles within that area; a nerve
responsible for the function.
Now you can damage a nerve and note what function is lost or weakened!
Upper extremity - lesions of the following nerves in the axilla
Radial nerve:

Loss of extensors at the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and digits:

weakened supination.

Median nerve:

Loss of flexion of the digits; weakened wrist flexion; loss of

pronation; loss of thenar muscles.

Ulnar nerve;

Weakened wrist flexion; loss of abduction and adduction of the

digits; loss of hypothenar muscles.

Musculocutaneous nerve:

Axillary nerve:

greatly weakened shoulder flexion; loss of flexion at the

elbow; very weakened supination.

Loss of abduction of the arm above the horizontal plane.

NOTE: What is the area of sensory loss with each nerve lesion?

Lower extremity
Superior gluteal n.:

loss of abduction of the limb; impairment of gait; patient

cannot keep pelvis level when standing on one leg.

Inferior gluteal n.:

weakened hip extension; patient cannot rise from a sitting

position or climb stairs.

Femoral nerve:

greatly weakened hip flexion; loss of extension at the knee.

Obturator nerve: loss of adduction of the limb.

Sciatic nerve:

loss of flexion of the knee; loss of function below the knee.

Tibial portion only:

loss of flexion of the knee, and toes; loss of plantar

flexion; weakened inversion.

Common peroneal nerve:

Deep peroneal n.: weakened inversion; loss of extension of the toes
and dorsiflexion at the ankle.
Superficial peroneal n.: loss of eversion of the foot.

NERVOUS SYSTEM - GROSS VIEW

Define a spinal nerve.

What are the functions of ventral rami?

What are the functions of the dorsal rami?

Spinal nerve

VENTRAL RAMI
What's missing?
Cervical plexus
Sensory to
neck
scalp & ear
shoulder
Motor to
infrahyoids (ansa)

Brachial plexus
Sensory & motor to
upper extremity
lateral chest

Lumbar plexus
Sensory & motor to
abdominal wall
lower extremity

Lumbosacral plexus
Sensory & motor to
lower extremity
gluteus
pelvis & perineum

PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

Compare and contrast the origin and distribution of these systems.

SYMPATHETIC TRUNK

Label cranial nerves.

What's missing?

CRANIAL NERVES - TYPES

Purely sensory cranial nerves
Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear
Purely motor cranial nerves
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Mixed (sensory and motor) cranial nerves
Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Cranial nerves that are autonomic
Oculomotor
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Cranial nerve - autonomic ganglia
Oculomotor - ciliary ganglion
Facial - submandibular and pterygopalatine ganglia
Glossopharyngeal - otic ganglia
Vagus - terminal ganglia located near or within the walls of organs

CRANIAL NERVE LESIONS

I.

Olfactory nerve:

II

Optic nerve:

III

Oculomotor nerve:

IV

Trochlear nerve:

Trigeminal (Let's get specific!)

V1 - Ophthalmic nerve:

V2 - Maxillary nerve:

V3 - Mandibular nerve:

VI

Abducens nerve:

CRANIAL NERVE LESIONS

VII Facial nerve:

VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve:

IX

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Vagus nerve:

XI

Accessory nerve:

XII Hypoglossal nerve:

STUDY QUESTIONS
1.

All of the following are branches of the axillary artery EXCEPT the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2.

stomach
spleen
inferior mesenteric artery
ovaries
ureters

Access to the vertebral artery would be best accomplished by dissecting through the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

6.

fundus of the uterus

superior rectum
cervix
upper vagina
bladder

All of the following are associated with a mesentery EXCEPT the

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

5.

ascending colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
distal transverse colon
upper rectum

All of the following drain to iliac nodes EXCEPT the

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

4.

lateral throacic
thyrocervical trunk
subscapular
thoraco-acromial
highest thoracic

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies all of the following EXCEPT the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

3.

GROSS

carotid triangle
submandibular triangle
suboccipital triangle
posterior triangle
anal triangle

All of the following changes in circulation occur at birth, EXCEPT

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

closure of the ductus arteriosum

dilation of blood vessels of the lungs
enlargement of the right ventricle
closure of the foramen ovale
constriction of the umbilical arteries

7.

All of the following pass through the cavernous sinus EXCEPT the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

8.

Which of the following does NOT contribute blood into or receive blood from the
cavernous sinus
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

9.

umbilical
ovarian
obturator
inferior gluteal
internal pudendal

The ulnar artery continues into the hand as the

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

12.

hepatoduodenal ligament
ligamentum teres
hepatogastric ligament
triangular ligament
gastrosplenic ligament

All of the following are branches of the internal iliac artery EXCEPT the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

11.

superior ophthalmic vein

inferior ophthalmic vein
internal carotid artery
superior petrosal sinus
inferior petrosal sinus

All of the following are derivatives of ventral mesogastrium EXCEPT the

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

10.

optic nerve
trochlear nerve
occululomotor nerve
abducens nerve
internal carotid artery

princeps pollicis
common interosseue
superficial palmar arch
digital branch to the index finger
deep palmar arch

Contents of the posterior triangle of the neck include all of the following structures,
EXCEPT the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

scalene muscles
brachial plexus
thyrocervical trunk
accessory nerve
subclavian vein

13.

Which of the following statements concerning the innervation of the heart is

INCORRECT?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

14.

The "wrist drop" sign indicates damage to which nerve?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

15.

ulnar
median
musculocutaneous
accessory
radial

Which of the following arteries is NOT a branch of the external carotid artery?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

16.

The vagus nerves gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

The postganglionic sympathetic neurons are in the sympathetic chain.
The sympathetic system is responsible for decreasing the heart rate.
The ganglia in the cardiac plexus are parasympathetic.
Pain afferents from the heart are carried by sympathetic nerves.

lingual
transverse cervical
facial
superior thyroid
superficial temporal

Which of the following statements about the extrahepatic biliary system is

INCORRECT?
a. The common bile duct empties into the second part of the duodenum.
b. The cystic duct contains a spiral valve.
c. The right and left hepatic ducts form the common hepatic duct.
d. The extrahepatic ducts have a simple squamous epithelium.
e. The common bile duct passes through the pancreas.

Select the single best answer:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Femoral nerve
Obturator muscle
Posterior thigh muscles
Lateral compartment of leg muscles
Inferior gluteal nerve

f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

Psoas major muscle

Superior gluteal nerve
Popliteus muscle
Common peroneal nerve
Lateral plantar nerve

17.

_____ Involved in the flexion of the leg at the knee.

18.

_____ If injured, patient cannot rise from a sitting position.

19.

_____ Provides sensory innervation to the dorsal surface of the great toe.

Select the single best answer:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Gastrocolic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Hepatic coronary ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Broad ligament

f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

Lienorenal ligament
Medical umbilical ligaments
Falciform ligament
Lateral umbilical ligaments

20.

_____ Part of the ventral mesentery enclosing the bare area of the liver.

21.

_____ Mesentery in which the short gastric arteries are found.

22.

_____ Contains the obliterated umbilical arteries.

ANSWERS
EMBRYOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C
B
C
C
E

GROSS
6. C
7. E
8. B
9. C
10. E

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

B
A
B
E
C
C

7. A
8. C
9. E
10. B
11. C

12. C
13. C
14. E
15. B
16. d

17. C
18. E
19. I
20. C
21. B
22. H