Advanced Fluid Mechanics

PROBLEMS

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

 U U max .

1
2

3
2k

1+

U
=
U max

ln = ln

2
4
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

ln

= ln

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

(1 75
. 0.1 psi
:
1
U + = ln y + + c
k
c = 5.67 k = 0.407

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

U+ =

1
ln y + + c
k

1 yU
= ln
+c
k

U
U

1 roU
= ln
+c

k
U

U max

U max U
1 y
ln
=

U
k ro
r0

U max U
U

ro2

U max U

2 rdr

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

hf =

P1 P2

L U2
=4f
d 2gc

P1 P2
f U =

U +

3
2k

d g c

L 2

0 .1 * 144 1 32 .174
=

75
100 2

= 0 .18

U = U max

U + ( 0 .18 )( 2 .61) = 2 .5 U = 2 .04

d 2
m = U
4

ft
s

= 0 .834 lb s

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

In a countercurrent gas-liquid contactor the

maximum gas throughput is limited by
flooding. To investigate this, experiments
were carried out in a wetted wall column
apparatus. Measurement of liquid holdup
and pressure gradient were recorded. Show
that the pressure gradient at flooding point is
given by:

dp 2 gH
=
dx
3 Ag c

where

H
<< 1.0
2A

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

H 2R
=
= << 1.0
2 A 2R 2 R
Hence rectangular coordinates may be used.

g p
2u
= g + c

y
x

<< 1.0

@ y = 0 u = 0

B.C.
u x
@

y
=

g
=
i c

u
g c p
g

+
y + c1

integrating
u = g + g c p y 2 + c y + c

1
2

Applying B.C.1 c2 = 0
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Applying B.C.2 with force balance in gas:

( i )2 R .dx = [Px + dx Px ] R 2
R dp

2 dx
i gc
u
g R dp
= x = c
y

2 dx
g R dp
g
c1 = c g + c

2 dx

i =

P

x

Hence
g R dp

g c dP y 2
.u = g + y + c y
dx 2

2 dx
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Averaging over :

1
.u = g +

1
.u = g +

Now

Hence

g c dP y
g R dp
y dy + c ydy

dx 2

2 dx
0
0

g c dP 3 g c dp 2
+
R

dx 3 4 dx

g c dp 2
g c dP 3
R >>

R >>
dx 3
4 dx
2

.u = g

g dp
+ c R
3 4 dx

u =0

At flooding:
Hence

2
3

dp 2 gH
g c dp
=
R
dx 3 Ag c
4 dx
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

In pumping a high viscosity oil through a pipe, excessive pressure drop may
prevent economic operation. It has been suggested that the pressure drop can be
reduced by introducing a continuous water film around the tube periphery. What
is the maximum factor by which the oil flow rate can be increased by a given
pressure gradient if the viscosity ratio of the fluids is given by:

oil
= 500
water

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

oil >> water 1 >> 2

Force balance on element:

r 2 P x P x +x + r 2 r x = 0

2 r dp
r
= r =
r
dx w R
du
dr
@r = aR u = u i

r g c = 1
B.C.
Hence

w gcr
R

w gcr 2
du
= 1
u=
+C
21 R
dr
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Hence u = ui +

w gc 2
[
r aR 2 ]
2 1 R

In Water similarly with u r =R = 0

u=

w gc 2
g
[
r R 2 ] ui = w c [a 2 R 2 R 2 ]
2 2 R
2 2 R

Hence if V is the volumetric flow rate of oil:

ar

V = 2rudr
0

w g c a 2 R 2 r 2 R 2 a 2 R 2
rdr
+
=

R
1
2

0
aR

2a 4 a 4 a 2 a 4

+
= w g c R
4

1
2

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

3
a 2a 3
dv
3 a

= w g c R +
da
1 2
Now 1 >> 2 Hence a 2 = 1

Vmax

= w g c R
8

Va =1

= w g c R
4 1

Ratio =

1
= 250
2 2

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Let it be desired to find out how much

liquid clings to the inside surface of a
large vessel when it is drained. The local
film thickness is a function of both z and
t.

(z , t ) =

.z
. g .t

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Consider mass balance on element.

Input = Output + Accumulation

[ . x ]
u x x = u x x +x +
t
With constant density:

u x

=
t

x +x

u x

Taking limit (x0) gives:

= [u x ]
t x

u x dy

Now:

ux =

dy
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

The velocity distribution must be determined. In general this requires

solution of the N-S equations and it is not possible since the film thickness
changes with x and t.
However a reasonable guess at the velocity distribution will be adequate
since the mean velocity will not be sensitive to the guess made.
Assume the velocity profile for a parallel flow.
@ y = 0 u x = 0
d ux

g
with
B.C.s
i.e. solution of
u x

@
y
=
=0
dy 2

y2
g
Hence u x =
y

2

2

g 2
ux =
3

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Substitute in mass balance:

g 3
+
=0

x 3 t
With

d
=
.
x d x

x
t

= ( )
d
=
.
t d t

Hence
g 2 d 1 d x
.
. +
2 = 0
d t d t
g 2
d

d = 0

But

d
0
d

hence we must have

.x
.g .t
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

In a gas absorption experiment a viscous fluid

flows upward thought a small circular tube
and then downward on the outside.
1- show that the velocity distribution in the
falling film is:
gR 4
uz =
4

r2
r
2
1 2 + 2a ln
R
R

2- Obtain an expression for the volume rate of

flow in the film.
3- Obtain the film thickness on the wall.

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

(a)

Navier Stokes equation for steady state laminar flow at low Reynolds
numbers:
1 u z
0 =
r
+ g
r r r

Continuity equation:

u z 1
(ru r ) = 0
+
z
r r
No radial flow:

u z
=0
z

u z = u z (r )

g
1 u z
r
=

r r r
Integrate:

gr 4
uz =
+ c1 ln r + c 2
4
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Boundary conditions:
uz = 0

@ r=R

u z
=0
r

@ r = aR

gR 4
0=
+ c1 ln R + c2
4
gRa c1
0=
+
2
Ra
gR 2 a 2
c1 =
2

gR 4 gR 2 a 2
gR 4
c2 =

ln R =
1 2a 2 ln R
4
2
4

Hence

gR 4
uz =
4

r2
r
2
1
2
ln

+
a

2
R
R
Sharif University of Technology
Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

(b)

Volumetric floe rate:

Q = 2

aR

ru z dr

Q = 2

aR

gR 4 r 2
r
2
1
2
ln
a

+
rdr

2
4 R
R

2 2
gR 4 R 2 2
R4 4
R2
2 a R
a 1
a 1 + 2a
ln a +
1 a2
= 2

4 2
4
2
4R2

) (

gR 4 1 2
a2
1 4
4
1 a2
= 2
a 1 a 1 + a ln a +
4 2
4
2

gR 4
Q=
1 + 4a 2 3a 4 + 4a 4 ln a
8

}
Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

(c)

Film thickness:

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

h = aR R = R(a 1)
h
a = 1+
R

gh3
}
{For a film flowing down a flat plate, Q =
3
= Q 2r

Flow / Unit periphery

gR 3
=
1 + 4a 2 3a 4 + 4a 4 ln a
16

Now:

h h
a = 1+ 2 +
R R
2

h h
h
h
a = 1 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 0
R R
R
R
4

h 7 h 13 h
h
a ln a = + + + 0
3 R
R 2 R
R
4

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Hence
2

h
h
h

3 1 + 4 + 8 R + 4 R 3 12 R
gR
Q

3
2
3
2r
16 h 2
53 h
h
h
h
18
12
4
14

+
+
+





3
R
R
R
R



R

3

gR 3 16 h
gh 3
=
=
2 r
16 3 R
3
Q

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department