Learn To Speak Spanish

A Complete Self study Course

By:Saham Hendinejad

To my dear Teacher,
Whom taught me Spanish

Sasan Razmkhah

This page intentionally left blank

1. Some Basic Phrases

Buenos das!
bway-nohs dee-ahs
Hello! / Good morning!

Buenas tardes!
bway-nahs tard-ays
Good afternoon!

Buenas noches!
bway-nahs noh-chays
Good evening! / Good
night!

Hola! / Chao!
oh-lah / chow
Hi! / Bye!

Adis.
ah-dee-ohs
Good bye.

Por favor.
por fah-bor
Please.

Hasta la vista / Hasta

luego.
ah-stah lah vees-tah / ahstah loo-ay-go
See you / See you later.

Hasta pronto.
ah-stah prohn-toh
See you soon.

Hasta maana.
ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah
See you tomorrow.

(Muchas) Gracias.
(moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs
Thank you (very much).

De nada.
day nah-dah
You're welcome.

Bienvenidos
byen-veh-nee-dohs
Welcome

Lo siento
loh see-ehn-toh
I'm sorry

Con permiso / Perdn

kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehrdohn
Excuse me / Pardon

Vamos!
bah-mohs
Let's go!

Cmo est usted?

koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted
How are you? (formal)

Cmo ests?
koh-moh ay-stahs
How are you? (informal)

Qu tal?
kay tahl
How's it going?

Bien / Muy bien

bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn
Good / Very good

Mal / Muy mal / Ms o

menos
mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh
may-nohs
Bad / Very bad / OK

S / No
see / noh
Yes / No

Cmo se llama usted?

koh-moh say yah-mah oosted
What is your name? (formal)

Cmo te llamas?
koh-moh tay yah-mahs
What is your name?
(informal)

Me llamo...
may yah-moh
My name is...

Mucho gusto. / Encantado.

moo-choh goo-stoh / encahn-tah-doh
Nice to meet you.

Igualmente.
ee-guahl-mehn-tay
Same here.

Seor / Seora / Seorita

sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah /
sayn-yor-ee-tah
Mister / Mrs. / Miss

De dnde es usted?
day dohn-day ehs oo-sted
Where are you from?
(formal)

De dnde eres?
day dohn-day eh-rehs
Where are you from?
(informal)

Yo soy de...
yoh soy day
I'm from...

Cuntos aos tiene

usted?
quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-aynay oo-sted
How old are you? (formal)

Cuntos aos tienes?

quahn-tohs ahn-yohs teeayn-ays
How old are you? (informal)

Yo tengo _____ aos.

yoh tayn-goh _____ ahnyohs
I am _____ years old.

Habla usted espaol?

ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahnyol
Do you speak Spanish?
(formal)

Hablas ingles?
ah-blahs een-glehs
Do you speak English?
(informal)

(No) Hablo...
noh ah-bloh
I (don't) speak...

Entiende usted? /
Entiendes?
ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehntyen-dehs
Do you understand? (formal
/ informal)

(No) Entiendo.
noh ehn-tyen-doh
I (don't) understand.

Yo (no lo) se.

yoh noh loh seh
I (don't) know.

Puede ayudarme?
pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh
Can you help me?

Claro que s
klah-roh keh see
Of course

Cmo?
koh-moh
What? Pardon me?

Dnde est / Dnde

estn... ?
dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh
eh-stahn
Where is ... / Where are ... ?

Aqu
ah-kee
Here.

Hay / Haba...
eye / ah-bee-ah
There is / are... / There was
/ were...

Cmo se dice ____ en

espaol?
koh-moh seh dee-ceh ___ on
eh-spahn-yol
How do you say ____ in
Spanish?

Qu es esto?
keh ehs ehs-toh
What is that?

Qu te pasa?
keh teh pah-sah
What's the matter (with
you)?

No importa.
noh eem-por-tah
It doesn't matter.

Qu pasa?
keh pah-sah
What's happening?

No tengo ninguna idea.

noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah
ee-deh-ah
I have no idea.

Estoy cansado / enfermo.

eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehnfehr-moh
I'm tired / sick.

Tengo hambre / sed.

tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed
I'm hungry / thirsty.

Tengo calor / fro.

tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh
I'm hot / cold.

Estoy aburrido.
eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh
I'm bored.

No me importa.
noh meh eem-por-tah
I don't care.

No se preocupe.
noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh
Don't worry

Est bien.
ehs-tah bee-ehn
That's alright.

Me olvid.
meh ohl-vee-deh
I forgot.

Tengo que ir ahora.

tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah
I must go now.

Salud!
sah-lood
Bless you!

Felicitaciones!
feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehs
Congratulations!

Buena suerte!
bweh-nah swehr-teh
Good luck!

Te toca a ti.
teh toh-kah ah tee
It's your turn. (informal)

Callate!
kah-yah-teh
Shut up!

Te amo.
tay ah-moh
I love you. (informal and
singular)

Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is
more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The
informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal
you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom
you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) There are also two ways to say
you in the plural, used when speaking to more than one person.
Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the
words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the o changes to a.

2. Pronunciation
Spanish Letter English Sound
a
ah
e
ay
i
ee
o
oh
u
oo
ll
y
v
b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 vowels


r
rr
d
j
g
qu
ai / all / ay
z
z, ce, ci

ny (as in canyon)
almost like a d when in between 2 vowels
r w/ a roll of the tongue
almost like a th when in between 2 vowels
hard h
g, sometimes a h
k
eye
s
th (in most parts of Spain)

Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a
consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, or s or n,
the stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent
is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pjaro (bird).

3. Alphabet
a

ah

hoh-tah

bay

kah

rr airr-ay

say

ay-lay

ay-say

ch chay

ll

ay-yay

tay

day

m ay-may

oo

ay

ay-nay

oo-bay

ay-fay

ayn-yay w

hey

oh

ah-kees

ah-chay p

pay

ee-gree-ay-gah

ee

koo

say-tah

air-ay

doh-blay-bay

Note: The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters
of the alphabet.

4. Definite and Indefinite Articles and Demonstratives

Masc.
Singular

Fem.
Singular

the

el (ail)

la (lah)

the

los (lohs)

las (lahs)

a,
an

un (oon)

una (oonah)

some

unos (oonohs)

unas (oonahs)

this este

esta

these estos

estas

that ese

esa

those esos

esas

that aquel

aquella

those aquellos

aquellas

Masc. Plural Fem. Plural

El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first
syllable. Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions: la
mano (hand), la foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few
exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -cin, -tad,
-dad, or -tud.
Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are
addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and
the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can
be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before
a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an
accent on all of the first e's: ste, sta, stos, stas, se, sa, sos, sas, aqul, aqulla,
aqullos, aqullas.

5. Subject Pronouns
yo

yoh

too

you (informal) vosotros(as) boh-soh-trohs

l / ella / ail / ay-yah / he / she /

oo-sted
you (formal)
usted

nosotros(as) noh-soh-trohs

we
you all

ellos / ellas / ay-yohs / ay-yahs / they / they /

oo-sted-ays
you (plural)
ustedes

Note: Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you
know well. Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is
almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be
abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also be abbreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject
pronouns are rarely used before verbs.

6. To Be and to Have
ser - to be
past

present

future

soy

I am

fu

I was

ser

I will be

eres

you are

fuiste

you were

sers

you will be

es

he/she/it is

fu

he/she/it will be

somos

we are

fuimos

he/she/it was ser

we were
seremos

sois

you are

fuisteis

you were

seris

you will be

son

they are

fueron

they were

sern

they will be

estar - to be
past

present

we will be

future

estoy

I am

estuve

I was

estar

I will be

ests

you are

estuviste

you were

estars

you will be

est

he/she/it is

estuvo

estamos we are
you are
estis
estn

they are

he/she/it was estar

he/she/it will be
estuvimos we were
estaremos we will be
you will be
estuvisteis you were
estaris
estuvieron they were

estarn

tener - to have
past

present

they will be
future

tengo

I have

tuve

I had

tendr

I will have

tienes

you have

tuviste

you had

tendrs

you will have

he/she/it has tuvo

tenemos we have
tuvimos
tenis you have
tuvisteis
tiene

tienen

they have

tuvieron

he/she/it had tendr

he/she/it will have
we had
tendremos we will have
you had

tendris

you will have

they had

tendrn

they will have

Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its
origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels.
Uses of Ser
Identify person/object
Inherent characteristics
or qualities
Nationality/Occupation
Telling time
Express ownership
Impersonal
expressions
Passive voice

El edificio es un templo.
La casa es grande.
Carlos es pobre.
Es carpintero.
Son las tres.
Los libros son de Juan.
Es necesario.
El telfono fue inventado por
Bell.

The building is a temple.

The house is large.
Charles is poor.
He is a carpenter.
It's three o'clock.
The books are John's.
It is necessary.
The telephone was invented by
Bell.

Uses of Estar
Location/position
Temporary condition/state
State of health
Form progressive tense

El libro est en la mesa.

La ventana est abierta.
Juan est enfermo.
Miguel est estudiando.

The book is on the table.

The window is open.
John is sick.
Michael is studying.

Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be
boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice,
estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent;
ser moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan.
Common Expressions with "to be"
to be afraid - tener miedo
to be against - estar en contra
to be at fault - tener la culpa
to be careful - tener cuidado
to be cold - tener fro
to be curious - ser curioso (a)
to be happy - estar contento (a)
to be hot - tener calor
to be hungry - tener hambre
to be in a hurry - tener prisa, estar de prisa
to be jealous - tener celos
to be lucky - tener suerte
to be patient - tener paciencia
to be successful - tener xito
to be thirsty - tener sed
to be tired - estar cansado (a)

7. Question Words
what

qu

which

who

quin(es)

how much cunto (-a)

how

cmo

how many cuntos (-as)

when

cundo

whom

a quin(es)

whose

de quin(es)

where dnde
why

por qu

cul(es)

8. Numbers / Ordinals
0

cero

say-roh

uno

oo-noh

first

primero

dos

dohs

second

segundo

tres

trays

third

tercero

cuatro

kuah-troh

fourth

cuarto

cinco

seen-koh

fifth

quinto

seis

says

sixth

sexto

siete

see-ay-tay

seventh

sptimo

ocho

oh-choh

eighth

octavo

nueve

new-ay-vay

ninth

noveno

10

diez

dee-ays

tenth

dcimo

11

once

ohn-say

eleventh

undcimo

12

doce

doh-say

twelfth

duodcimo

13

trece

tray-say

thirteenth

dcimo tercero

14

catorce

kah-tor-say

fourteenth

dcimo cuarto

15

quince

keen-say

fifteenth

dcimo quinto

16

diez y seis

dee-ays ee says

sixteenth

dcimo sexto

17

diez y siete dee-ays ee see-ay-tay seventeenth

eighteenth
diez y ocho dee-ays ee oh-choh

dcimo sptimo

diez y nueve dee-ays ee new-ay-vay nineteenth

bayn-tay
twentieth
veinte

dcimo noveno
vigsimo primero

22

veinte y uno bayn-tay ee oo-noh

veinte y dos bayn-tay ee dohs

30

treinta

trayn-tah

twenty-second vigsimo segundo

thirtieth
trigsimo

40

cuarenta

kuar-ain-tah

fortieth

cuadragsimo

50

cincuenta

seen-kuain-tah

fiftieth

quincuagsimo

60

sesenta

say-sain-tah

sixtieth

sexagsimo

70

setenta

say-tain-tah

seventieth

septuagsimo

80

ochenta

oh-chain-tah

eightieth

octogsimo

90

noventa

noh-bain-tah

ninetieth

nonagsimo

100 cien(to)
1000 mil

see-ain-(toh)

hundredth

centsimo

meel

thousandth

milsimo

18
19
20
21

twenty-first

dcimo octavo
vigsimo

Note: If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is
ciento uno. And 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can also use diecisis,
diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are
pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as

one word (veintiuno, veintids, veintitrs, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the
numbers.

9. Days of the Week

Monday

lunes

loo-nays

Tuesday

martes

mar-tays

Wednesday mircoles

mee-air-coh-lays

Thursday

jueves

hway-bays

Friday

viernes

bee-air-nays

Saturday

sbado

sah-bah-doh

Sunday

domingo

doh-ming-oh

the day

el da

ail dee-ah

the week

la semana

lah say-mahn-ah

the weekend el fin de semana ail feen day say-mahn-ah

today

hoy

oy

tomorrow

maana

mahn-yahn-ah

my birthday mi cumpleaos

mee coom-play-ahn-yohs

10. Months of the Year

January

enero

ay-nair-oh

February

febrero

fay-bray-roh

March

marzo

mar-soh

April

abril

ah-breel

May

mayo

mi-oh

June

junio

hoo-nee-oh

July

julio

hoo-lee-oh

August

agosto

ah-gohs-toh

September

septiembre

sayp-tee-aim-bray

October

octubre

ohk-too-bray

November

noviembre

noh-bee-aim-bray

December

diciembre

dee-see-aim-bray

the month

el mes

ail mais

the first of [a month] el primero de [month] ail pree-mair-oh day _____

the year

ail ahn-yoh

el ao

11. Seasons
spring

winter el invierno

la primavera

summer el verano

autumn el otoo

Note: To say in the summer, spring, etc. use en and the season. En verano means in the
summer.

12. Directions
north el norte

east el este

south el sur

west el oeste

13. Colors
red

rojo

violet

violeta

pink

rosado

brown

marrn

orange

anaranjado

dark brown marrn oscuro

yellow

amarillo

black

negro

green

verde

gray

gris

blue

azul

white

blanco

light blue celeste

gold

dorado

purple

silver

plateado

morado

14. Time
Qu hora es?

What time is it?

Es la una.

It's one.

Son las dos/tres/cuatro...

It's two/three/four...

Es medioda.

It's noon.

Es medianoche.

It's midnight.

Son las cinco y cinco.

It's 5:05

Son las ocho y cuarto.

It's 8:15

Son las diez menos cuarto.

It's 9:45

Son cuarto para las diez

It's 9:45 (common in Mexico)

Son las nueve menos diez.

It's 8:50

Son diez para las nueve

It's 8:50 (common in Mexico)

Son las tres y media.

It's 3:30

15. Weather
Qu tiempo hace?

What's the weather like?

Hace buen tiempo.

The weather's nice.

Hace mal tiempo.

The weather's bad.

Hace fro.

It's cold.

Hace calor.

It's hot.

Hace sol.

It's sunny.

Hace viento.

It's windy.

Llueve.

It's raining.

Nieva.

It's snowing.

Est nublado.

It's cloudy.

16. Prepositions
a

at

al lado de

con

with

alrededor de around

contra against

beside

cerca de

near

de

of, from

lejos de

far from

en

in, on

delante de

in front of

entre

between, among

debajo de

below, under

hacia

towards, about

en frente de opposite

para

for, in order, by

detrs de

behind

por

for, through, along, via

encima de

above

sobre

on, over

hasta

till, until

sin

without

desde

from, since

Note: There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to
form al, and de and el combine to form del.

17. Family and Pets

family

la familia

grandfather

el abuelo

dog

el perro

parents

los padres

grandmother

la abuela

cat

el gato

husband el esposo

grandson

el nieto

bird

el pjaro

wife

la esposa

granddaughter la nieta

fish

el pez

father

el padre

uncle

el to

horse el caballo

mother

la madre

aunt

la ta

goat

la cabra

son

el hijo

nephew

el sobrino

pig

el cerdo

daughter la hija

niece

la sobrina

cow

la vaca

children los hijos

cousin (m)

el primo

rabbit el conejo
turtle la tortuga

sister

la hermana cousin (f)

la prima

brother

el hermano relatives

los parientes mouse el ratn

18. To Know People and Facts

conocer - to know people
conozco
conocemos

saber - to know facts

s
sabemos

conoces

conocis

sabes

sabis

conoce

conocen

sabe

saben

19. Formation of Plural Nouns

If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa / las casas. If a
singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el
papel / los papeles. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the
plural: la luz / las luces. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the
plural: el lpiz - los lapices.

20. Possessive Adjectives

Initial Forms

Terminal Forms

singular

plural

singular

plural

my

mi

mis

mo (a)

mos (as)

your

tu

tus

tuyo (a)

tuyos (as)

your/his/her/its su

sus

suyo (a)

suyos (as)

our

nuestro (a) nuestros (as) nuestro (a) nuestros (as)

your

vuestro (a) vuestros (as) vuestro (a) vuestros (as)

your/their

su

sus

suyo (a)

suyos (as)

Because su and sus can have so many meanings, the definite article may be used with the
definite article may be used instead of su with the following forms: de Ud., de l, de ella, de
Uds., de ellos and de ellas.
los libros de ellos their books
The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and must be preceded by the definite article,
except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English
"of mine, of yours," etc.
el libro mo my book
Qu haces, hijo mo? What are you doing, my son?
un amigo mo a friend of mine

21. To Do or Make
hacer - to do or make
hago

hacemos

haces

hacis

hace

hacen

22. Work and School

doctor
dentist
lawyer
professor
teacher
engineer
architect
writer
journalist

el mdico
el dentista
el abogado
el profesor
el maestro
el ingeniero
el arquitecto
el escritor
el periodista

history
math
algebra
geometry
science
physics
chemistry
zoology
botany

la historia
las matemticas
el lgebra
la geometra
la ciencia
la fisica
la qumica
la zoologa
la botnica

musician
painter
pharmacist
banker
carpenter
barber
mechanic
salesman
electrician
postman
policeman
soldier
pilot
secretary
typist
nurse

el msico
el pintor
el farmacutico
el banquero
el carpintero
el barbero
el mecnico
el vendedor
el electricista
el cartero
el agente de polica
el soldado
el piloto
la secretaria
la mecangrafo
la enfermera

geography
music
art
drawing
painting
linguistics
languages

la geografa
la msica
el arte
el dibujo
la pintura
la lingstica
las lenguas / idiomas

23. Countries and Nationalities

Country

Masculine (Feminine) Nationality

Germany

Alemania

alemn (alemana)

Argentina

Argentina

argentino(a)

Australia

Australia

australiano(a)

Bolivia

Bolivia

boliviano(a)

Canada

Canad

canadiense

Columbia

Colombia

colombiano(a)

Costa Rica

Costa Rica

costarricense

Cuba

Cuba

cubano(a)

Chile

Chile

chileno(a)

China

China

chino(a)

Ecuador

Ecuador

ecuatoriano(a)

Egypt

Egipto

egipcio(a)

Spain

Espaa

espaol(a)

United States

los Estados Unidos

(norte)americano(a)

France

Francia

francs (francesa)

India

India

indio(a)

England

Inglaterra

ingls (inglesa)

Italy

Italia

italiano(a)

Japan

Japn

japons (japonesa)

Mexico

Mxico

mexicano(a)

Poland

Polonia

polaco(a)

Portugal

Portugal

portugus (portuguesa)

Russia

Rusia

ruso(a)

South Africa

Sudfrica

sudafricano(a)

24. To / In and From

to

from de
in

en

Remember to use the prepositional contractions when a noun with an article follows the
preposition.

25. To Come and to Go

venir - to come

ir - to go

vengo venimos

voy vamos

vienes vens

vas vais

viene vienen

va

van

26. Misc. Words

a lot

mucho

always

siempre

very much muchsimo

everyday todos los das

a little

poco

now

ahora

very little

muy poco

usually

usualmente

sometimes a veces

there

ah

well

bien

over there all

after

despus

too bad

poorly

mal

27. Conjugating Regular Verbs

demasiado malo

Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive.
Removing the last two letters gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is to sing, cant- is the
stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add these endings to the stems:
-ar

-er

-ir

o amos

o emos

o imos

as is

es is

es s

an

en

en

Remember that verbs do not require the subject pronouns, so just canto means I sing. Here
are some more regular verbs:
-ar verbs

-er verbs

-ir verbs

bailar

to dance

aprender

to learn

vivir

to live

desear

to want

comer

to eat

escribir

to write

escuchar to listen

correr

to run

compartir to share

estudiar to study

leer

to read

recibir

hablar

vender

to sell

practicar to practice

beber

to drink

tomar

to take

comprender to understand

viajar

to travel

to speak

to receive

To make sentences negative, simply put no in front of the verb.

28. Reflexive Verbs

The subject and the object are the same with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A
reflexive verb in Spanish will be marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These
verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with case and
gender and precedes the verb when not used in the infinitive form. Reciprocal verbs are the
same as reflexive except the action passes from one person to another. It can only be used in
the first and third person plural forms. Reflexive verbs sometimes use the "-self" forms in
English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other."
Reflexive Pronouns
me
nos
te
os
se
se

Some common reflexive verbs:

acostarse - to go to bed
baarse - to bathe oneself
casarse - to get married
despertarse - to wake up
irse - to go away
levantarse - to rise
sentarse - to sit down
vestirse - to dress oneself
atreverse - to dare
quejarse - to complain

29. Irregular Conjugations

Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all forms except first and second
person plural. After dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the last syllable changes to
ie, and o of the last syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change the e to i, while verbs
ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first and second plural.
e to ie
pensar - to think
querer - to want, like, love
cerrar - to close
comenzar - to begin
despertar - to awaken
empezar - to begin
entender - to understand
perder - to lose
preferir - to prefer
sentar - to seat
sentir - to regret, feel

o to ue
contar - to count
poder - to be able
costar - to cost
dormir - to sleep
encontrar - to find, meet
jugar - to play
morir - to die
mostrar - to show
volar - to fly
volver - to return

e to i
ui to uy
pedir - to ask (for) construir - to build
repetir - to repeat
seguir - to follow
servir - to serve
vestir - to dress

pensar
contar
pedir
construir
pienso pensamos cuento contamos pido pedimos construyo construimos
piensas pensis
cuentas contis
pides peds
construyes construs
piensa piensan
cuenta cuentan pide piden
contruye construyen
A few other verbs are irregular only in the first person singular form. The rest of the forms
follow the regular pattern:
traer

to carry

traigo

I carry

salir

to go out

salgo

I go out

hacer

to do

hago

I do

saber

to know

I know

dar

to give

doy

I give

ver

to see

veo

I see

tener

to have

tengo

I have

poner

to put

pongo

I put

decir

to say

digo

I say

valer

to be worth valgo

I am worth

caer

to fall

I fall

caigo

conocer to know

conozco I know

deducir to deduce

deduzco I deduce

Generally, verbs that end in -cer and -cir add z before the first person singular ending.

30. Personal "a"

When the direct object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it is preceded by a. It isn't used if
a number precedes the object though. The pronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone),
nadie (nobody), and ninguno (no one) require a as well, when used as the direct object.
Veo a Juan. I see John.
Conozco a tu amiga. I know your friend.
Veo a alguien. I see somebody.

31. Preterite Tense

The preterite tense expresses an action in the past. It is used to describe events that are
finished or complete. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem.
-ar verbs

-er and -ir verbs

- -amos -
-aste -asteis -iste
- -aron -i

-imos
-isteis
-ieron

Viv en Espaa dos aos. I lived in Spain for two years.

Ellos hablaron con los nios. They spoke with the children.
Quin comi la fruta? Who ate the fruit?

32. Irregular Preterite Tense

A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. The following are the most common:
dar - to give
di
dimos
diste
disteis
dio
dieron

decir - to say, tell

dije
dijimos
dijiste
dijisteis
dijo
dijeron

estar - to be
estuve
estuvimos
estuviste estuvisteis
estuvo
estuvieron

hacer - to do, make

hice
hicimos
hiciste hicisteis
hizo
hicieron

ir - to go / ser- to be
fui
fuimos
fuiste
fuisteis
fue
fueron

poner - to put, place

puse
pusimos
pusiste pusisteis
puso
pusieron

tener - to have
tuve
tuvimos
tuviste tuvisteis
tuvo
tuvieron

traer - to bring
traje
trajimos
trajiste trajisteis
trajo
trajeron

venir - to come
vine
vinimos
viniste vinisteis
vino
vinieron

Ir and ser have the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make the meaning clear.

33. Imperfect Tense

The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express an action as going on in the past, as
repeated or habitual. It is also used with mental and physical conditions and for descriptions.
The preterite tense is used much more often than the imperfect tense though, except with
these verbs: querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber. It is formed by adding these
endings to the infinitive stem.
-ar verbs
-aba -bamos
-abas -abais
-aba -aban

-er and -ir verbs

-a
-amos
-as -ais
-a
-an

Yo viva en Espaa. I used to live in Spain.

Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sad.
El venda radios. He was selling radios.
Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense:
ser - to be
ir - to go
ver - to see
era ramos iba bamos vea veamos
eras erais
ibas ibais
veas veais
era eran
iba iban
vea vean

34. Food and Meals

bacon

el tocino

el almuerzo

wine

el vino

beef
beer

la carne de vaca meal

meat
la cerveza

la comida

yogurt

el yogur

la carne

bag

la bolsa

beverage

la bebida

milk

la leche

bowl

el tzon

biscuit

el bizcocho

milkshake

la malteada

bottle

la botella

bread

el pan

mustard

la mostaza

box

la caja

breakfast

el desayuno

mutton

la carne de
carnero

can

la lata

butter

la mantequilla

oil

el aceite

can
opener

abrelatas

cake

la torta

omelet

la tortilla

carton

el tetrabrik

candy

los dulces

pepper

la pimienta

cheese

el queso

pie

el pastel

chopsticks los palillos

coffee pot la cafetera

chicken

el pollo

pork

la carne de
cerdo

chocolate

el chupete

rice

el arroz

chop

la chuleta

roast

el asado

corkscrew el sacacorchos
cup
la taza

coffee

el caf

roll

el panecillo

dish

el plato

cookie

la galleta

salad

la ensalada

fork

el tenedor

cottage
cheese

el requesn

salami

el salchichn

frying pan la sartn

cotton candy

el algodn de
azcar

salt

la sal

glass

el vaso

cream

la crema

sandwich

el bocadillo

jar

el tarro

custard

las natillas

sauce

la salsa

jug

la jarra

dessert

el postre

sausage

el chorizo

kettle

la caldera

dinner

la comida

soft drink

el refresco
gaseoso

knife

el cuchillo

egg

el huevo

soup

la sopa

lid

la tapa

fried eggs

huevos fritos

sour cream

la crema agria napkin

fat

la grasa

steak

el bistec

plate

el plato

flour

la harina

stew

el guisado

saucer

el platillo

ham

el jamn

sugar

el azcar

saucepan

la cacerola / el
cazo

hamburger

la hamburguesa

supper

la cena

spoon

la cuchara

honey

la miel

tea (iced)

el t (helado)

hot dog

el perro caliente toast

veal
el hielo

las tostadas

spray can el spray

table
la mesa

la ternera

tablecloth el mantel

ice

lunch

colander

el colador

la servilleta

ice cream

el helado

vegetable

la legumbre

teapot

la tetera

jam

la jalea

vinegar

el vinagre

tube

el tubo

juice

el jugo

water

el agua

lollipop

el chupete

whipped
cream

la nata
montada

35. Gustar
Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally, it means to please and takes an
indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The
verb will only be conjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is agreeing with
the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject.
Me gusta(n) I like

Nos gusta(n) we like

Te gusta(n) you like

Os gusta(n) you like

Le gusta(n) you/he/she likes Les gusta(n) you/they like

Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan is used with plural nouns. It is
also possible to add a + complement pronoun to emphasize the subject, but this is not
necessary. The complement pronouns are the same as the suject pronouns except a m and a
ti.
Me gustan las flores. I like the flowers. (Literally: To me are pleasing the flowers or the
flowers are pleasing to me.)
A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We like the house.
No me gusta. I don't like it.
Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it?
A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses.

36. Fruits, Vegetables and Meats

apple

la manzana

lettuce

la lechuga

broccoli

el brcoli

orange

la naranja

cabbage

la col

corn on the
cob

el elote / la mazorca

banana

la banana

grapefruit

la toronja

cauliflower la coliflor
radish
green peas los guisantes pepper

lemon

el limn

asparagus

lime

la lima

los
esprragos

garlic

peach

green bean la habichuela potato

sweet potato
el melocotn spinach
la espinaca

apricot

el

tomato

el tomate

beans

el rbano
el pimiento
el ajo
la patata
la batata
los frijoles / las

albaricoque

judas

fig

el higo

carrot

la zanahoria

beef

la carne de vaca

grapes

las uvas

turnip

el nabo

lamb

el cordero

pear

la pera

beet

plum

la ciruela

celery

la remolacha pork
sausage
el apio

cherry

la cereza

onion

la cebolla

pineapple

la pia

melon

el meln

el cerdo
la salchicha

ham

el jamn

cucumber el pepino
parsley
el perejil

bacon

el tocino

goose

el ganso

squash

la calabaza

duck

el pato

artichoke

la alcachofa

chicken

el pollo

la frambuesa eggplant
blackberry la zarzamora rhubarb

la berenjena

turkey

el pavo

el ruibarbo

lobster

la langosta

watermelon la sanda
strawberry la fresa
raspberry

Note: Los frijoles is used in South America, whereas las judas is used in Spain.

37. To Take or Drink

tomar - to take or drink
tomo
tomamos
tomas
tomis
toma
toman

When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to alcohol. In Mexico, tomar can be intransitive,
as beber is almost never used. In Spain, tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copato have a drink and tomar un caf - to have a coffee.

38. Commands / Imperative

To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tense conjugation for the t form and
change the final -r of the infinitive to -d for the vosotros form. The other imperative
conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros) use the present subjunctive forms. (More
about the Subjunctive at #70.) You use the nosotros form when you mean Let's + infinitive.
Negative commands use no + the present subjunctive conjugations for all forms. So the only
forms that differ between affirmative and negative commands are t and vosotros. Verbs that
end in -car, -gar and -zar have the following changes in commands as well: c becomes qu, g
becomes gu, and z becomes c.

Affirmative
-ar

-er or -ir

Negative
-ar

-er or -ir

-a

-e

-es

-as

Usted

-e

-a

-e

-a

nosotros -emos -amos

-emos -amos

vosotros -ad

-ed / -id

-is

-is

Ustedes

-an

-en

-an

-en

Habla! = Speak! (t form)

Comed! = Eat! (vosotros form)
No comis! = Don't eat! (negative vosotros form)
Beba! = Drink! (Usted form)
Coman! = Eat (Ustedes form)
No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form)
There are 8 irregular verbs in the imperative, but they are only irregular for the t form. The
rest of the commands follow the pattern above.
infinitive t form
decir
hacer
ir
poner
salir
ser
tener
venir

di
haz
ve
pon
sal
s
ten
ven

There are several irregular stems that appear in the present subjunctive, and therefore in the
imperative.
infinitive

imperative
stem

dar

d-

decir

dig-

estar

est-

haber

hay-

hacer

hag-

ir

vay-

poder

pued-

poner

pong-

querer

quier-

saber

sep-

salir

salg-

ser

se-

tener

teng-

traer

traig-

venir

veng-

39. More Negatives

To make sentences negative, you place no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or
follow the verb, but if they follow, they must follow a negative verb (a double negative). The
word order is either no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca means ever when it
follows a comparative; jams means ever when it follows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb
means the same thing as no + verb + ms (no more, no longer).
ms
nada
nadie
ninguno (a)
tampoco
ni
ni...ni
ni siquiera
nunca, jams

no more, no longer
nothing, (not) anything
nobody, (not) anybody
no, none
neither, either
nor
neither... nor
not even
never, ever

No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. You never dance.

No juego ms. = Ya no juego. I no longer play.

40. Holiday Phrases

Feliz Navidad

Merry Christmas

Feliz Ao Nuevo

Happy New Year

Feliz Cumpleaos Happy Birthday

Spanish National Anthem: Marcha Real

There are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completely instrumental.

Mexican National Anthem: Mexicanos, al Grito de Guerra

by Francisco Gonzlez Bocanegra

Mexicanos, al grito de guerra
El acero aprestad y el bridn;
y retiemble en sus centros la tierra
Al sonoro rugir del can.
Cia oh patria! tus sienes de oliva
De la Paz el arcngel divino,
Que en el cielo tu eterno destino
Por el dedo de Dios se escribi.
Mas si osare un extrao enemigo
Profanar con su planta tu suelo,
Piensa oh patria querida! que el
cielo
Un soldado en cada hijo te dio.
Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que
intente
De la patria manchar los blasones!
Guerra, guerra! Los patrios
pendones
En las olas de sangre empapad.
Guerra, guerra! En el monte, en el
valle
Los caones horrsonos truenen
Y los ecos sonoros resuenen
Con las voces de Unin! Libertad!

Mexicans, at the cry of battle

lend your swords and bridle;
and let the earth tremble at its center
upon the roar of the cannon.
Your forehead shall be girded, oh fatherland, with olive
garlands
by the divine archangel of peace,
For in heaven your eternal destiny
has been written by the hand of God.
But should a foreign enemy
Profane your land with his sole,
Think, beloved fatherland, that heaven
gave you a soldier in each son.
War, war without truce against who would attempt
to blemish the honor of the fatherland!
War, war! The patriotic banners
saturate in waves of blood.
War, war! On the mount, in the vale
The terrifying cannon thunder
and the echoes nobly resound
to the cries of union! liberty!

Fatherland, before your children become unarmed

Beneath the yoke their necks in sway,
Antes, patria, que inermes tus hijos May your countryside be watered with blood,
Bajo el yugo su cuello dobleguen, On blood their feet trample.
Tus campias con sangre se
And may your temples, palaces and towers
rieguen,
crumble in horrid crash,
Sobre sangre se estampe su pie.
and their ruins exist saying:
Y tus templos, palacios y torres
The fatherland was made of one thousand heroes here.
Se derrumben con hrrido
estruendo,
Fatherland, fatherland, your children swear
Y sus ruinas existan diciendo:
to exhale their breath in your cause,
De mil hroes la patria aqu fue.
If the bugle in its belligerent tone
should call upon them to struggle with bravery.
Patria! patria! Tus hijos te juran For you the olive garlands!
Exhalar en tus aras su aliento,
For them a memory of glory!
Si el clarn con su blico acento
For you a laurel of victory!
Los convoca a lidiar con valor.
For them a tomb of honor!
Para ti las guirnaldas de oliva!
Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria! Mexicans, at the cry of battle
Un laurel para ti de victoria!
lend your swords and bridle;
Un sepulcro para ellos de honor! and let the earth tremble at its center
upon the roar of the cannon.
Mexicanos, al grito de guerra

El acero aprestad y el bridn,

y retiemble en sus centros la tierra
Al sonoro rugir del can.

41. Useful Expressions

Hay

There is/are

Haba

There was/were

Hay que + infinitive

It is necessary to + infinitive

Tener que + infinitive To have to + infinitive

Ir a + infinitive

To go to + infinitive

Acabar de + infinitive To have just + past participle

Hace + time
time + ago

42. Progressive Tenses

The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any
tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the
verb, and adding the following endings to the stem:
Present Participles
-ar

-ando

-er

-iendo

-ir

-iendo

Juan est hablando. Josh is talking.

Estaban cantando. They were singing.
Estuve escribiendo una carta. I was writing a letter.
A few irregular present participles: poder - pudiendo, dormir - durmiendo, sentir - sintiendo,
venir - viniendo, pedir - pidiendo, leer - leyendo, ir - yendo, rer - riendo.

43. Haber
Haber - to have
he
hemos
has habis
ha
han
This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in past tenses as an auxiliary
verb.

44. Present Perfect

The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is
only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated
as have or has done something. Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than
this tense when expressing the past.
Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings:
Past Participles
-ar
-ado
-er
-ido
-ir
-ido
The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) - abierto (opened);
escribir (to write) - escrito (written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto
(put); ver (to see) - visto (seen); volver (to return) - vuelto (returned); decir (to say) - dicho
(said); hacer (to do) - hecho (done).
No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house.
Dnde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key?
Hemos gastado mucho dinero. We have spent a lot of money.
Qu ha dicho Ud.? What did you say?

45. Places
airport

el aeropuerto

embassy

la embajada

pier

bakery

la panadera

factory

la fbrica

bank

el banco

farm

la granja

police station la comisara

port
el puerto

bar

el bar

barn

el granero

fire hydrant la boca de agua prison

fountain
restaurant
la fuente

barracks

el cuartel

garage

el garaje

road
(highway)

la carretera / la
va

bench

el banco

grocery
store

el
supermercado

school

la escuela

bridge

el puente

hospital

el hospital

sidewalk

la acera

bookstore

la librera

hotel

el hotel

square

la plaza

building

el edificio

house

la casa

stable

la cuadra

butcher's

la carnicera

hut

la cabaa

stadium

el estadio

castle

el castillo

inn

la posada

stop sign

la seal de alto

cathedral

la catedral

lane (town) la calleja

store

la tienda

el muelle

la prisin
el restaurante

cemetery

el cementerio

library

la biblioteca

street

la calle

church

la iglesia

market

el mercado

suburb

el barro
residencial

cinema

el cine

ministry

el ministerio

theater

el teatro

consulate

el consulado

monument

el monumento

tower

la torre

corner

la esquina

museum

el museo

town

la ciudad

courtyard

el patio

palace

el palacio

town hall

el ayuntamiento

crosswalk

el cruce
peatonal

path

la senda

traffic light

el semforo

dock

la drsena

pavement

la acera

university

la universidad

dry
cleaner's

la tintorera

pharmacy

la farmacia

village

el pueblo

46. Transportation
by bus

en autobs

by bicycle

en bicicleta

by car

en coche

by motorcycle en motocicleta
by subway
en metro
by taxi

en taxi

by plane

en avin

by train

en tren

by boat

en barco

on foot

a pie

47. To Want, to Be Able to, to Have to

querer-to want
quiero queremos

poder-to be able to, can

puedo
podemos

deber-to have to, must

debo
debemos

quieres queris

puedes

podis

debes

debis

quiere quieren

puede

pueden

debe

deben

48. Past Perfect

The past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an
event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of haber
and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more
common.

Carlos haba vivido en Mxico. Carlos had lived in Mexico.

Habamos aprendido el espaol. We had learned Spanish.

49. House & Furniture

alarm
clock

el despertador

drawer

el cajn

pipe

armchair

el silln

dresser

el tocador

pipe (water) el tubo

ashtray

el cenicero

driveway

la entrada del
garaje

poker

el atizador

attic

el desvn

DVD player

el lector de
DVD

radio

la radio

balcony

el balcn

fence

la cerca

record

el disco

basement

el stano

film

la pelcula

refrigerator

el refrigerador

basket

la cesta

fire

el fuego

roof

el tejado

bathroom

el bao

flame

la llama

room

el cuarto

bathtub

la baera

flashlight

la linterna

rug

la alfombra

batteries

las pilas

flat

bed

la cama

floor

el apartamento sheet
shelf
el suelo

bedroom

la alcoba / el
dormitorio

floor (levels)

el piso / la
planta

shovel

la pala

bell (door) la campanilla

blanket
la cobija

flower

la flor

shower

la ducha

freezer

el congelador

sideboard

el aparador

blinds

la persiana

front walk

la vereda

sink

el fregadero

bookcase

la librera

furniture

los muebles

sink
(bathroom)

el lavabo

box

la caja

garage

el garaje

broom

la escoba

garden

el jardn

bucket

el balde

ground floor la planta baja

hearth
la chimenea

sofa

el sof

stairs

las escaleras

camcorder la cmara

la pipa

la sbana
el estante

sitting room la sala

smoke
el humo

camera

la mquina de
fotos

hook

el gancho

steps

los escalones

candle

la vela

house

la casa

story

el piso

carpet

la alfombra

iron (flat)

la plancha

stove

la estufa

cassette

la cinta

kerosene

el petrleo

study

el estudio

CD player el lector de CD
ceiling
el techo

key

la llave

switch

el conmutador

kitchen

la cocina

table

la mesa

chair

la silla

ladder

la escalera

chimney

la chimenea

lamp

la lmpara

tap (faucet) el grifo

telephone
el telfono

cigar

el puro / el
cigarro

lawn

el csped

television

el televisor

cigarette

el cigarrillo

light bulb

la bombilla

toaster

la tostadora

clock

el reloj

closet

el armario

living room la sala

lock
la cerradura

toilet (WC) el inodoro

towel
la toalla

compact
disc

el disco
compacto

mailbox

el buzn

vacuum
cleaner

el aspirador

computer

la computadora matches

las cerillas

vase

el jarrn

corner

el rincn

mattress

el colchn

VCR

el
magnetoscopio

cupboard

la alacena

microwave
oven

el horno
microondas

wall (house) el muro

curtain

la cortina

mirror

el espejo

cushion

el cojn

oven

el horno

wall (room) la pared

window
la ventana

desk

el escritorio

pantry

la despensa

yard

dining
room

el comedor

picture

el cuadro

door

la puerta

pillow

la almohada

el jardn

50. Comparative and Superlative

Comparisons are expressed as follows:
ms [adjective] que
menos [adjective] que
tan [adjective] como
tanto(-a, -os, -as) [noun] como

more [adjective] than

less [adjective] than
as [adjective] as
as much/many [noun] as

El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less intelligent than the dog.
Mi prima tiene ms discos que nadie. My cousin has more records than anyone.
No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much money as you.
To form comparatives, just add ms or menos before the adjective or adverb. To form the
superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express
in after a superlative.
ms alta taller
la ms alta the tallest
Rosa es la nia ms alta de la clase. Rosa is the tallest girl in the class.

51. Irregular Forms

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most
common are:
Adjective/Adverb
good bueno
bad
malo
great grande
small pequeo
well bien
badly mal
much mucho
little poco

Comparative
better mejor
worse peor
greater mayor
less
menor
better mejor
worse peor
more ms
less
menos

Superlative
the best
el mejor
the worst el peor
the greatest el mayor
the least
el menor
best
el mejor
worst
el peor
most
el ms
least
el menos

Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and
pequeo change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.

52. Clothing
apron

el delantal

pants

los pantalones

barrette

el pasador

pin

el alfiler

bathrobe

la bata

pocket

el bolsillo

belt

el cinturn

purse

el bolso

blouse

la blusa

raincoat

el impermeable

boot

la bota

ring

el anillo

bracelet

la pulsera

sandals

las sandalias

brush
buckle

un cepillo del pelo scarf

shirt
la hebilla

button

el botn

shoe

el zapato

cap

el gorro

shoelace

el cordn

clothes

la ropa

shorts

los pantalones cortos

coat

el abrigo

silk

la seda

collar

el cuello

skirt

la falda

comb

el peine

sleeve

la manga

cotton

el algodn

slippers

las pantuflas

dress

el vestido

soap

el jabn

earmuffs

las orejaras

sock

los calcetines

earrings

el arete

stocking

la media

fashion

la moda

suit

el traje

la bufanda
la camisa

glasses

los lentes

glove

el guante

sunglasses las gafas de sol

suspenders los tirantes

handbag

el bolso

sweater

el jersey

handkerchief el pauelo
hat
el sombrero

sweatsuit

el chndal

swimsuit

el traje de bao

jacket

la cazadora

tie

la corbata

jeans

los vaqueros

T-shirt

la camiseta

mittens

los mitones

umbrella

el paraguas

necklace

el collar

nightgown

el camisn

underwear la ropa interior

waistcoat el chaleco

overcoat

el sobretodo

watch

el reloj

pajamas

los pijamas

wool

la lana

53. To Wear
llevar - to wear
ponerse - to put on
llevo llevamos me pongo nos ponemos
llevas llevis
te pones os ponis
lleva llevan
se pone so ponen
Note: You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but
you do use the definite article.

54. Future Tense

The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive:
- -emos
-s -is
- -n
Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from
above:
caber (to fit)

cabr-

decir (to say, tell)

dir-

haber (to have)

habr-

hacer (to do, make)

har-

poder (to be able)

podr-

poner (to put, place)

pondr-

querer (to want)

querr-

saber (to know)

sabr-

salir (to leave, go out) saldrtener (to have, to own) tendrvaler (to be worth)

valdr-

venir (to come)

vendr-

55. Adjectives
Adjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with
the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun. In general, masculine adjectives
end in -o and feminine adjectives end in -a: blanco and blanca (white). Adjectives that end in
-n, -n, -n, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine. Adjectives
that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine. Adjectives of nationality
add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francs - francesa (French). Notice that when
you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent. To form the plural of adjectives,
follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns.
Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o
if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno - good; malo - bad; alguno - some;
ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero - first; tercero - third
When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of
either gender. Santo (saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning
with Do- or To-.

56. More Adjectives

large

grande

small
short

pequeo low, short bajo

pretty
largo
lindo, bonito
beautiful hermoso
corto

good

bueno

ugly

feo

bad

malo

wide

ancho

rich

rico

narrow

estrecho

poor

pobre

heavy

pesado

strong

fuerte

light

ligero

weak

dbil

hard

duro

easy

fcil

soft

blando

sweet

dulce

long

difficult difcil

high, tall alto

fat

gordo

sour

thin

delgado bitter

agrio
amargo

When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective
becomes a noun.
pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man
If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an
abstract noun.
bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)

57. Sports
ball

la pelota

pool

game

el juego

basketball el baloncesto

match

el partido

tennis

team

el equipo

swimming la natacin

player

el jugador

boxing

el boxeo

soccer

el ftbol

wrestling

la lucha

football el ftbol americano

hockey

el hockey

baseball el bisbol

volleyball el vleibol

la piscina

el tenis

racket

una raqueta

net

una red

ball (small)

una pelota

cleats

unos zapatos de ftbol

bat

un bate

skis

unos esqus

glove

un guante

ski poles unos bastones

ball

un baln

boots

unas botas

helmet

el casco

basketball hoop una canasta

58. Nature
air

el aire

grass

la hierba

sea

el mar

archipelago

el
archipilago

gulf

el golfo

shadow

la sombra

bank

la orilla

hail

el granizo

sky

el cielo

bay

la baha

hay

el heno

snow

la nieve

barn

el granero

high tide

la marea alta

soil

el suelo

beach

la playa

hill

la colina

south

el sur

branch

la rama

ice

el hielo

spring
(water)

la fuente

bridge

el puente

island

la isla

star

la estrella

bud

el capullo

isthmus

el istmo

stem

el tallo

bush

el arbusto

jungle

la jungla

storm

la tormenta

cape

el cabo

lake

el lago

strait

el aprieto

cave

la cueva

leaf

la hoja

stream

el arroyo

city

la ciudad

light

la luz

street

el calle

climate

el clima

lightning

el relmpago

sun

el sol

cloud

la nube

lily

la azucena

sunflower

el girasol

coast

la costa

low tide

la marea baja

thaw

el deshielo

comet

el cometa

meadow

el prado

thunder

el trueno

constellation

la
constelacin

moon

la luna

tornado

el tornado

country

el pas

mountain

la montaa

tree

el rbol

country(side) el campo

mountain
range

la sierra

trunk

el tronco

current

la corriente

mouth (river)

la
desembocadura

tulip

el tulipn

daffodil

el narciso

mud

el barro

valley

el valle

daisy

la margarita

nature

la naturaleza

view

la vista

darkness

el norte

water

el agua (f)

desert

la obscuridad north
peninsula
el desierto

la pennsula

fresh water

el agua dulce

dew

el roco

plain

el llano

salt water

el agua
salada

dust

el polvo

planet

el planeta

earth

la tierra

plant

la planta

watering can la regadera

waterfall
la cascada

east

el este

pond

el estanque

wave

la ola

farm

la granja

pot (for
plants)

la maceta

weather

el tiempo

field

el campo

rain

la lluvia

west

el oeste

flower

la flor

rainbow

el arco iris

wind

el viento

foam

la espuma

river

el ro

world

el mundo

fog

le niebla

rock

la roca

foliage

el follaje

root

la raz

forest

el bosque

rose

la rosa

frost

el helada

sand

la arena

59. To Say and to Go Out

decir - to say
digo decimos
dices decs
dice dicen

salir - to go out
salgo salimos
sales sals
sale salen

60. Para vs. Por and Pero vs. Sino

Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time
(for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive.)
La carta es para Concha. The letter is for Concha.
Estudia para aprender. He studies in order to learn.
Lo tendr para el martes. I will have it by Tuesday.
Juan est para salir. John is about to leave.
Por is used to express: a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during, at);
exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account
of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason. It is also used after
a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to
be done or to be in favor of.
por el pueblo through the town
por la maana in the morning
Pag un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the book.
Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound.
Voy por tren. I'm going by train.
Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice.
Vot por Juanita. I voted for Juanita.
Fue escrito por Cervantes. It was written by Cervantes.
La carta est por escribir. The letter is yet to be written.
Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it.
Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if
the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows.
Bebe leche pero no bebe caf. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee.
Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the
first clause is understood but not repeated.
No bebe caf sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk.

61. Object Pronouns

Subject

Direct

Indirect

Object of Prepositions

me to me
te to you

me

ti

you

yo

me

me

you

te

you

him/it le
her/it le

to him/it l
to her/it ella

him/it

ella

he/it lo
she/it la

Usted

you

la

you

le

to you

you

nos

us

os

you

nos to us
os to you

nosotros (as) we
vosotros (as) you
Ustedes
ellos (as)

her/it

Usted

nosotros (as) us
vosotros (as) you

you

los, las you les to you Ustedes

they los
them les to them ellos (as)

you
them

1. An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an

affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund. Then it is attached to the verb as
one word. Dme Ud. el libro. Give me the book.
2. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct. If both
pronouns begin with the letter l, then the first one is changed to se.
3. When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent
mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word.
4. For clearness or emphasis, the prepositional form of a plus an object of a preposition
may be used. Nos envi a Ud. He sent us to you.
5. When the preposition con (with) precedes me or te, the words change to conmigo
(with me) and contigo (with you).

62. Parts of the Body

ankle

el tobillo

fever

la fiebre

pain

el dolor

arm

el brazo

finger

el dedo

nose

la nariz

artery

la arteria

fist

el puo

palm

la palma

back

la espalda

flesh

la carne

pulse

el pulso

beard

la barba

foot

el pie

rib

la costilla

belly

el vientre

forehead

la frente

shin

la espinilla

bladder

la vejiga

gum

la enca

blood

la sangre

hair

body

el cuerpo

hand

shoulder el hombro
el cabello / el pelo skeleton el esqueleto
skin
la mano
la piel

bone

el hueso

head

la cabeza

skull

el crneo

brain

el cerebro

health

la salud

sole

la planta

breast

el seno

heart

el corazn

spine

la espina dorsal

breath

el aliento

heel

el taln

stomach el estmago

calf

la pantorrilla

hip

la cadera

tear

la lgrima

cheek

la mejilla

intestine

el intestino

temple

la sien

chest

el pecho

jaw

la quijada

thigh

el muslo

chin

el rin

throat

la garganta

coccyx

la barba / la barbilla kidney

knee
el coxis

la rodilla

thumb

el pulgar

cold

el resfriado

leg

la pierna

toe

el dedo del pie

complexion la tez
cough
la tos

lip

el labio

tongue

la lengua

liver

el hgado

tooth

el diente

disease

la enfermedad

lung

el pulmn

vein

la vena

ear

la oreja

moustache el bigote

wound

le herida

elbow

el codo

mouth

la boca

waist

la cintura

eye

el ojo

muscle

el msculo

wrist

la mueca

eyebrow

la ceja

nail

la ua

eyelid

el prpado

neck

el cuello

face

la cara

nerve

el nervio

To express pain, use an indirect object pronoun + duele(n) + body part.

Me duele la cabeza. My head hurts.
Le duelen los pies. His feet hurt.

63. Asking Questions

Simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence.
Place the predicate in front of the subject of the sentence.
Add no? or verdad? or no es verdad? to the end of the statement. These translate to many
phrases in English, such as Isn't it? Aren't you? Don't you? Didn't he? Isn't she? etc.

64. To Give and to Bring

dar - to give
doy damos
das dais
da dan

traer - to bring
traigo traemos
traes trais
trae traen

65. Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun connects a dependent clause to a main clause and refers to something
already mentioned (the antecedent.) This pronoun may serve as the subject or object of a

verb, or the object of a preposition. Que and quien are the most commonly used relative
pronouns.
Que (who, whom, that, which) refers to persons or things, except after a preposition, when it
refers to things only. El que (and its forms - la que, los que, las que) and el cual (and its
forms - la cual, los cuales, las cuales) may replace que or quien. These pronouns are used for
clearness when there are two antecedents, and with prepositions.
La casa en que vivo es pequea. The house in which I live is small.
He visitado la ciudad cerca de la cual vive. I visited the city near which he lives.
Quien (-es) (who) is used in a supplementary clause. When used with a preposition, it means
whom. Quien (-es) is often used in place of el que and its forms as well, when it means one
who, those who, etc.
Lo que and lo cual (which) refer to the whole sentence.
Cuyo (-a, -os, -as) is a possessive adjective and it agrees in gender and number with the thing
possessed, which is always the word that follows it.

66. Disjunctive Pronouns

Disjunctive pronouns are used independently of the verb. They are the pronouns which
follow prepositions, or show emphasis.
m
ti
l
ella
Usted

nosotros (-as)
vosotros (-as)
ellos
ellas
Ustedes

Ello is also used as a neuter pronoun meaning it. S can mean yourself, himself, herself,
yourselves or themselves. When con combines with m, ti or s, the words become conmigo,
contigo and consigo. For clearness, the forms of mismo (-a, -os, -as) can be added to these
pronouns.

67. To Hear, to Smell and to See

or - to hear
oigo omos
oyes os
oye oyen

oler - to smell
huelo olemos
hueles olis
huele huelen

ver - to see
veo vemos
ves veis
ve ven

68. Animals
animal

el animal

duck

el pato

lark

la
sea gull la gaviota
alondra

ant

la
hormiga

eagle

el guila
(f)

lion

el len

el
seahors
caballito
e
de mar

antelope

el antlope eel

el anguila

lizard

el
lagarto

seal

antenna

la antena

egg

el huevo

lobster
(spiny)

antler

el asta

elephant

el elefante louse

badger

el tejn

feather

la
shark
langosta
el piojo sheep

la foca
el tiburn
la oveja

la pluma

el
mackerel escombr shrimp la gamba
o

la aleta

mole

el topo

el pez

monkey

el mono slug

la babosa

beak

el
murcilag fin
o
fish
el pico

bear

el oso

flea

la pulga

el
mosquito mosquit snail
o

el caracol

bee

la abeja

fly

la mosca

moth

la polilla snake

la
serpiente /
la culebra

el zorro

mouse

el ratn sole

el
lenguado

la rana

mule

el mulo

sparrow el gorrin

bat

skin

la piel

bird

el
escarabaj fox
o
el pjaro frog

blackbird

el mirlo

fur

el pelo

mussel

la
almeja

spider

la araa

bull

el toro

gill

la
branquia

nest

el nido

squid

el
calamar

butterfly

la
giraffe
mariposa

la jirafa

nightingal el
squirrel la ardilla
e
ruiseor

calf

el ternero goat

la cabra

octopus

el pulpo starfish

la estrella
de mar

carp

la carpa

goose

el ganso

ostrich

el
stork
avestruz

la cigea

cat

el gato

gorilla

el gorila

owl

el buho

swallo
w

la
golondrin
a

grasshopper

el
ox
saltamonte

el buey

swan

el cisne

beetle

caterpillar la oruga

s
cheetah
chicken

el
hamster
guepardo
hare
el pollo

el
chimpanze
chimpanc hedgehog
e

claw
la zarpa hen
cockroach
cod
cocoon
cow

la
heron
cucaracha
el bacalao herring
el capullo hoof
horn
la vaca

la
marmota

oyster

la ostra

tadpole

el
renacuajo

la liebre

parrot

el loro

tail

la cola

el erizo

partridge

la perdiz tiger

el tigre

la gallina

paw

la pata

toad

el sapo

la garza

penguin

el arenque pig
la pezua pigeon

el
trout
pingino
el cerdo tuna

la trucha
el atn

el cuerno

pike

el pichn turkey
el sollo turtle

el caballo

pony

el potro wasp

rabbit

la
el conejo weasel comadrej
a

crab

el
cangrejo

horse

crayfish

el
cangrejo

hummingbir
el colibri
d

la avispa

la tortuga

crow

el
iguana
cocodrilo
el cuervo insect

deer

el ciervo

jellyfish

la medusa rooster

el gallo

wolf

el lobo

dog

el perro

kitten

el gatito

salmon

el
salmn

worm

el gusano

donkey

el burro

ladybug

la catarina scale

la
escama

zebra

la cebra

dragonfly

la liblula lamb

el cordero scorpion

el
escorpi
n

crocodile

la iguana

raccoon

el insecto

rat

el
whale
mapache
la rata wing

el pavo

la ballena
el ala (f)

69. Suffixes
Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Unaccented vowels should be
dropped before adding the suffixes. The most common suffixes are -ito (a) and -cito (a).
They express size, affection, admiration, appreciation or pity. The ending -ero (a) indicates
the maker or dealer in charge of something. To indicate where something is made or sold,
add -era. When -eza and -ura are added to adjectives, they express abstract nouns. When dor is added to a verb (minus the final letter), it indicates the performer of the action.

70. Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in
Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present

subjunctive should not be too difficult. You can use the present tense endings and switch the
vowel (-ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a):
Present Subjunctive
-ar verbs
-e
-es
-e

-er and -ir

-emos -a
-is -as
-en
-a

-amos
-is
-an

Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that
form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. (Review #29 from Spanish I)
Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present
subjunctive:
mentir in present
subjunctive
mienta mintamos
mientas mintis
mienta mientan
The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on
ending, leaving you with -ar and -ier, and add these new endings:
Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive
all verbs
-a
amos
-as
-ais
-a
-an
An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of
hablaramos, it is hablramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiramos, etc. Note that there is
another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given
are used more often. You must always the past subjunctive after como si. Es como si fuera
mi padre. It's as if he were my father.
The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past
participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past
subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.
Present perfect subjunctive
Past perfect subjunctive
haya hayamos
hubiera hubiramos
+ past
+ past
hayas hayis
hubieras hubierais
participle
participle
haya hayan
hubiera hubieran

You must always pay attention to the correct usage of verb tenses. When the verb of the main
clause is in the present or future, then the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the
present subjunctive. But if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb of the
subordinating clause will be in the past subjunctive.

71. Irregular Subjunctive Mood

Many verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive mood:
dar - to give
d
demos
des
deis
d
den

decir - to say/tell
estar - to be
diga
digamos est
estemos
digas digis
ests estis
diga
digan
est
estn
hacer - to
haber - to have
ir - to go
do/make
haya hayamos haga hagamos vaya vayamos
hayas hayis
hagas hagis
vayas vayis
haya hayan
haga hagan
vaya vayan
poder - to be able
poner - to
querer - to want
to
put/place
pueda podamos ponga pongamos quiera queramos
puedas podis
pongas pongis quieras queris
pueda puedan
ponga pongan quiera quieran
saber - to know salir - to go out
ser - to be
sepa sepamos
sepas sepis
sepa sepan

salga salgamos sea

salgas salgis
seas
salga salgan
sea

seamos
seis
sean

tener - to have
tenga tengamos
tengas tengis
tenga tengan

traer - to bring
venir - to come
traigo traigamos venga vengamos
traigas traigis vengas vengis
traiga traigan
venga vengan

Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well:

dar - to give
decir - to say/tell
diera
diramos dijera dijramos
dieras dierais
dijeras dijerais
diera
dieran
dijera dijeran
haber - to have hacer - to do/make
hubiera hubiramos hiciera hiciramos
hubieras hubierais hicieras hicierais
hubiera hubieran hiciera hicieran

estar - to be
estuviera estuviramos
estuvieras estuvierais
estuviera estuvieran
ir - to go
fuera
furamos
fueras
fuerais
fuera
fueran

poder - to be able
poner - to
querer - to want
to
put/place
pudiera pudiramos pusiera pusiramos quisiera quisiramos
pudieras pudierais pusieras pusierais quisieras quisierais
pudiera pudieran pusiera pusieran quisiera quisieran
saber - to know
ser - to be
tener - to have
supiera supiramos fuera furamos tuviera tuviramos
supieras supierais fueras fuerais
tuvieras tuvierais
supiera supieran
fuera fueran
tuviera tuvieran
traer - to bring
venir - to come
trajera trajramos viniera viniramos
trajeras trajerais
vinieras vinierais
trajera trajeran
viniera vinieran

72. Uses of the Subjunctive

The main uses of the subjunctive include (generally, que will follow the verb):
1. After the verbs querer and desear (to want) when there is a change of subject (but use the
infinitive if there is no change of subject)
2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something.
3. After verbs of emotion or command, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer
(to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), mandar (to order), rogar (to request), when there is a
change of subject.
4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well
as after quizs, tal vez and acaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt.
5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es
importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a
subject for the subordinate verb.
6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite
7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes
que (before)
8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until),
when future is implied.
9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal!
10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor ir a Espaa.
When I'm older, I will go to Spain.

In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the
main clause is in a conditional tense)

73. Adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective.
However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and
demasiado (too much).
Adjective
correcto
fcil
claro
absoluto
rpido

Adverb
correctamente
fcilmente
claramente
absolutamente
rpidamente

correctly
easily
clearly
absolutely
rapidly

Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo ms + adverb + an expression of possibility is

translated: as ... as ...
lo bien que how well
lo ms pronto posible as soon as possible

74. Passive Voice

In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the
subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive
voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same
tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the
action is physical; and by de if mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with
the subject. If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective
and it is not a passive sentence.
Active

El viento destruye la casa.

The wind destroys the house.

Passive

La casa fue destruida por el

viento.

The house was destroyed by the

wind.

Predicate Adjective

Cuando la vi, la casa estaba

destruida.

When I saw it, the house was

destroyed.

El nio fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father.
Rosa es amada de todos. Rose is loved by everyone.

75. Uses of the Infinitive

The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a
preposition, ver or or.
El correr es buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise.
Parti sin hablar. He left without speaking.
Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.

76. Shopping
department
store
shopping mall
belt
glasses
gloves
sunglasses

el almacn

shop/store

la tienda

el centro
comercial
el cinturn
las gafas
los guantes
los lentes de sol

(open-air)
market
(fixed) price
Sale
to bargain
to spend money

el mercado (al
aire libre)
el precio (fijo)
la rebaja
regatear
gastar

77. Post Office and Bank

post office
envelope
mailbox
mail carrier
stamps
package

el correo

Bank

el banco
el cheque (de
(traveler's) check
el sobre
viajero)
to
cash
(a
check)
el buzn
cobrar
to
save
(money)
el cartero
ahorrar
las estampillas to deposit
depositar
Account
el paquete
la cuenta

78. Conditional Tense

The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or
understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.
To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of
verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional
tense.

-a -amos
-as -ais
-a -an

79. Infinitives followed by Prepositions

The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although
the preposition is not always translated into English.
Verb + a + another infinitive
acostumbrarse
aprender
atreverse
ayudar
comenzar
convidar
decidirse
dedicarse
empezar
ensear
invitar
ir
negarse
persuadir
principiar
rehusar
resignarse
resistirse
resolverse
venir
volver

to become used to
to learn to
to dare to
to help
to begin to
to invite to
to decide to
to devote oneself to
to begin to
to teach to
to invite
to go to
to refuse to
to persuade to
to begin to
to refuse to
to resign oneself to
to resist
to resolve to
to come to
to return to

Verb + en + another infinitive

consentir
to consent to
consistir
to consist
divertirse
to amuse oneself
empearse
to insist on
esforzarse
to endeavor to
insistir
to insist on
ocuparse
to busy oneself
pensar
to think of
persistir
to persist in
tardar
to delay in

Verb + de + another infinitive

acabar
acordarse
alegrarse
aprovecharse
arrepentirse
cansarse
cesar
dejar
encargarse
gozar
jactarse
olvidarse
tratar

to have just
to remember
to be glad to
to profit by
to repent
to tire of
to cease
to cease
to take charge of
to take pleasure in
to boast of
to forget to
to try to

Verb + con + another infinitive

contar
contentarse
soar

to count on
to content oneself with
to dream of

80. Office / School Supplies

pencil

el lpiz

Dictionary

el diccionario

eraser

la goma

tape (audio)

la cinta

pen

la pluma

Map

el mapa

ink

la tinta

Newspaper

el peridico

paper

el papel

Novel

la novela

letter

la carta

Backpack

la mochila

Stapler

la grapadora

Scissors

unas tijeras

notebook el cuaderno
book
el libro

81. Parts of a Car / Gas Station

car
garage
tank
gasoline
oil
air
grease
tire
spare tire
wheel
steering wheel
brake
speed
slow
danger
stop
go
service station

el coche
el garage
el tanque
la gasolina
el aceite
el aire
la grasa
la llanta
llanta picada
la rueda
el volante
el freno
la velocidad
despacio
peligro
alto
siga, adelante
la estacin de servicio

82. Travelling / Vacation

passport
customs
arrival
departure
(round-trip)
ticket
luggage
single/double
room

el pasaporte
la aduana
la llegada
la salida
el pasaje (de ida y
vuelta)
el equipaje
la habitacin
individual/doble

airport
parking lot
bus stop
traffic jam

el aeropuerto
el aparcamiento
la parada
los atascos

map

el mapa

countryside el campo
mountain

la montaa

train (bus)
station
subway
to take a trip
to go on
vacation
to pack
to travel
to fly

la estacin de tren (de

beach
autobuses)
la estacin de metro paths
vacation
hacer un viaje

la playa
les chemins
las vacaciones

ir de vacaciones

to drive

hacer las maletas

viajar
Volar

to visit
visitar
to walk
pasearse
to get lost perderse

conducir

83. Cosmetics / Toiletries

shampoo
soap

el champ
el jabn

brush
comb

el cepillo
el peine

makeup

el maquillaje

toothpaste

la pasta de dientes

shaving
cream
lotion
nail polish

el cepillo de
dientes
towel
la locin
la toalla
el esmalte para las
la maquinilla de
electric razor
uas
afeitar
la crema de afeitar toothbrush

84. Other Perfect Tenses

Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional
perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle.
The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the
same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of
time, such as as que, luego que, tan pronto como (as soon as); cuando (when); despus
(de) que (after); and hasta que (until).
The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to
express probability, referring to the present.
The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also
used to express probability, referring to the past.

85. Durations of Time

Ago : hace + a period of time
Se fue hace quince das. He left fifteen days ago.
Since / For : desde hace + a period of time (careful with verb tenses here: present tense in
Spanish, present perfect or present perfect continuous in English)
No vienes a verme desde hace un mes. You haven't come to see me for a month.
In : dentro de + a period of time (time at which something will happen)
Te llamo dentro de media hora. I'll call you in a half hour.

86. Telephone
Hello

Diga

telephone book la gua telefnica

Hello
(reply)

Oiga

yellow pages

las pginas
amarillas

This is...

Soy...

to transfer
someone

poner con alguien

phone
card

une tarjeta
telefnica

to call

Telefonear

phone
booth

una cabina

to pick up

Descolgar

call

una llamada

to hang up

Colgar

ringtone

el timbre del
telfono

to leave a
message

dejar un recado

dialtone

el tono de
marcar

to be very
talkative

hablar por los

codos

wrong
number

un nmero
equivocado

to dial a number

marcar un
nmero

busy
signal

la seal de
ocupado

87. Exclamations
Exclamatory phrases, which express what a or how, begin with qu, cunto, and cmo. Qu
can be followed by a noun or an adjective. Sometimes tan or ms are also used with the
adjective to emphasize a defect or a quality. Qu mujer! What a woman! Qu familia tan
unida! What a united family!
Cunto expresses quantity, and agrees in gender and number with the adjective that follows.
It can also be followed by a verb, in which case there is no agreement. Furthermore, lo que
can replace cunto when a verb follows. Cunta comida! How much food! / There's a lot of
food! Cunto comes! How you eat! / You eat a lot!

Cmo expresses the manner in which something is done. It can only be followed by a verb.
Cmo baila! How he dances! / He dances well!

88. Colloquial Expressions

that's awesome!

el colega / el socio

group of friends qu pasada!

friend
qu rollo!

el profe

teacher

chulo! chula!

great!

el cole

middle school

ser un lince

to be very clever

un(a) chaval(a)

guy/girl

un to

guy

llevarse un chasco to be disappointed

estar hasta la gorra to be fed up

un ligue

flirt

ligar

un empolln

hard-worker

estar hecho papilla to be sad

estar hecho polvo to be tired

la pandilla

un cabeza de chorlito scatterbrain

un cabeza cuadrada stubborn

it's boring!

to flirt

estar mal del coco

un cara de mala leche mean look/face estar harto

to be crazy
to be fed up

89. Aspects of Action

To express an action that is planned (going to happen): ir a + infinitive. Voy a acostarme.
I'm going to go to bed.
To express an action that is just about to happen: estar a punto de + infinitive or estar para
+ infinitive. El avin est para aterrizar. The plane is about to land.
To express an action that repeats: volver a + infinitive. Veulve a escribir su nombre. You
write your name again.
To express an action that has just happened: acabar de + infinitive. Acabo de llegar. I just
arrived.

90. Verbs of Feelings

Several verbs in Spanish that express feelings (pleasure, pain, etc.) have different word order
than in English. These verbs have the same construction as gustar (#35): Indirect object +
verb + subject. Me, te, le, nos, os, les are the indirect object pronouns. The verb is conjugated
in third person singular or plural because it agrees with the subject, not the indirect object.
gustar

to like

dar asco

to hate

apetecer

to feel
like

dar miedo to scare

encantar to adore
dar
ganas

to feel
like

dar
lstima

to
trouble

doler

to hurt

Te apetece salir. You feel like going out.

Le duelen los dientes. His teeth hurt.
Les da miedo la pelcula. The film scares them.
You can also add a m, a ti, a l, a ella, a usted, a nosotros/-as, a vosotros/-as, a ellos, a
ellas, or a ustedes before the indirect object for emphasis.
A m me gusta el ftbol. Me, I like soccer.

Adis!!!