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Designation: C29/C29M 07
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk
density (unit weight) of aggregate in a compacted or loose
condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine,
coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination.
This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 125
mm [5 in.] in nominal maximum size.
NOTE 1Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe the
property determined by this test method, which is weight per unit volume
(more correctly, mass per unit volume or density).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originally
approved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C29/
C29M 97(2003). DOI: 10.1520/C0029_C0029M-07.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
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C29/C29M 07
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 voids, nin unit volume of aggregate, the space
between particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solid
mineral matter.
3.2.1.1 DiscussionVoids within particles, either permeable or impermeable, are not included in voids as determined
by this test method.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is often used to determine bulk density
values that are necessary for use for many methods of selecting
proportions for concrete mixtures.
4.2 The bulk density also may be used for determining
mass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agreements. However, the relationship between degree of compaction of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and that
achieved in this test method is unknown. Further, aggregates in
hauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and
surface moisture (the latter affecting bulking), while this test
method determines the bulk density on a dry basis.
4.3 A procedure is included for computing the percentage of
voids between the aggregate particles based on the bulk density
determined by this test method.
5. Apparatus
5.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate within 0.1 % of
the test load at any point within the range of use, graduated to
at least 0.05 kg [0.1 lb]. The range of use shall be considered
to extend from the mass of the measure empty to the mass of
the measure plus its contents at 1920 kg/m3 [120 lb/ft3].
5.2 Tamping RodA round, straight steel rod, 16 mm [58
in.] in diameter and approximately 600 mm [24 in.] in length,
having the tamping end, or both ends, rounded to a hemispherical tip, the diameter of which is 16 mm [58 in.].
5.3 MeasureA cylindrical metal measure, preferably provided with handles. It shall be watertight, with the top and
bottom true and even, and sufficiently rigid to retain its form
under rough usage. The measure shall have a height approximately equal to the diameter, but in no case shall the height be
less than 80 % nor more than 150 % of the diameter. The
capacity of the measure shall conform to the limits in Table 1
for the aggregate size to be tested. The thickness of metal in the
measure shall be as described in Table 2. The top rim shall be
smooth and plane within 0.25 mm [0.01 in.] and shall be
parallel to the bottom within 0.5 (See Note 2). The interior
wall of the measure shall be a smooth and continuous surface.
TABLE 1 Capacity of Measures
Nominal Maximum
Size of Aggregate
mm
in.
12.5
25.0
37.5
75
100
125
12
1
112
3
4
5
Capacity of MeasureA
m3[L]
0.0028[2.8]
0.0093 [9.3]
0.014 [14]
0.028 [28]
0.070 [70]
0.100 [100]
ft3
1
212
312
Upper 38 mm
or 112 in.
of wallA
Remainder of wall
5.0 mm
5.0 mm
10.0 mm
13.0 mm
0.20 in.
0.20 in.
0.40 in.
0.50 in.
2.5 mm
5.0 mm
6.4 mm
7.6 mm
0.10 in.
0.20 in.
0.25 in.
0.30 in.
2.5 mm
3.0 mm
3.8 mm
5.0 mm
0.10 in.
0.12 in.
0.15 in.
0.20 in.
Capacity of Measure
Less than 11 L
11 to 42 L, incl
over 42 to 80 L, incl
over 80 to 133 L, incl
Less than 0.4 ft3
0.4 ft3 to 1.5 ft3, incl
over 1.5 to 2.8 ft3, incl
over 2.8 to 4.0 ft3, incl
A
The added thickness in the upper portion of the wall may be obtained by
placing a reinforcing band around the top of the measure.
1 10
13
12
A
The indicated size of measure shall be used to test aggregates of a nominal
maximum size equal to or smaller than that listed. The actual volume of the
measure shall be at least 95 % of the nominal volume listed.
8. Calibration of Measure
8.1 Measures shall be recalibrated at least once a year or
whenever there is reason to question the accuracy of the
calibration.
8.2 Determine the mass of the plate glass and measure the
nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 lb].
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C29/C29M 07
8.3 Place a thin layer of grease on the rim of the measure to
prevent leakage of water from the measure.
8.4 Fill the measure with water that is at room temperature
and cover with the plate glass in such a way as to eliminate
bubbles and excess water. Remove any water that may have
overflowed onto the measure or plate glass.
8.5 Determine the mass of the water, plate glass, and
measure to the nearest 0.05 kg [0.1 lb].
8.6 Measure the temperature of the water to the nearest
0.5 C [1 F] and determine its density from Table 3,
interpolating if necessary.
8.7 Calculate the volume, V, of the measure. Alternatively,
calculate the factor, F, for the measure.
NOTE 3For the calculation of bulk density, the volume of the measure
in SI units should be expressed in cubic metres, or the factor as 1/m3.
However, for convenience the size of the measure may be expressed in
litres.
9. Selection of Procedure
9.1 The shoveling procedure for loose bulk density shall be
used only when specifically stipulated. Otherwise, the compact
bulk density shall be determined by the rodding procedure for
aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm
[112 in.] or less, or by the jigging procedure for aggregates
having a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm [112 in.]
and not exceeding 125 mm [5 in.].
10. Rodding Procedure
10.1 Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface
with the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of
the tamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill the
measure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above.
Finally, fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in the
manner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any
slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate
approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the
top of the measure.
10.2 In rodding the first layer, do not allow the rod to strike
the bottom of the measure forcibly. In rodding the second and
third layers, use vigorous effort, but not more force than to
cause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer of
aggregate.
NOTE 4In rodding the larger sizes of coarse aggregate, it may not be
possible to penetrate the layer being consolidated, especially with angular
aggregates. The intent of the procedure will be accomplished if vigorous
effort is used.
15.6
18.3
21.1
23.0
23.9
26.7
29.4
60
65
70
73.4
75
80
85
kg/m3
lb/ft3
999.01
998.54
997.97
997.54
997.32
996.59
995.83
62.366
62.336
62.301
62.274
62.261
62.216
62.166
(1)
M 5 ~G 2 T! 3 F
(2)
or
where:
M = bulk density of the aggregate, kg/m3 [lb/ft3],
G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, kg [lb],
T = mass of the measure, kg [lb],
V = volume of the measure, m3 [ft3], and
F = factor for measure, m3 [ft3].
13.1.1 The bulk density determined by this test method is
for aggregate in an oven-dry condition. If the bulk density in
terms of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) condition is desired, use
the exact procedure in this test method, and then calculate the
SSD bulk density using the following formula:
Mssd 5 M[1 1 ~A/100!#
(3)
where:
MSSD = bulk density in SSD condition, kg/m3 [lb/ft3], and
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C29/C29M 07
A
(4)
where:
M = bulk density of the aggregate, kg/m3 [lb/ft3],
S = bulk specific gravity (dry basis) as determined in
accordance with Test Method C127 or Test Method
C128, and
W = density of water, 998 kg/m3 [62.3 lb/ft3].
13.3 Volume of MeasureCalculate the volume of a measure as follows:
V 5 ~W 2 M!/D
(5)
F 5 D/~W 2 M!
(6)
where:
V = volume of the measure, m3 [ft3]
W = mass of the water, plate glass, and measure, kg [lb]
M = mass of the plate glass and measure, kg [lb]
D = density of the water for the measured temperature,
kg/m3 [lb/ft3], and
F = factor for the measure, 1/m3 [1/ft3]
14. Report
14.1 Report the results for the bulk density to the nearest 10
kg/m3 [1 lb/ft3] as follows:
14.1.1 Bulk density by rodding, or
14.1.2 Bulk density by jigging, or
14.1.3 Loose bulk density.
14.2 Report the results for the void content to the nearest
1 % as follows:
14.2.1 Voids in aggregate compacted by rodding, %, or
14.2.2 Voids in aggregate compacted by jigging, %, or
14.2.3 Voids in loose aggregate, %.
15. Precision and Bias
15.1 The following estimates of precision for this test
method are based on results from the AASHTO Materials
Reference Laboratory (AMRL) Proficiency Sample Program,
with testing conducted using this test method and AASHTO
Method T 19/T19M. There are no significant differences between the two test methods. The data are based on the analyses
of more than 100 paired test results from 40 to 100 laboratories.
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C29/C29M 07
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,
C29/C29M 97(2003), that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved August 1, 2007)
(1) Revised 5.5.
(2) Revised Section 8.
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