ABSTRACT

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction

3
1

2.0 Theory 3
3.0 Experimental Apparatus & Procedure

3.1 Experimental Apparatus 3

3.2 Procedure 4
4.0 Result and Discussion 4
4.1 Result
4
4.2 Discussion 5
5.0 Summary & Conclusions
6.0 References

7.0 Appendix

1. Introduction
The gas turbine simulation model permits the study of the operational behaviour
of a 2-stage gas turbine system with gas generator and power turbine. The
simulation model allows the influences on the performance behaviour of both the
air intake and fuel feed to be investigated, together with the compression ratio
and turbine entry temperature process parameters. Gas turbine is a device used
2

to develop power from a source of high pressure gas. The turbine can be used to
drive the compressor but unless extra energy is provided there would not be
enough power available from the turbine to drive the compressor let alone have
any left over. Energy is therefore supplied in the form of heat to 'expand' the
compressed gas and obtain a net positive energy output

2. Theory
Gas turbine theory, The Brayton or the Joule cycle is commonly used to analyse
the gas turbine systems and the figure 2 shows a Temperature-Entropy (TS)
diagram representation of an ideal Brayton cycle. In figure 2, from point 1 to point
2 the air is Isentropically compressed and the heat is supplied at constant
pressure from point 2 to point 3. Finally the air is isentropically expanded from
point 3 to point 4. In practice, the compression process and the expansion
process always increase their entropy along the flow path due to the various
losses inside the machines. Practically, the process from point 2 to point 3 also
experiences the pressure drop along the flow path due to losses. Hence, the
overall performance of the gas turbine highly deviates from the ideal cycle.

Figure 1: graph of T-s Diagram.

3. Experimental Apparatus and Procedure

3.1 Experimental Apparatus
1. Two-shaft gas turbine simulator
3.2 Procedure

1. All the parameters needed in the system diagram of the apparatus

was setup.
2. The experiment was started by pressing the ignition button once all
the parameters are confirmed.
3. All the required readings was carefully monitored.
4. When the system is in operated, careful adjustment of the
parameters can allow the system response to be explored. The
parameter was changed only one parameter at a time.

5. All the required readings were taken several times.

4. Result and Discussion

4.1 Result
4.1.1 Determine the following
a) Efficiency compressor/HP turbine air, ETA1 (%)
60% (Constant value)
b) Efficiency LP turbine, ETA2 (%)
60% (Constant value)
c) Efficiency total, ETA (%)
d) Inlet pressure compressor, p1 (bar)
e) Outlet pressure compressor, p2 (bar)
Maximum

Efficiency compressor

Efficiency

Outlet pressure

Outlet pressure

compressor

(%)

total (%)

compressor,P1

compressor,P2

(bar)

(bar)

Ratio, n
3.9

HP

LP

turbine
60

turbine
60

Compressor ratio

0.48

1.23

1.25

5.0

60

60

0.73

1.30

1.30

6.0

60

60

1.17

1.42

1.42

7.0

60

60

1.41

1.49

1.49

8.0

60

60

1.71

1.58

1.58

9.0

60

60

2.21

1.72

1.72

f) Compression ratio

4.2 Discussion
4.2.1 Sketch a P-V diagram for a simple single-shaft gas turbine. Explain the
process undergone in each step (i.e. compression, combustion,
expansion, etc.)

Compression

: Pressure is increased through compressor as volume is

reduced

Combustion
: Heat added at this stage
Expansion
: Work output for shaft power/thrust produced at this stage
Exhaust
: Excess heat is expelled from the system
4.2.2 Briefly state the superiorities of a twin-shaft turbine over a single-shaft
turbine.
- A twin shaft turbine is generally superior to a single-shaft turbine as it
allows for greater turbine speed of rotation via two separate shafts.
(Akhani, 2013)
- Twin shaft turbines also enables the usage of add-on power turbine,
providing versatility in terms of choice for a particular aero engine.
(Akhani, 2013)
- Hence, the design allows for a wide range of speed in the second
stage without affecting the auxiliaries. (ramg, 2006)
4.2.3 Present your results in a data sheet. By plotting the graph, determine
the relationship between the compression ratio, , and the efficiency of
a twin-shaft gas turbine. Comment on the obtained result.
- Refer to graph 2 in Appendix
4.2.4 Include in any other discussions that, in your opinion, might be of
relevance to the experimental work conducted.
- With increasing global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
research has been more focused on increasing the efficiency of the
designs of power plants worldwide. A common practice to achieve
higher level of efficiency is done by reducing load and adjusting
engine speed (Li, Dougal, Thirunavukarasu, & Ouroua, 2013).
However, it has also been suggested that designing with modularity in
mind, increasing ramp rate and reducing maintenance outages are
also able to improve a plants efficiency. (Welch & Pym, 2015)

5. Summary & Conclusions

6. References

Akhani, E. A. (2013, September). Single and Two Shaft Gas Turbines.

Retrieved from Engineering Articles:
http://top10electrical.blogspot.my/2013/09/single-and-two-shaftgas-turbines.html
Alliance for Water Efficiency. (2016). Resource Library: Introduction to
Cooling Towers. Retrieved from Alliance for Water Efficiency Web
Site:
http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/cooling_tower_intro.aspx
Davison, B. (n.d.). Resources: HVAC Education Australia. Retrieved from
HVAC Education Australia Web Site:
http://www.hvaceducationaustralia.com/Resources/PDF/COOLING
%20TOWERS.pdf

7. Appendix