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Stresses of soil
Contents
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Stresses of soil
2.3 Newmark Influence Chart for Vertical Stress
2.4 Lateral earth pressure at rest, active and
passive
2.5 Lateral earth pressure
2.5.1 Rankine earth pressure
2.5.2 Coulomb earth pressure
2.5.3 Culmann earth pressure
2.6 Design Applications
2.1 Introduction
An important task of a geotechnical engineer is
to determine the stresses and strains that are
imposed on a soil by external loads
Soils are not homogeneous, elastic, rigid bodies,
so the determination of stresses and strains in
soil is a particularly difficult task
However, it is customary in design of
geotechnical systems to assume that the strains
in the soils are small and this assumption allows
us to apply our knowledge of mechanics of
elastic bodies to soils
Induced by the
self weight of
the soil
Induced by
applied loads
deformation
or
= - u
1. An elastic material recovers its original configuration on unloading; an elastoplastic material undergoes both elastic (recoverable) and plastic (permanent)
deformation during loading.
2. Soils are elasto-plastic materials.
3. At small strains, soils behave like an elastic material and thereafter like an
elasto- plastic material.
4. The locus of the stresses at which a soil yields is called a yield surface. Stresses
below the yield surface cause the soil to respond elastically; stresses beyond the
yield surface cause the soil to respond elasto-plastically.
Vertical
geostatic
stress
Horizontal
geostatic
stress
Back
Back
1 0.65
= 18.03 = 18kN/m3
Saturated weight of silt = w G s e 10 2.58 0.76
1 e
1 0.76
= 18.98 = 19kN/m3
Effective vertical stress at 1m above silt/rock interface
= (uniform pressure applied at ground surface) +
(total pressure due to weight of soils) (water pressure)
= 60 + (1.8 x 18 + 4.2 x 19) (3 x 10)
= 142.2 kN/m2
2R 5
(3 cos )
3
2 (r 2 z 2 ) 5 / 2
2 z 2
3
1
(4.5)
I
2 1 ( r / z )2
z2
Values of I
P
z I 2
z
( x2 z 2 )2
2Q1 z 3
( x12 z 2 ) 2
2Q2 z 3
( x2 2 z 2 ) 2
3P
z3
2 (r 2 z 2 ) 5 / 2
(2)(15)(1.5)3
(2) 2 (1.5) 2
Eqn. (4.4)
(2)(10)(1.5) 3
(4) (1.5)
2
2 2
(3)(30)
(1.5)3
(2)( ) (3) 2 (4) 2 (1.5) 2
5/ 2
2x/B
2z/B
P/q
0.078
P
(kN/m2)
15.6
0.480
96.0
0.818
163.6
p(kN/m2)
1
q 1
2
R
/
z
1
........(Eqn.4.9)
3/ 2
0.02
0.9999
0.05
0.9998
0.10
0.9990
0.2
0.9925
0.4
0.9488
0.5
0.9106
0.8
0.7562
1.0
0.6465
1.5
0.4240
2.0
0.2845
2.5
0.1996
3.0
0.1436
4.0
0.0869
5.0
0.0571
y 0 x 0
3qz3 (dxdy)
2 x 2 y 2 z
2 5/ 2
qI z
qI z 1 I z 2 I z 3 I z 4
0.2; n
0.4
z
z 12.5
z
z 12.5
with..m 0.2..and..n 0.4;...I 0.0328;..thus
H 2 I a ( H 2 ) H 1 I a H1
q0
H
2
1
Where:
m = B/H and n = L/H;
refer to Figure 4.2 for parameters H1, H2 and
z
Ia can be found out from Figure 4.3 Griffith
influence factor Ia
Example 2.2:-
B 1.5
L 1.5
m
0.3;....n
0.3
H2
5
H2
5
from..Figure..4.3;.. I a ( H 2 ) 0.126
For I a ( H ) :
1
B 1.5
L 1.5
m
0.5;....n
0.5
H1
3
H1
3
from..Figure..4.3;.. I a ( H1 ) 0.175
So
p av( H 2 / H1 )
H 2 I a ( H 2 ) H 1 I a H1
50.126 30.175
2
q0
100
5
.
25
kN
/
m
H
53
2
1
q 0 B1 B2
p
B2
B1
1 2
2
B2
Where :
q0 H
1 B1
tan
B1
2 tan 1
Example 2.3:-
Solution:
H = (17.5)(7) = 122.5 kN/m2
Stress increase at A1 :
for left side; with B1 = 2.5m; B2 = 14m
B1 2.5
B2 14
0.5;.............
2.8
z
5
z
5
Stress increase at A2 :
for left side; with B2 = 5m; B1 = 0; so
B2 5
B1 0
1;............. 0
z
5
z
5
2.8;......
2.8
z
5
z
5
; thus I = 0.495; so
p 2 122.5(0.495) 60.64kN / m 2
; thus I = 0.335; so
p3 78.75(0.335) 26.38kN / m 2
Total stress at A2 is :
p p1 p2 p3
10.94 60.64 26.38 45.2kN / m 2
Method 2: Bulbs of
pressure
The bulb of pressure for a
square footing being
obtainable approximately
by assuming that it has
the same effect on the
soil as a circular footing of
the same area (B=
diameter)
From a bulb of pressure
one has the idea of the
depth of soil affected by a
foundation
qo
2 vertical to 1
horizontal
Foundation B x L
B
2 vertical to 1
horizontal
B+z
3
1
I
z
z I 2
2
5
2
(
r
/
z
)
2R or
z , where
(iii) Vertical stress caused by a line load
z3
z
. 2 2 2
(x z )
2Q
sin cos 2
1
q 1
2
R
/
z
1
3/ 2
z q 1
3
2 2
1 r
z
(4.11)
z
1
q
2
3
(4.12)
The relationship between z/q and r/z
can be illustrated in Table below
where ten equal increments of z/q
between z/q = 0 and z/q =1 is shown
2.3 Newmark
Influence
Chart for
Vertical
Stress
(continued
)
In our case:
(4.13)
1
IV
0.005
10 x 20