FACULTY : ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: JAR TEST

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:

2
FEB
2016

AMENDMENT DATE:

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS
COURSE CODE

BNP 21403

EXPERIMENT CODE

EXPERIMENT 6

EXPERIMENT TITLE

JAR TEST

DATE
GROUP NO.
LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR/TUTOR

1)
2)

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR

LABORATORY REPORT

EXAMINER COMMENTS:

ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION/DISIPLINE:

/5%

INTRODUCTION:

/5%

PROCEDURE:

/5%

RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

/15%

ANALYSIS

/15%

DISCUSSIONS:

/20%

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

/15%

CONCLUSION

/10%

SUGGESTIONS & RECOMENDATIONS

/5%

REFERENCES:

/5%

TOTAL:

/100%

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP:

1

FACULTY : ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: JAR TEST

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:

2
FEB
2016

AMENDMENT DATE:

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to
not accept or provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it
is true.
1) Group Leader
Name
:
Matrix No. :

__________________________________________(Signature)
__________________________________
__________________________________

2) Group Member 1
Name
:
Matrix No :

__________________________________________(Signature)
__________________________________
___________________________________

3) Group Member 2
Name
:
Matrix No. :

__________________________________________(Signature)
__________________________________
__________________________________

4) Group Member 3
Name
:
Matrix No. :

__________________________________________(Signature)
__________________________________
__________________________________

FACULTY : ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: JAR TEST

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:

2
FEB
2016

AMENDMENT DATE:

1.0 OBJECTIVES
a)

To determine the optimal coagulant dose which will produce the highest
removal of a given water turbidity.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this course students are able to:
a) To identify the most common coagulant used in the coagulant process.
b) To determine the most effective and optimum dosage of coagulant for a
particular mixing intensity and duration.
c) To understand the complex interrelationships that exists between the
chemicals and the constituents of the water being treated, as well as other
factors such as pH, temperature, the intensity and duration of mixing.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Raw water and wastewater are normally turbid containing solid particles
of varying sizes. Particles with sizes greater than 50 m settle fairly
rapidly. The settling velocities of colloidal particles of sizes less than 50
m are very slow. Thus, these particles are encouraged to collide leading
to coalescence of particle to form flocs particles, which are bigger and
heavier. These particles will have higher settling velocities and easily
settle out. Colloidal particles do not agglomerate by itself due to the
presence of repulsive surface forces. A process is needed to suppress
these forces so as to allow flocs formation.
3.2 This process is called coagulation process. It is actually the addiction of
chemical coagulant to the raw water or wastewater. Coagulant that
normally used are salts of aluminium namely aluminium sulphate and
ferric salts namely ferrous sulphate and ferric chloride. The next process
that follows the coagulation process is flocculation. It is the process that
promotes particles collision due to gentle agitation resulting in
agglomeration of smaller non-settleable particles into flocs (bigger
particles) which settles easily to produce clarified water. Addition of
coagulant aid such as synthetic polymer will accelerate settling.

4.0 INSTRUMENTS /APPARATUS / CHEMICAL / REAGENTS

4.1

Instruments/Materials
1. Jar test apparatus with six rotating paddles blade
1

FACULTY : ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: JAR TEST

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:

2
FEB
2016

AMENDMENT DATE:

2. Six (6) beakers

3. pH meter
4. Turbidity meter
5. Pipette
4.2

Reagents
Aluminum sulfate (alum) with a known concentration or
anionic/cationic coagulant such as ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride.

PROCEDURE
5.1

Select any coagulant aid from the bench.

5.2

Prepare samples of wastewater into six different beakers with one litre
each and label the beakers.

5.3

Add in coagulant aid with different dosage and one control sample.

5.4

Run the experiment.

5.5

Observe the results.

RESULTS CALCULATIONS
6.1 Results

Table 6.1: Jar test 1 (Set the coagulant dose)

Initial turbidity : _______ NTU
Initial pH : _______
pH adjustment (base) : ______ mg/L of ____________
pH adjustment (acid) : ______ mg/L of ___________
Coagulant concentration : _______ mg/L
Jar No
1
2
3
pH
Coagulant dose
1
2
3
(mg/L)
Agitate (minute)
Fast (rpm)
Slow (rpm)
Settling
depth
(mm)
Turbidity (NTU)
Floc formation
(final 10
minutes) *

control
none
none
none

FACULTY : ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:

EXPERIMENT: JAR TEST

2
FEB
2016

AMENDMENT DATE:
Table 6.2: Jar test 2 (Set the pH value)
Initial turbidity : _______ NTU
Initial pH : _______
pH adjustment (base) : ______ mg/L of ____________
pH adjustment (acid) : ______ mg/L of ___________
Coagulant concentration : _______ mg/L
Jar No
1
2
3
pH
6.0
6.0
6.0
Coagulant dose
(mg/L)
Agitate (minute)
Fast (rpm)
Slow (rpm)
Settling depth
(mm)
Turbidity (NTU)
Floc
formation
(final
10
minutes) *

4
6.0

5
6.0

6
6.0
control
none
none
none

* Floc formation can be recorded by referring to the measurement scale as depicted in Figure
1.

ANALYSIS

Please analyze the data and results obtained in this experiment

DISCUSSIONS

Discuss your results by compare the level of turbidity in each sample. With the aid
of a graph, show the relationship between pH and turbidity with respect to
coagulant dosage. From the graph, get the optimum value for pH and coagulant
dose of the coagulation process. Explain the implications of using different dosage
of aluminium sulphate in the treatment process.

ADVANCED QUESTIONS
1. By using aluminium sulphate, the mechanism is :
Al3+

3H2

3H

Describe the mechanism of reaction if the aluminium sulphate is replaced

by ferum chloride (FeCl3).
2. How the coagulant works?
3. Name three types of acid and base which are suitables for pH
neutralization.
3

FACULTY : ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: JAR TEST

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:

2
FEB
2016

AMENDMENT DATE:

4. What are the benefits of using coagulant aids?

5. In what way the dosage of aluminium sulphate in the treatment process
can be reduced?
6. Instead of Al2(SO4)3, name another three coagulants that can be best used
as coagulant aid.

10

CONCLUSION

Conclusion is merely a summary, presented in a logical order, of the important

findings already reported in the discussion section. It also relates to the objectives
stated earlier.

Prepared by/Disediakan oleh :

Approved by/Disahkan oleh :

Signature/Tandatangan :

Signature/Tandatangan :

Name/Nama : DR. NOR HASLINA HASHIM

Name/Nama : ASSOC. PROF DR.

SURAYA HANI ADNAN

Date/Tarikh :

FEBRUARY 2016

Date/ Tarikh : FEBRUARY 2016

FACULTY : ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: JAR TEST

EDITION:
REVISION NO:
EFFECTIVE DATE:

2
FEB
2016

AMENDMENT DATE:

APPENDIX: JAR TEST PROCEDURE

Figure 1 :

Scale for measurement of floc sizes