 process by which substances move in or out of cells or are

distributed within cells and organisms

 What is transported?
Oxygen and nutrients are supplied to cells while carbon
dioxide and metabolic wastes are taken away from cells.
 Why is transport needed?
1) Cells must receive required materials and get rid of waste
materials.
2) The cells of a complex organism must be in contact with the
outside environment to exchange material.
 Transport for us is accomplished by our circulatory system.
 1) a fluid to carry the materials - blood

 2) a system of tubes (blood vessels) or body

spaces through which to move the fluid –
arteries, veins, capillaries

 3) a pumping mechanism to move the fluid

through the tubes/body spaces – heart
 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/16766-introduction-to-the-circulatory-system-video.htm
 1) Open Circulatory System (arthropods, mollusks)
- blood is not contained within tubes, yet directly
flows over body tissues in body spaces.
- blood is under very low pressure but is moving
fast enough to meet the needs of the organism

 2) Closed Circulatory System (earthworms)

- blood is contained within a network of tubes.
- blood is under pressure which causes it to move
faster
C&C
 Closed, complete, double system.
 Blood vessels organized into 3 primary cycles:
1. Cardiac circulation: route taken by the blood within the
heart.
2. Pulmonary circulation: flow of blood between heart and
lungs.
3. Systemic circulation: route from heart to rest of body.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatom
y/0_anatomy_circulatorysys_rev1.shtml
 carry blood away from the heart
 carries oxygenated blood.
 Thick, elastic walls which enable them to
withstand the high blood pressure created by
heart’s beating.
 no valves needed
 as an artery enters a tissue or organ it divides
to form smaller arteries called arterioles.
 The ARTERY
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the artery to

stretch under pressure

thick muscle and elastic

fibres the thick muscle can contract to
push the blood along.
 carry blood towards the heart.
 carry deoxygenated blood.
 thin wall, less elastic tissue because blood pressure is much lower
in veins
 One-way valves that keep blood moving toward heart.
 When these valves do not work properly, blood builds up within
the veins resulting in varicose veins.
 veins branch smaller and smaller to form venules.

 Exceptions: pulmonary artery carries O2 poor blood from heart to

lungs, pulmonary vein returns O2 rich blood from lungs back to
heart to be pumped into systemic circulation.
 The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards from the heart.

veins have valves which act to stop

the blood from going in the wrong
direction.

thin muscle and elastic

fibres
body muscles surround the veins so that when they
contract to move the body, they also squeeze the
veins and push the blood along the vessel.
 microscopic blood vessels which are only 1 cell layer thick.

 Blood cells pass through in single file.

 regulate movement of fluids into and out of blood stream.

 connect arterioles to venules.

 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/applie
danatomy/0_anatomy_circulatorysys_rev3.shtml
 The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

they exchange materials between the

blood and other body cells.

the wall of a capillary

is only one cell thick
The exchange of materials between the
blood and the body can only occur
through capillaries.
http://www.klbschool.org.uk/interactive/science/heart_hlp.htm

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/17092-the-circulatory-system-
the-blood-vessels-video.htm
Blood http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/5950-blood-
the-components-of-blood-video.htm

Helps maintain homeostasis in

organisms.

Complex mixture of cells, water, and

various proteins and sugars.

Contains many dissolved and suspended

materials that travel through the vessels
to every part of the body.

55% is plasma (liquid).

45% is solid.
 Blood is considered a liquid tissue which has 3 major functions:
 1. Transportation – oxygen and nutrients are sent to the body’s
cells. Wastes are carried away from cells to organs where wastes
are removed.
 2. Regulation – chemical messengers are produced and released
in one part of the body and carried by the blood to other areas,
which regulate cell activity. Blood will also regulate things such as
body temperature, pH level and water balance.
 3. Protection – blood carries specialized cells and chemicals which
defend the body against disease causing organisms.
 ** Also helps to regulate body temperature.
 what’s in
digested food
red blood cells white blood cells

oxygen waste (urea)

carbon dioxide platelets

plasma hormones
 straw coloured liquid portion of blood
 made mostly of water with a variety of dissolved
substances in it (e.g. salts, glucose, etc.)
 3 major proteins are present in plasma:
1. Albumin (keeps water from leaving the blood
and entering surrounding cells through osmosis)
2. Fibrinogen (involved in blood clotting)
3. Globulins (some involved in transport of
proteins, others are antibodies – proteins that help
destroy foreign substances in the body)
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/5951-
blood-plasma-video.htm
 Plasma
It also contains useful
things like;

• carbon dioxide
A straw- • glucose
coloured liquid
• amino acids
that carries the
cells and the • proteins
platelets which
• minerals
help blood
clot. • vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
 carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
 contain no nucleus
 Contain haemoglobin (which contains iron) which
gives them their characteristic red colour and helps
them carry oxygen.
 made in the bone marrow
 average life span of 120 days and are removed from
the blood by the spleen, liver, bone marrow, or lymph
nodes when they are worn out.
 Anemia: condition caused by low levels of red blood cells
and hemoglobin.
 These conditions will lower the amount of oxygen a
person can carry in their blood. Therefore the cells of the
body will not receive enough oxygen.
 Anemia can be caused by the following:
• Loss of blood due to injury,
• Infestations of blood-sucking parasites, or
• Low levels of red cell production due to poor nutrition.
 Red Blood Cells
contain haemoglobin, a
molecule specially designed to
a biconcave disc that is round
hold oxygen and carry it to cells
and flat without a nucleus
that need it.

can change shape to an

amazing extent, without
breaking, as it squeezes single
file through the capillaries.
 colourless blood cells
with a nucleus
 Number increase when
body is fighting
infection.
 these protect the body
from disease causing
organisms.
 produced in bone
marrow and lymphatic
system
 1. Neutrophils - fight disease by migrating to the point of
infection, absorbing bacteria, and destroying them. (phagocytosis
of small particles)
 2. Monocytes (phagocytosis of large particles)
 3. Eosinophils (release clot-digesting enzyme, also combat allergy-
causing substances); They contain most of the histamine protein
in the blood, which is an indication of allergic reaction when
elevated.
 4. Basophils (release an anticoagulant and a histamine);
responsible for the symptoms of allergies, including inflammation
 5. Lymphocytes (produce antibodies and cells that destroy foreign
cells and substance)
 Lymphocyte

Monocyte Neutrophil (purple) migrating through tissue to eng

bacteria through phagocytosis.
Basophils
 White Blood Cells

there are many different types and all

contain a big nucleus.

the two main ones are the lymphocytes

and the macrophages.

macrophages ‘eat’ and digest micro-

organisms .

some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders

by dissolving them.
other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.
4. Platelets

 cell fragments that are involved in

blood clotting.
 produced in bone marrow and live for
about 7 days.
 Contain proteins on their surface that
allow them to stick to breaks in the
blood vessel wall and also to stick to
each other and change shape.
 Contain granules that can secrete
other proteins required for creating a
firm plug to seal blood vessel breaks.
Platelets
Platelets are bits of cell
broken off larger cells.

Platelets produce tiny

fibrinogen fibres to
form a net. This net
traps other blood cells
to form a blood clot.
 The tears in the blood vessel are quickly
patched over with a solid mass o blood called
a blood clot. The process of solidification of
blood at the site of injury is called clotting.
 When a tear is found in the blood vessel, the platelets
of the blood will clump at the site of the rupture. If
the tear is minor, the platelets will seal the leak. If the
tear is more serious, then blood clotting is triggered.
 1. Platelets at the site of the tear will release an
enzyme called thromboplastin
 2. Thromboplastin will initiate a series of enzyme-
controlled reactions to turn prothrombin into
thrombin
 3. The thrombin (an enzyme) will convert soluble
plasma fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin.
 4. This fibrin will form a network of strands that traps
red blood cells and platelets to form a clot.
 Fibrin is a thread-like mass produced by
fibrinogen (fibrous protein in blood) and
thrombin.
 Fibrin holds the red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets together to form a blood
clot.
 http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/8463-
blood-thrombocytes-video.htm
 Clots are formed to stop the bleeding. They will
eventually contract and harden. This will allow time
for the growth of new cells to replace the cells
damaged by the injury. When the new cells have
taken over, a plasma enzyme called plasmin is
activated and dissolves the blood clot.
 What prevents blood clots from forming in an
uninjured vessel?
 a. the smoothness of the inner wall of the vessel
prevents platelets form becoming activated.
 b. there are substances in the blood which act as
anticoagulants.
 people may not have enough platelets in their blood or lack
vitamin K (needed for the synthesis of prothrombin). This will
cause problems in their ability to form blood clots, which has been
named haemophilia.
 people with haemophilia are able to receive injections of the
missing clotting factor to prevent over-bleeding.
 clots may also be able to form inside uninjured vessels, which can
travel throughout the circulatory system. This may cut off or
reduce the blood flow to an organ. For example, a heart attack
may be caused b a clot forming in the coronary artery.
 These failures can be prevented or their damage can be limited by
injecting an enzyme into the blood stream, which digests blood
clots within the first few hours of a heart attack or other organ
failure.
 SUMMARY

away from the heart. The walls of an artery are made up of

Arteries take blood _____

muscular walls and elastic fibres. Veins carry blood towards

thick _________ ________ the heart

and also have valves. The capillaries

_________ link arteries and veins, and have a one cell

plasma
thick wall. Blood is made up of four main things ______, the liquid part of the

blood; Red Blood Cells to carryoxygen

______; White Blood cells to protect the body

platelets
from disease and _________ to help blood clot.