Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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ORIGINAL PHILOSOPHY
School of Thought
REALISM
Thinkers:
Aristotle
Harris Broudy
John Locke
John Comenius
Johann Henrich Pestalozzi
Jean Jacques Rosseu
Assumptions
Reality is what we observe.
Experience exists only in the physical world.
Mind is like a mirror receiving images only from the physical world.
Nature is a primary self-evident reality, a starting point in philosophizing.
Investigating and reasoning are important in any effective adjustment to the
real world in the control of experience.
Role of Teachers
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School of Thought
IDEALISM
Thinkers:
Plato
Socrates
Rene Decartes
Assumptions
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School of Thought
PRAGMATISM / EXPERIMENTALISM / EMPERICISM
Thinkers:
John Dewey
Charles Sanders Peirce
William James
Richard Rorty
Assumptions
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Conservative philosophy
Primarily an American philosophy.
Focuses on reflective thinking. The knowledge process, the relationship of
ideas into action.
Encourages people to find processes that work in order to attain desired goals.
Makes use of experience as a source of knowledge
Role of Teachers
Keeps order in the class
Facilitates group work
Encourages and offers suggestions, questions and help in planning
Curriculum planner.
Models/Strategies
Experimental Methods
Statement of the problem
Hypothesizing
Investigating or data gathering
Testing hypothesis
Forming conclusions
Creative and constructive projects
Field trips
Laboratory work
Activity-centered
Student-centered activities
Educational Aim
For social efficiency.
Train the students to continuously and actively quest for information and
production of new ideas needed to adjust to the ever-changing society.
Curriculum Emphasis
Creation of new social order
Integrated and based on the problem of society (NCBTS based).
Subjects are interdisciplinary.
TRADITIONAL/CONSERVATIVE PHILOSOPHY
School of Thought
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PERENNIALISM
Thinkers:
Robert Maynard Hutchins
Mortimer Jerome Adler
Jacques Maritain
Assumptions
Most Conservative philosophy
Education focuses on developing rationality.
Education is preparation for life, and the students should be taught of the
worlds permanencies through structured studies.
Truths are constant and universal.
Students must acquire knowledge of unchanging principles.
Role of Teachers
Known Master of Discipline.
Source of knowledge (teacher-centered).
Models/Strategies
Subject-centered.
Methods of disciplining the mind through reading and discussion
Memorization to develop mastery.
Educational Aim
To develop power of thought, internalize truths that are universal and constant.
Curriculum Emphasis
Great ideas or universal principles.
Focused on arts and sciences.
School of Thought
ESSENTIALISM / TRADITIONALISM / CONSERVATISM
Thinkers:
Plato
Karl Popper
John Stuart Mill
William Bagley
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Assumptions
Assumes that values are embedded in the universe waiting to be discovered
and understood.
Learning is relatively static, since there is only one way to understand the
world that is already written in the book (textbook approach to learning).
Study of knowledge and skills based on the book is imperative to become
productive member of the society.
Role of Teachers
Base the lesson to the book.
Prepare well-organized lesson to prove that he is an authority of instruction.
Models/Strategies
Deductive method
Drill method
Recitation
Memorization
Educational Aim
Provide sound training of the fundamental skills.
Develop individual to perform justly, skillfully and magnanimously.
Curriculum Emphasis
Emphasis on essential skills in reading, writing and counting.
Hard sciences and vocational courses.
CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY
School of Thought
PROGRESSIVISM
Thinkers:
William Heard Kilpatrick
John Dewey
Assumptions
Exactly opposite of perennialism.
Assumes that the world changes.
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School of Thought
EXISTENTIALISM / EXPERIMENTALISM
Thinkers:
Soren Aabye Kierkegaard
Jean-Paul Sartre
Assumptions
Man has no fixed nature and he shapes his being as he lives.
Man exists of his own choice.
Reality is what you experience.
School exists to discover and expand society we live in. Students study
social experiments and solve problems.
Existence precedes essence.
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Role of Teachers
Good provider of experiences.
Effective questioner.
Mental disciplinarian.
Creates an atmosphere for active interaction.
Discuss the different situations based on each individual experiences.
Models/Strategies
Inquiry Approach
Question-Answer Method
Educational Aim
To train an individual for significant and meaningful existence.
Curriculum Emphasis
Subject-centered.
Arts for aesthetic expression
Humanities for ethical values.
School of Thought
RECONSTRUCTIONALISM
Thinkers:
Theodore Brameld
George Sylvester Counts
Paulo Reglus Neves Freire
Ivan Illich
Assumptions
Man to a significant degree plan and control his society.
Society is in need of constant reconstruction.
Social change involves a reconstruction of education and the use of education
in reconstructing society.
Mankind has the intellectual, technological, and moral potential to create a
world civilization of abundance, health and human capacity.
Role of Teachers
Lead the learners in designing programs for social, educational, practical and
economic change.
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