Composite Column

i
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS to the

Requirements of BC4: 2015
Example Calculations to the Requirements of BC4: 2015
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015
BC4:2015
ii
NOTE
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BC4:2015
iii
Copyright @ 2015 Building and Construction Authority, Singapore.

All rights reserved. This document or any part thereof may not be reproduced for any reason
whatsoever in any form or means whatsoever and howsoever without the prior written
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Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
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responsible for any mistake or inaccuracy that may be contained herein and all such liability
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BC4:2015
iv
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................... v
1
Example 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
General ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2
CHS 508x12.5 - S355 steel tube infilled with C40/50 concrete ................................... 1
1.3
CHS 508x12.5 - S355 steel tube infilled with C90/105 concrete ................................. 5
1.4
CHS 508x12.5 - S460 steel tube infilled with C40/50 concrete ................................... 7
1.5
CHS 406x12 - S460 steel tube infilled C90/105 concrete ............................................ 8
1.6
Summary .................................................................................................................... 11
Example 2 ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.1
General ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 CHS 508x12.5 and UC 254x254x107 - S355 steel sections with C50/60 concrete and
G460 reinforcements ........................................................................................................... 13
2.5
3
Comparison and summary ......................................................................................... 27
Example 3 ......................................................................................................................... 29
3.1
General ...................................................................................................................... 29
3.2
RHS 400x600x20 - S355 steel tube infilled with C50/60 concrete ............................ 30
3.3
RHS 400x600x20 - S355 steel tube infilled with C90/105 concrete .......................... 39
3.4
RHS 400x600x20 - S500 steel tube infilled with C50/60 concrete ............................ 41
3.5
RHS 400x600x20 - S500 steel tube infilled with C90/105 concrete .......................... 42
3.6
Comparison and summary ......................................................................................... 44
BC4:2015
Introduction
This guidebook provides 3 worked examples to describe a step-by-step procedure for
determining the design resistance of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular (CFST) columns in
accordance with the requirements of BC4: 2015 - Design Guide for Concrete Filled Tubular
Members with High Strength Materials to Eurocode 4.
In Example 1, the axial buckling resistance of a circular CFST column subject to pure
compression is determined; In Example 2, a circular CFST column with encased UC section
and reinforcements is checked against combined compression and uniaxial bending moment;
In Example 3, a rectangular CFST column is designed for combined compression and bi-axial
bending moments. For each Example, the steel and concrete strengths vary and the benefit
by using high strength concrete (HSC) and high tensile steel (HTS) are evaluated.
BC4:2015
vi
BC4:2015
1 Example 1
1.1
General
In Example 1, the axial buckling resistance of a concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) column
subject to pure compression is determined. The dimensions of the CFST column are shown in
Figure 1.
D=508mm
ta=12.5mm
z-z
y-y
Figure 1: Cross-sectional dimensions of CFST column in Example 1

The column lengths and design loads are given as:
Column system length
L=4000 mm
Effective length
Leff=4000 mm
Total design axial load
NEd=11000 kN
Design axial load that is permanent
NG,Ed=4500 kN
To evaluate and compare their resistance, the following steel and concrete material grades
are used:
a)
b)
c)
d)
1.2
CHS 508x12.5 - S355 steel + C40/50 concrete

CHS 406x12 - S460 steel + C90/105 concrete
CHS 508x12.5 - S355 steel tube infilled with C40/50 concrete
Material
Concrete
C40/50, fck=40 N/mm2
BC4:2015
Grade S355, fy=355 N/mm2
Steel tube
Design strengths and modulus of material
Refer to Table 2.1 and Table 2.3 of BC4 for the characteristic strength of concrete and
steel, and Table 1.1 of BC4 for the partial factors, the design strengths are determined as:
f yd f y a 355 1.0 355 N mm 2

Ea =210 GPa
f cd f ck c 40 1.5 26.7 N mm 2
f cm f ck 8 40 8 48 N mm 2
Ecm =22 f cm 10 =22 48 10 =35.2 GPa
0.3
0.3
Cross sectional areas

2
2
Aa 4 D 2 D 2t 4 5082 508 2 12.5 19458 mm2
Ac 4 D 2t 4 508 2 12.5 183225 mm2

2
Unless otherwise stated, the subscript a stands for the steel section, and the c stands
for the concrete section.
Second moment of areas
4
4
I a 64 D 4 D 2t 64 5084 508 2 12.5 104 59755 cm4
I c 64 D 2t 64 508 2 12.5 104 267152 cm4

4
Check for local buckling (refer to Table 3.1 of BC4)

D ta 508 12.5 40.6 90 235 f y 90 235 355 59.6
Resistance against local buckling is adequate!

Long-term effect
The long-term effect could be evaluated in accordance with EN 1992-1-1: 2004. Herein,
the simplified method given in guidebook by Liew and Xiong (2015) Design Guide for
Concrete Filled Tubular Members with High Strength Materials An Extension of Eurocode
4 Method to C90/105 Concrete and S550 Steel is referred to.
BC4:2015
The age of concrete at the moment considered t is conservatively taken as infinity. For the
age of concrete on first loading by effects of creep, although EN 1994-1-1 (2004)
recommends 0 = 1 day, it is actually the judgement of designer to determine 0 since it
makes quite a difference whether this age is assumed to be 1 day or 1 month. Herein, t0
is assumed as 14 days, as said, it could be different. The relative humidity RH for infilled
concrete is taken as 50%.
Perimeter of concrete section: u = D - 2ta = 508-2 12.5 1517 mm

Notional size of concrete section: h0 2A c u = 2 183225 1517.4 241.5 mm
Coefficient: 1 = 35 f cm
35 48
0.7
0.7
0.80
0.2
35 48
0.5
35 48
0.2
0.94
0.5
0.85
1 RH 100
1 50 100
Factor: RH = 1+
1 2 1+ 3
0.80 0.94 1.54
0.13 h0
0.1 241.5
Factor: f cm 16.8
f cm 16.8
48 2.42
Factor: t0 1 0.1 t00.2 1 0.1 140.2 0.56

Factor: 0 RH f cm t0 1.54 2.42 0.56 2.08
18
Factor: H 1.5 1 0.012 RH h0 250 3
18
=1.5 1 0.012 50 241.5 250 0.85 576
t t0
Factor: c t , t0
H t t0
0.3
14
576 14
0.3
1.0
Creep coefficient: t 0 c t , t0 2.08 1.0 2.08

Elastic modulus of concrete considering long-term effect (refer to Eq.(3.14) of BC4)
Concrete is sensitive to long-term deformations due to creep and shrinkage. To allow for
this, the flexural stiffness of concrete section is reduced.
Ec ,eff
Ecm
1 NG , Ed N Ed t
35.2
19 GPa
1 4500 11000 2.08
BC4:2015
4
Effective flexural stiffness of cross-section
EI eff
Ea I a 0.6 Ec ,eff I c 210 103 59755 104 0.6 19 103 267152 10 4 10 3

1.56 1011 kN mm 2
Elastic critical Euler buckling resistance
Ncr
2 EI eff
L2eff
2 1.56 1011
96209 kN
40002
Characteristic plastic resistance of cross-section
N pl , Rk Aa f y Ac fck 19458 355 183225 40 103 14250 kN

Relative slenderness ratio
N pl , Rk
N cr
14250
0.385 0.5
96209
Confinement coefficients with load eccentricity e=0

Since the slenderness is less than 0.5 and the load eccentricity is equal to 0 (axially
loaded column), the confinement effect may be considered for the circular CFST column.
a a 0 min 0.25 3 2 ,1.0 0.942
c c 0 max 4.9 18.5 17 ,0 0.298
Design plastic resistance of cross-section considering the confinement effect (refer to

Eq.(3.2) of BC4)
t fy
N pl , Rd a Aa f yd Ac f cd 1 c
D f ck
12.5 355
3
= 0.942 19458 355 183225 26.7 1 0.298
10
508 40
=11727 kN
BC4:2015
5
It is worthwhile to note that the yield strength of steel is reduced (a 0 ) and strength of
concrete increases ( 1 c
t fy
0 ) with the consideration of confinement effect.
D f ck
Steel contribution ratio
Aa f yd N pl , Rd 19458 103 355 11727 0.59 0.9

Imperfection factor
Refer to Table 3.3 of BC4, the buckling curve is taken as a. Thus the imperfection factor
is determined as 0.21 according to Table 3.2 of BC4.
Buckling reduction factor
2
0.5 1 0.2 0.5 1 0.21 0.385 0.2 0.3852 0.593
1

2
1
0.593 0.5932 0.3852
0.957
Buckling resistance
According to Section 3.3.1 of BC4, the axial buckling resistance is checked as:
Nb,Rd Npl,Rd 0.957 11727 11223 kN > NEd 10000 kN

Buckling resistance is adequate!
1.3

In this section, the normal strength concrete (NSC) C40/50 is replaced by high strength
concrete (HSC) C90/105. The steel grade is not changed.
Design strength
Refer to Table 2.2, Eq.(2.2) and Eq.(2.3) of BC4, the effective compressive strength and
modulus of elasticity of the HSC are calculated as:
f ck 72 N mm2
Ecm =41.1 GPa
BC4:2015
6
fcd fck c 72 1.5 48 N mm2
fcm fck 8 72 8 80 N mm2
Creep coefficient could be similarly determined as t 1.29 .

Elastic modulus of concrete considering long-term effect
Ec ,eff Ecm
1 NG , Ed N Ed t
41.1
26.9 GPa
1 4500 11000 1.29
EI eff
Ea I a 0.6 Ec ,eff I c
210 103 59755 104 0.6 26.9 103 267152 104 103
1.69 1011 kN mm 2
Confinement effect and design plastic resistance of cross-section
Ncr
2 EI eff
L2eff
2 1.69 1011
104010 kN
40002
N pl , Rk
Ncr
20112
0.44 0.5
104010
a a 0 min 0.25 3 2 ,1.0 0.970
c c 0 max 4.9 18.5 17 ,0 0.052
t fy
D f ck
12.5 355
3
= 0.970 19458 355 183225 48 1 0.052
10 =15562 kN
508
72
Aa f yd N pl , Rd 19458 103 355 15562 0.444 0.9
BC4:2015
Buckling resistance
Buckling curve="a", =0.21
2
0.5 1 0.2 0.5 1 0.21 0.44 0.2 0.442 0.622
1

2
1
0.622 0.6222 0.442
0.942
Thus, the axial buckling resistance is:
Nb,Rd Npl,Rd 0.942 15562 14659 kN

Compared with that using NSC C40/50, the buckling resistance is increased by:
14659 11223
100%=30.6%
11223
By replacing C40/50 normal strength concrete with C90/105 high strength concrete, the
axial buckling resistance of the CFST column is improved by 31%.
1.4

In this section, the mild steel S355 is replaced by S460, the concrete grade is not changed.
N pl , Rk
Ncr
16297
0.412 0.5
96209
a a 0 min 0.25 3 2 ,1.0 0.956
c c 0 max 4.9 18.5 17 ,0 0.166
t fy
D f ck
12.5 355
3
= 0.956 19458 355 183225 26.7 1 0.166
10
508
40
=13687 kN
BC4:2015
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Aa f yd N pl , Rd 19458 103 460 13687 0.655

Buckling resistance
Buckling curve="a", =0.21
2
0.5 1 0.2 0.5 1 0.21 0.412 0.2 0.4122 0.607
1
2
1
0.607 0.6072 0.4122
0.95
Nb,Rd Npl,Rd 0.95 13687 13003 kN
Compared with that with the mild steel S355, the axial buckling resistance by using S460
is increased by:
13003 11223
100%=15.9%
11223
By use of steel S460 replacing S355, the axial buckling resistance of the CFST column is
improved by 15.9%.
1.5
CHS 406x12 - S460 steel tube infilled C90/105 concrete

In this section, the normal strength materials are replaced by higher strength steel S460
and concrete C90/105. The compatibility between steel grade and concrete class should
be evaluated in accordance with Table 2.7 of BC4. The purpose of using higher strength
materials is to reduce the cross-sectional size of the original CFST column but the axial
buckling resistance remains the same.
CHS 406x12 with S460 steel is tried
BC4:2015
D=406.4mm
ta=12mm
z-z
y-y
Figure 2: Reduced cross-sectional size

Section properties
2
2
Aa 4 D2 D 2t 4 406.42 406.4 2 12 14900 mm2
Ac 4 D 2t 4 406.4 2 12 114800 mm2

2
4
4
I a 64 D4 D 2t 64 406.44 406.4 2 12 104 28940 cm4
I c 64 D 2t 64 406.4 2 12 104 104961 cm4

4

Creep coefficient is similarly determined as t 1.32
Ecm
Ec ,eff
1 NG , Ed N Ed t
EI eff
Ea I a 0.6 Ec ,eff I c
41.1
26.7 GPa
1 4500 11000 1.32
210 103 28940 104 0.6 26.7 103 104961104 103

7.76 1010 kN mm 2
Ncr
2 EI eff
L2eff
2 7.76 1010
47849 kN
40002
BC4:2015
10
N pl , Rk
Ncr
15121
0.562 0.5
47849
Since the relative slenderness ratio is higher than 0.5, the confinement effect is not taken
into account, thus
N pl , Rd Aa f yd Ac fcd 14900 460 114800 48 103 =12365 kN

Aa f yd N pl , Rd 14900 103 460 12365 0.554 0.9

Buckling resistance
Buckling curve a is used, imperfection factor =0.21
2
0.5 1 0.2 0.5 1 0.21 0.562 0.2 0.5622 0.696
1
2
1
0.696 0.6962 0.5622
0.904
The axial buckling resistance is:

Nb,Rd Npl,Rd 0.904 12365 11178 kN
Thus, the buckling resistance is almost the same as the CHS 508x12.5 - S355 steel with
C40/50 concrete infilled as calculated in Section 1.2.
Reductions of sectional and surface area
The column section area is thus reduced by
Af
Af
4 5082 406.42
4 5082
36%
The surface area of the column is reduced by
As 508 406.4
20%
As
508
With the reduced surface area, the cost of fire protection material may be reduced since
the labour cost for applying the fire protection material is based on the surface area. In
BC4:2015
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addition, welding work and labour cost will be reduced as the less construction materials
are needed for smaller column size.
1.6
Summary
For CFST columns subject to axial compression force only (mainly used in braced frames
with simple construction), the use of high strength concrete will benefit more than the
use of higher grade steels, compared with the increase of cost.
With the use of high strength materials, the column size is reduced. As a result, the
fabrication cost of column and labour cost for applying fire protection are reduced, and
the usable floor area is increased.
BC4:2015
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2 Example 2
2.1
General
In Example 2, the design resistance of a circular concrete filled steel tubular member with
encased reinforcements and UC steel section is checked against combined compression and
uniaxial bending moment about the major axis. The dimensions of the CFST column are shown
in Figure 3.
D=508mm
ta=12.5mm
b=258.8mm
h=266.7mm
y-y
tw=12.8mm
UC 254X254X107
z-z
c=50mm
12T20
tf =20.5mm
UC 254X254X107

L=4000 mm
Effective length
Leff =4000 mm
NEd=10000 kN
NG,Ed=4000 kN
Mt,y
Mb,y
Mt,z
Mb,z
Design moment at bottom around y-y axis
Mb,y=700 kN.m
Design moment at top around y-y axis
Mt,y=-500 kN.m
BC4:2015
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To evaluate the resistance, the following steel, concrete and reinforcing steel are used:
a) CHS 508x12.5 and UC 254x254x107 - S355 steel sections with C50/60 concrete and
G460 reinforcements
b) CHS 508x12.5 and UC 254x254x107 - S355 steel sections with C90/105 concrete and
G460 reinforcements
c) CHS 508x12.5 and UC 254x254x107 - S500 steel sections with C50/60 concrete and
G460 reinforcements
2.2
CHS 508x12.5 and UC 254x254x107 - S355 steel sections with C50/60 concrete and G460
reinforcements
o Material
Concrete
C50/60, fck=50 N/mm2
Steel tube
Embedded steel section
Grade S355, fek=355 N/mm2
Reinforcements
Grade 460, fsk=460 N/mm2
o Design strength and modulus of material

Unless otherwise stated, the subscript e stands for the encased steel section, and the
s stands for the reinforcing steel.
f yd f y a 355 1.0 355 N mm 2
f sd f sk s 460 1.15 400 N mm 2
f ed f ek a 355 1.0 355 N mm 2
f cd f ck c 50 1.5 33.3 N mm 2
f cm f ck 8 50 8 58 N mm 2
Ea =Es Ee 210 GPa
Ecm =22 f cm 10 =22 58 10 =37.3 GPa
0.3
0.3
o Cross sectional areas

A 4 D 2 4 5082 202683 mm2
2
2
Aa 4 D 2 D 2ta 4 5082 508 2 12.5 19458 mm2
BC4:2015
14
Ae bh b tw h 2t f
258.8 266.7 258.8 12.8 266.7 2 20.5 =13500 mm 2

As 12 4 d 2 12 4 202 3770 mm 2
Ac A Aa Ae As 202683 19458 13500 3770 165955 mm2
o Second moment of areas
For simplicity, the reinforcements are equivalently converted to a circular tube based on
c=50mm
the same cross-sectional area and position of centreline, as shown in Figure 4.
Ds
ts
12T20
Equivalent tube
Figure 4: Equivalent tube section for reinforcing steel

ts
As
3770
2.94 mm
D 2c 508 2 50
Ds D 2c ts 508 2 50 2.94 410.9 mm

I 64 D 4 64 5084 104 326907 cm 4
4
I a 64 D 4 D 2ta
4
64 5084 508 2 12.5 104 59755 cm 4
4
I s 64 Ds4 Ds 2ts
4
64 410.94 410.9 2 2.94 104 7840 cm 4
I ey
1 3
bh b tw h 2t f
12
1
3
258.8 266.73 258.8 12.8 266.7 2 20.5 104 17343 cm 4
12
BC4:2015
15
I ez
1
2t f b3 h 2t f t w3
12
1
2 20.5 258.83 266.7 2 20.5 12.83 104 5926 cm4
12
I cy I I a I s I ey 326907 59755 7840 17343 241969 cm4

I cz I I a I s I ez 326907 59755 7840 5926 253386 cm4
o Plastic modulus
W D3 6 5083 6 103 21850 cm3
3
3
Wa D 3 D 2ta 6 5083 508 2 12.5 6 103 3070 cm3
3
3
Ws Ds3 Ds 2ts 6 410.93 410.9 2 2.94 6 103 489 cm3
Wey
Wez
1 2
bh b tw h 2t f
4
1
2
258.8 266.7 2 258.8 12.8 266.7 2 20.5 103 1469 cm3
4
1
2t f b 2 h 2t f t w2
4
1
2 20.5 258.82 266.7 2 20.5 12.82 104 696 cm 4
4
Wcy W Wa Ws Wey 21850 3070 489 1469 16821 cm 4

Wcz W Wa Ws Wez 21850 3070 489 696 17594 cm 4
o Check for local buckling
D ta 508 12.5 40.6 90 235 f y 90 235 355 59.6

o Long-term effect
Age of concrete at loading in days: t0 30

Age of concrete at moment considered in days: t =
Relative humidity of ambient environment: RH=50%
BC4:2015
16
Perimeter of concrete section: u = D - 2ta = 508-2 12.5 1517 mm
Notional size of concrete section: h0 2A c u = 2 165955 1517 219 mm
0.7
35 58
0.7
0.2
35 58
0.5
35 58
0.70
0.2
0.90
0.5
0.78
1 RH 100
1 50 100
Factor: RH = 1+
1 2 1+
0.70 0.90 1.43
3
0.13 h0
0.1 219
Factor: f cm 16.8
f cm 16.8
58 2.21
Factor: t0 1 0.1 t00.2 1 0.1 300.2 0.48

Factor: 0 RH f cm t0 1.43 2.21 0.48 1.52
18
Factor: H 1.5 1 0.012 RH h0 250 3
18
=1.5 1 0.012 50 219 250 0.78 522
t t0
Factor: c t , t0
H t t0
0.3
14
522 14
0.3
1.0
o Elastic modulus of concrete considering long-term effect

(1) Ec ,eff Ecm
1 NG , Ed N Ed t
37.3
23.2 GPa
1 4000 10000 1.52
o Effective flexural stiffness of cross-section
EI eff , y Ea I a Es I s Ee I ey 0.6Ec ,eff I cy

210 59755 7840 17343 0.6 23.2 241969 104
2.12 1011 kN mm 2
EI eff ,z Ea I a Es I s Ee I ez 0.6Ec ,eff I cz

210 59755 7840 5926 0.6 23.2 253386 104
1.90 1011 kN mm 2
BC4:2015
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o Elastic critical Euler buckling resistance

N cr , y
N cr ,z
2 EI eff , y
L2eff
2 EI eff ,z
L2eff
2 2.12 1011
40002
2 1.90 1011
40002
130793 kN
116984 kN
o Characteristic plastic resistance of cross-section
N pl , Rk Aa f y As f sk Ae f ek Ac f ck
19458 13500 355 3770 460 165955 50 103 21475 kN
o Relative slenderness ratio
N pl , Rk
N pl , Rk
N cr , y
N cr ,z
21475
0.408 0.5
130793
21475
0.431 0.5
116984
o Buckling curves and buckling reduction factors

Since a steel section is embedded in the CFST column, the buckling curves about both axis
are b. Thus, the imperfection factor is = 0.34.
max y , z 0.431
0.5 1 0.2 2 0.5 1 0.34 0.431 0.2 0.4312 0.632
1
,1.0 min
,1.0 0.914
2
2
2
2

0.632 0.632 0.431
min
o Load eccentricity
eN , y
max M t , y , M b , y
N Ed
700
103 70 mm 0.1D 50.8 mm
10000
Since the eccentricity eN,y is larger than 0.1D, the confinement effect is not taken into
account.
BC4:2015
18
o Simplified Interaction Curve
N
Npl,Rd A
N pl,Rd
M pl,Rd
Npm,Rd
Npm,Rd
2
M pl,Rd
C
C
N pm,Rd
M max,Rd
N pm,Rd
2
D
M
B
Mpl,Rd Mmax,Rd
Figure 5: Simplified interaction curve for circular CFST column with encased steel section
1) Point A (0, Npl,Rd):
Full cross-section is under uniform compression. No bending moment is resultant from
the compressive stresses on the cross-section.
N pl , Rd Aa f yd As f sd Ae f ed Ac f cd
19458 13500 355 3770 400 165955 33.3 103
18753 kN
2) Point B (Mpl,Rd, 0):
The cross-section is under partial compression and no axial force is formed. Assuming the
neutral axis lies in the web of encased section ( 2 ), the height of neutral axis
is calculated where the areas of steel tube, equivalent tube for reinforcements, and
concrete in the height of 2 are approximated as rectangles, and based on the force
equilibrium between the tensile capacity of steel sections within the height of 2 is equal
to the compression resistance of concrete in the compression zone. Unless otherwise
stated, the tensile resistance of concrete in the tension zone is conservatively ignored.
BC4:2015
19
hn
=
Ac f cd
2 Df cd 4ta 2 f yd f cd 4ts 2 f sd f cd 2tw 2 f ed f cd
165955 33.3
2 508 33.3 4 12.5 2 355 33.3 4 2.94 2 400 33.3 2 12.8 2 355 33.3
58.8 mm
= 58.8 mm < 2 = 266.72 20.5 = 112.85 mm
Thus, the neutral axial lies in the web of the encased section. The plastic modulus of steel
tube, equivalent tube of reinforcements, encased section, and concrete in the height of
2 , bending about centreline of the cross-section are calculated as:
Wa,n 2ta hn2 2 12.5 58.82 103 86.4 cm3
Ws ,n 2ts hn2 2 2.94 58.82 103 20.3 cm3

Wey ,n twhn2 12.8 58.82 103 44.3 cm3
Wcy ,n D 2ta 2ts tw hn2 508 2 12.5 2 2.94 12.8 58.82 103 1605 cm3
Taking moment about the centreline of the cross-section, the plastic bending resistance is
determined from:
M pl , Rd Wa Wa ,n f yd Ws Ws,n f sd Wey Wey,n f ed 0.5 Wcy Wcy,n f cd

3070 86.4 355 489 20.3 400 1469 44.3 355 0.5 16821 1605 33.3 103
2006 kN m
It should be noted that the plastic bending resistance can be calculated by taking moment
about either line on the cross-section parallel to the y-y axis, as long as the
aforementioned plastic modulus are determined according to the referred line.
3) Point C (Mpl,Rd, Npm,Rd):
The cross-section is under partial compression but axial force is resultant from the
compressive stresses. The axial force is equal to the compression capacities of concrete in
the compression zone and steel sections within the height of 2 . It is mentioned above
that the compression capacity of steel sections within the height of 2 is equal to the
compression capacity of concrete in the compression zone and out of the height of 2 .
BC4:2015
20
Thus, the axial force is actually the full cross-sectional compression capacity of concrete
and determined from:
N pm, Rd Ac fcd =165955 33.3 103 5526 kN

4) Point D (Mmax,Rd, Npm,Rd/2):
The maximum plastic moment resistance Mmax,Rd is calculated when the is equal to 0.
M max, Rd Wa f yd Ws f sd Wey f ed 0.5Wcy f cd

3070 355 489 400 1469 355 0.5 16821 33.3 103 2087 kN m
o Steel contribution ratio
Aa f yd Ae f ed N pl , Rd
19458 13500 355 103 18753 0.625 0.9
o Check for resistance of column in axial compression
N Ed
10000
10000
0.583 1.0
N pl ,R d 0.914 18753 17140
Thus, the buckling resistance under axial compression is adequate!
o Effective flexural stiffness considering long-term effect
EI eff , II
K 0 Ea I a Es I s Ee I ey K e, II Ec ,m I cy
0.9 210 59755 7840 17343 0.5 23.2 241969 104

1.86 1011 kN mm 2
o Critical normal force about y-y axis

The effective length is taken as the system length of column.
Ncr ,eff
2 EI eff ,II
L2
2 1.86 1011
40002
114601 kN
o Second-order effect (refer to Clause 3.3.2 (2) of BC4)

The second-order effect should be considered for both moments from first-order analysis
and moment from imperfection as shown in Figure 6.
BC4:2015
21
k1MEd,1
MEd,1,top
MEd,1
NEde0
k0NEde0
MEd,1,bot
MEd,1,top
MEd,1=max(MEd,1,top , MEd,1,top)
r=
MEd,1,bot
(a) Moment from first-order analysis
(b) Moment from imperfection
Figure 6: Consideration for second order effect

According to buckling curve b, the initial imperfection about y-y axial is:
e0, y L 200 4000 200 20 mm

Accordingly, the bending moment by the initial imperfection is determined as:
M 0 N Ed e0, y 10000 20 1000 200 kN m

According to the moment diagram by the initial imperfection, the factor 0 for
determination of moment to second-order effect is equal to 1.0. Thus, the amplification
factor for the moment by the imperfection is calculated from:
k0
0
1 N Ed Ncr ,eff
1.0
1.096
1 10000 114601
According to the first-order design moment diagram, the ratio of end moments is
calculated as:
r M t , y M b, y 500 700 0.714

Thus, the factor 1 for determination of moment to second-order effect is determined:
1 max 0.66 0.44r,0.44 max 0.66 0.44 0.714 ,0.44 0.44

Thus, the amplification factor for the moment by the imperfection is calculated from:
k1
1
1 N Ed Ncr ,eff
0.44
0.482
1 10000 114601
Thus, the design moment, considering second-order effect, is calculated as:
BC4:2015
22
M Ed Max k0 M 0 k1Max M t , y , M b , y , Max M t , y , M b , y
Max 1.096 200 0.482 Max 500 , 700 , Max 500 , 700 700 kN m
In this case, the second-order effect is not significant and the maximum end moment is
taken as the design moment.
o Check for resistance of column in combined compression and uniaxial bending
For > , = 5526 , the value for determining the plastic bending resistance
,, taking into account the normal force is calculated from:
N pl , Rd N Ed
N pl , Rd N pm,R d
18753 10000
0.662 (refer to Eq.(3.24) of BC4)
18753 5526
M Ed
M Ed
700
0.527 M 0.9
M pl , N , Rd d M pl , Rd 0.662 2006
Thus, the resistance for combined axial compression and uniaxial bending is adequate.
The external design force and bending moment, and the design M-N interaction curve are
plotted in Figure 7.
M-N interaction curve: bending about y-y axis
Axial force (kN)
20000
16000
12000
(700, 10000)
8000
4000
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Moment (kN.m)
Figure 7: Design M-N interaction curve of circular CFST column
2.3
reinforcements
In this section, the normal strength concrete (NSC) C40/50 is replaced by high strength
concrete (HSC) C90/105. The steel grade is not changed.
BC4:2015
23
o Design strength
Effective compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the HSC are taken from Table
2.2, Eq.(2.2) and Eq.(2.3) of BC4.
fck 72 N mm2 ; Ecm =41.1 GPa
fcd fck c 72 1.5 48 N mm2

fcm fck 8 72 8 80 N mm2
Creep coefficient could be similarly determined as t 1.12
Ecm
Ec ,eff
1 NG , Ed N Ed t
41.1
28.3 GPa
1 4000 10000 1.12
EI eff , y Ea I a Es I s Ee I ey 0.6Ec ,eff I cy

210 59755 7840 17343 0.6 28.3 241969 104
2.19 1011 kN mm 2
EI eff ,z Ea I a Es I s Ee I ez 0.6Ec ,eff I cz

210 59755 7840 5926 0.6 28.3 253386 104
1.97 1011 kN mm 2

N cr , y
N cr ,z
2 EI eff , y
L2eff
2 EI eff ,z
L2eff
2 2.19 1011
40002
2 1.97 1011
40002
135397 kN
121805 kN
19458 13500 355 3770 460 165955 90 103 25395 kN
o Relative slenderness ratio, buckling curves and buckling reduction factors
BC4:2015
24
N pl , Rk
N cr , y
25395
0.433 0.5 ; z
135397
N pl , Rk
N cr ,z
25395
0.457 0.5
121805
For buckling curves about both axis b, the imperfection factor is = 0.34
max y , z 0.457
0.5 1 0.2 2 0.5 1 0.34 0.457 0.2 0.4572 0.648
1
,1.0 min
,1.0 0.903
2
2

0.648 0.648 0.457
min
The confinement effect is also ignored since the eccentricity is larger than 0.1D.
o M-N interaction curve
Point A (0, Npl,Rd):
19458 13500 355 3770 400 165955 48 103 21187 kN
Buckling resistance: N pl , Rd 0.903 21187 19132 kN
Point B (Mpl,Rd, 0):
hn
=
Ac f cd
165955 48
2 508 48 4 12.5 2 355 48 4 2.94 2 400 48 2 12.8 2 355 48
73.7 mm
= 73.7 mm < 2 = 266.72 20.5 = 112.85 mm, thus, the neutral axial also
lies in the web of the encased section.
Wa ,n 2ta hn2 2 12.5 73.7 2 103 135.8 cm 3
Ws ,n 2ts hn2 2 2.94 73.7 2 103 31.9 cm 3
Wey ,n tw hn2 12.8 73.7 2 103 69.5 cm3
Wcy ,n D 2ta 2ts tw hn2 508 2 12.5 2 2.94 12.8 73.7 2 10 3 2522 cm 3
BC4:2015
25
3070 135.8 355 489 31.9 400 1469 65.9 355 0.5 16821 2522 33.3 10 3
2065 kN m
Point C (Mpl,Rd, Npm,Rd):
N pm, Rd Ac fcd =165955 48 103 7964 kN

Point D (Mmax,Rd, Npm,Rd/2):

3070 355 489 400 1469 355 0.5 16821 48 103
2211 kN m
19458 13500 355 103 21187 0.552 0.9
2.4
reinforcements
In this section, the mild steel S355 is replaced by the high tensile steel (HTS) S500, the
concrete grade is not changed.
19458 13500 500 3770 460 165955 50 103 26530 kN
N pl , Rk
N pl , Rk
N cr , y
N cr ,z
26530
0.450 0.5
130793
26530
0.476 0.5
116984
For buckling curves about both axis b, the imperfection factor is = 0.34
BC4:2015
26
max y , z 0.476
0.5 1 0.2 2 0.5 1 0.34 0.476 0.2 0.4762 0.660
1
,1.0 min
,1.0 0.895
2
2
2
2

0.660 0.660 0.476
min
The confinement effect is also ignored since the eccentricity is larger than 0.1D.
o M-N interaction curve
Point A (0, Npl,Rd):
19458 13500 500 3770 400 165955 33.3 103 23538 kN
Point B (Mpl,Rd, 0):
hn
=
Ac f cd
165955 33.3
2 508 33.3 4 12.5 2 500 33.3 4 2.94 2 400 33.3 2 12.8 2 500 33.3
47.3 mm
The neutral axial also lies in the web of the encased section.
Wa,n 2ta hn2 2 12.5 47.32 103 55.9 cm3
Ws ,n 2ts hn2 2 2.94 47.32 103 13.2 cm3
Wey ,n twhn2 12.8 47.32 103 28.6 cm3
Wcy ,n D 2ta 2ts tw hn2 508 2 12.5 2 2.94 12.8 47.32 103 1039 cm3

3070 55.9 500 489 13.2 400 1469 28.6 500 0.5 16821 1039 33.3 103
2681 kN m
BC4:2015
27
Point C (Mpl,Rd, Npm,Rd):
N pm, Rd Ac fcd =165955 33.3 103 5530 kN

Point D (Mmax,Rd, Npm,Rd/2):

3070 500 489 400 1469 500 0.5 16821 33.3 103
2746 kN m
o Steel contribution ratio:
19458 13500 500 103 23538 0.701 0.9
2.5
Comparison and summary

The design resistances are compared for the aforementioned three composite sections.
The composite section with steel tube of S355, encased steel section of S355, concrete of
C50/60, and reinforcing steel of G460 is referred to for the comparison.
It can been seen in Table 1, the axial buckling resistance (Npl,Rd) of the CFST column is
improved by 11.6 % by use of high strength concrete C90/105 replacing normal strength
concrete C50/60. However the increase of moment resistances (Mpl,Rd and Mmax,Rd) are
smaller (less than 6%).
By use of steel S500 replacing S355, the axial buckling resistance is improved by 22.9%,
and the increase of moment resistance is higher than 30%.
Table 1: Comparisons between circular CFST columns with various material strengths
Material grades
(Steel+ Concrete+
Rebars)
Steel
contribution
ratios
Npl,Rd
Npm,Rd
Mpl,Rd
Mmax,Rd
S355+C50/60+G460
0.625
S355+C90/105+G460
0.552
11.6%
44.0%
2.9%
5.9%
S500+C50/60+G460
0.701
22.9%
33.6%
31.5%
Design resistances
BC4:2015
28
Bending about y-y axis
25000
S500+C50/60+G460
S355+C90/105+G460
S355+C50/60+G460
Axial force (kN)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Moment (kN.m)
Figure 8: Design M-N interaction curves for CFST columns with various material grades
BC4:2015
29
3 Example 3
3.1
General
In Example 3, the design resistance of a rectangular concrete filled steel tubular column are
checked against combined axial compression and bi-axial bending moments. The dimensions
of the rectangular CFST column are shown in Figure 9.
B=400mm
H=600mm
t=20mm
z-z
y-y

L=6000 mm
Effective length
Leff =6000 mm
NEd=12000 kN
NG,Ed=5000 kN
Mb,y=900 kN.m
Mt,y=-550 kN.m
Mt,y
Mb,y
Mt,z
Mb,z
Mb,z=-600 kN.m
Mt,z=350 kN.m
BC4:2015
30
To evaluate and compare their resistance, the following steel and concrete material grades
are taken into account:
a) RHS 400x600x20 - S355 steel with C50/60 concrete
b) RHS 400x600x20 - S355 steel with C90/105 concrete
c) RHS 400x600x20 - S500 steel with C50/60 concrete
d) RHS 400x600x20 - S500 steel with C90/105 concrete
3.2
RHS 400x600x20 - S355 steel tube infilled with C50/60 concrete
o Material
Concrete
C50/60, fck=50 N/mm2
Steel tube
o Design strengths and modulus of material

f yd f y a 355 1.0 355 N mm 2
f cd f ck c 50 1.5 33.3 N mm 2
f cm f ck 8 50 8 58 N mm 2
Ea 210 GPa
Ecm =22 f cm 10 =22 58 10 =37.3 GPa
0.3
0.3
o Cross sectional areas
A BH 400 600 102 2400 cm 2

Aa BH B 2ta H 2ta 400 600 400 2 20 600 2 20 10 2 384 cm 2
Ac A Aa 240000 38400 102 2016 cm 2
o Second moment of areas
I y BH 3 12 400 6003 12 104 720000 cm 4
I z HB3 12 600 4003 12 104 320000 cm 4
3
3
I ay BH 3 B 2ta H 2ta 12 400 6003 400 2 20 600 2 20 12 10 4
193152 cm 4
BC4:2015
31
3
3
I az HB3 H 2ta B 2ta 12 600 4003 600 2 20 400 2 20 12 10 4
102272 cm 4
I cy I y I ay 720000 193152 526848 cm 4
I cz I z I az 320000 193152 217728 cm 4
o Plastic modulus
Wy BH 2 4 400 6002 4 103 36000 cm3
Wz HB 2 4 600 4002 4 103 24000 cm3
2
2
Way BH 2 B 2ta H 2ta 4 400 6002 400 2 20 600 2 20 4 10 3
7776 cm3
2
2
Waz HB 2 H 2ta B 2ta 4 600 4002 600 2 20 400 2 20 4 10 3
5856 cm3
Wcy Wy Way 36000 7776 28224 cm 3
Wcz Wz Waz 24000 5856 18144 cm3
o Check for local buckling
H ta 600 20 30 52 235 f y 52 235 355 42.3

o Long-term effect
Assuming age of concrete at loading in days: t0 30

Age of concrete at moment considered in days: t =
Relative humidity of ambient environment: RH=50%
Perimeter of concrete section: u =2 B - 2ta 2 H - 2ta
=2 400 - 2 20 2 600 - 2 20 1840 mm
Notional size of concrete section: h0 2A c u = 2 201600 1840 219 mm
BC4:2015
32
0.7
35 58
0.7
0.2
35 58
0.5
35 58
0.70
0.2
0.90
0.5
0.78
1 RH 100
1 50 100
Factor: RH = 1+
1 2 1+
0.70 0.90 1.43
3
0.13 h0
0.1 219
Factor: f cm 16.8
f cm 16.8
58 2.21
Factor: t0 1 0.1 t00.2 1 0.1 300.2 0.48

Factor: 0 RH f cm t0 1.43 2.21 0.48 1.52
18
Factor: H 1.5 1 0.012 RH h0 250 3
18
=1.5 1 0.012 50 219 250 0.78 523
t t0
Factor: c t , t0
H t t0
0.3
14
522 14
0.3
1.0
o Elastic modulus of concrete considering long-term effect

Ec ,eff Ecm
1 NG , Ed N Ed t
37.3
22.8 GPa
1 5000 12000 1.52
EI eff , y Ea I ay 0.6Ec,eff I cy
210 193152 0.6 22.8 526848 104 4.78 1011 kN mm2
EI eff ,z Ea I az 0.6Ec,eff I cz
210 102272 0.6 22.8 217728 104 2.45 1011 kN mm2
o Elastic critical Euler buckling resistance

N cr , y
2 EI eff , y
L2eff
2 4.78 1011
60002
130977 kN
BC4:2015
33
N cr ,z
2 EI eff ,z
L2eff
2 2.45 1011
60002
67053 kN

o Relative slenderness ratio
N pl , Rk
N pl , Rk
N cr , y
N cr ,z
23712
0.425
130977
23712
0.595
67053
o Buckling curves and buckling reduction factors

The buckling curves about both axis are a. Thus, the imperfection factor is = 0.21.
max y , z max 0.425, 0.595 0.595

0.5 1 0.2 2 0.5 1 0.21 0.595 0.2 0.5952 0.718
1
,1.0 min
,1.0 0.892
2
2

0.718 0.718 0.595
min
o Simplified Interaction Curves

Bending about y-y axis
N
Npl,Rd A
Bending about z-z axis
N pl,Rd
N pl,Rd
M pl,y,Rd
M pl,z,Rd
M pl,y,Rd
M pl,z,Rd
B
C
Npm,Rd
Npm,Rd
N pm,Rd
N pm,Rd
M max,y,Rd
N pm,Rd
2
M max,z,Rd
N pm,Rd
2
Mpl,y,Rd Mmax,z,Rd
(Mpl,z,Rd ) (Mmax,z,Rd )
Figure 10: Simplified interaction curve for rectangular CFST columns

BC4:2015
34
1) Point A (0, Npl,Rd):

Confinement effect is not taken into account for rectangular CFST column, thus
N pl , Rd Aa f yd Ac fcd 384 355 2016 33.3 101 20352 kN

2) Point B (Mpl,y,Rd, 0) & (Mpl,z,Rd, 0):
The position of neutral axis are determined from
hny
Ac f cd
201600 33.3
=
83.2 mm
2 Bf cd 4ta 2 f yd f cd 2 400 33.3 4 20 2 355 33.3
hnz
Ac f cd
201600 33.3
=
71.4 mm
2 Hf cd 4ta 2 f yd f cd 2 600 33.3 4 20 2 355 33.3
The plastic modulus of steel tube and concrete in the height of 2 , bending about
centreline of the cross-section are calculated as:
2
Way ,n 2ta hny
2 20 83.22 103 276.9 cm3
Waz ,n 2ta hnz2 2 20 71.42 103 204 cm3

2
Wcy ,n B 2ta hny
400 2 20 83.22 103 2492 cm3
Wcz ,n H 2ta hnz2 600 2 20 71.42 103 2855 cm3
Taking moment about the centreline of the cross-section, the plastic bending resistance is
determined from:
M pl ,y, Rd Way Way ,n f yd 0.5 Wcy Wcy,n f cd

7776 276.9 355 0.5 28224 2492 33.3 103
3091 kN m
M pl ,z, Rd Waz Waz ,n f yd 0.5 Wcz Wcz,n f cd

5856 204 355 0.5 18144 2855 33.3 103
2261 kN m
3) Point C (Mpl,y,Rd, Npm,Rd) & (Mpl,z,Rd, Npm,Rd):
BC4:2015
35
N pm, Rd Ac fcd =201600 33.3 103 6720 kN

4) Point D (Mmax,y,Rd, Npm,Rd/2) & (Mmax,z,Rd, Npm,Rd/2):
M max,y, Rd Way f yd 0.5Wcy f cd

7776 355 0.5 28224 33.3 103
3231 kN m
M max, z , Rd Waz f yd 0.5Wcz f cd

5856 355 0.5 18144 33.3 10 3
2381 kN m
Aa f yd N pl , Rd 384 355 101 20352

0.67 0.9
o Check for resistance of column in axial compression
N Ed
12000
0.661 1.0
N pl ,R d 0.892 20352
Thus, the buckling resistance under axial compression is adequate!
o Check for resistance of column in combined compression and biaxial bending moments
The design value of effective flexural stiffness with long-term effect is calculated from:
EI eff , II , y K0 Ea I ay Ke,II Ec,m I cy 0.9 210 193152 0.5 22.8 526848 104
4.19 1011 kN mm 2
EI eff , II ,z K0 Ea I az Ke, II Ec,m I cz 0.9 210 102272 0.5 22.8 217728 104
2.16 1011 kN mm 2
Thus, the critical normal forces with effective length taken as the system length of column
are determined from:
Ncr ,eff,y
2 EI eff ,II,y
L2
2 4.19 1011
60002
114913 kN
BC4:2015
36
Ncr ,eff,z
2 EI eff ,II,z
L2
2 2.16 1011
60002
59122 kN
The second-order effect should be considered for both moments from first-order analysis
and moment from imperfection, as shown in Figure 6. According to the buckling curve a
and refer to Table 3.3 of BC4, the initial imperfections about y-y axis and z-z axis are:
e0, y L 300 6000 300 20 mm
e0,z L 300 6000 300 20 mm
Accordingly, the bending moments by the initial imperfections are determined as:
M 0, y N Ed e0, y 12000 20 1000 240 kN m
M 0,z N Ed e0,z 12000 20 1000 240 kN m
According to the moment diagram by the initial imperfection, the factor 0 for
determination of moment to second-order effect is equal to 1.0. Thus, the amplification
factors for the moments by the imperfection are calculated from:
k0, y
k0,z
0
1 N Ed Ncr ,eff,y
0
1 N Ed Ncr ,eff,z
1.0
1.117
1 12000 114913
1.0
1.255
1 12000 59122
According to the first-order design moment diagram, the ratio of end moments is
calculated as:
ry M t , y M b, y 550 900 0.611
rz M t ,z M b,z 350 600 0.583
Thus, the factors for determination of moment to second-order effect are determined:
1, y max 0.66 0.44ry ,0.44 max 0.66 0.44 0.611 ,0.44 0.44
1, z max 0.66 0.44rz ,0.44 max 0.66 0.44 0.583 ,0.44 0.44
Thus, the amplification factors for the moment by the imperfection are calculated from:
BC4:2015
37
k1, y
k1,z
1, y
1 N Ed N cr ,eff,y
1,z
1 N Ed N cr ,eff,z
0.44
0.491
1 12000 114913
0.44
0.552
1 12000 59122
Thus, the design moments, considering second-order effect, are calculated as:
M y , Ed Max k0, y M 0, y k1, y Max M t , y , M b , y , Max M t , y , M b , y
Max 1.117 240 0.491 Max 550 , 900 , Max 550 , 900 900 kN m
M z , Ed Max k0, z M 0, z k1, z Max M t , z , M b , z , Max M t , z , M b , z
Max 1.255 240 0.552 Max 350 , 600 , Max 350 , 600 632 kN m
For = 12000 > , = 6720 , the values for determining the plastic
bending resistances ,,, and ,,, taking into account the normal force are
calculated from:
N pl , Rd N Ed
dy dz
M y , Ed
M pl , N ,y, Rd
M z , Ed
M pl , N , z , Rd
N pl , Rd N pm,R d
M y , Ed
dy M pl ,y, Rd
M y , Ed
dy M pl ,y, Rd
900
0.475 M ,y 0.9
0.613 3091
632
0.456 M ,z 0.9
0.613 2261
M z , Ed
dz M pl , z , Rd
20352 12000
0.613
20352 6720
M z , Ed
dz M pl , z , Rd
900
632
0.932 1.0
0.613 3091 0.613 2261
Thus, the resistance for combined axial compression and biaxial bending is adequate. The
external design force and bending moment, and M-N interaction curves are plotted in
Figure 11, Figure 12 and Figure 13.
BC4:2015
38
25000
Axial force (kN)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Moment (kN.m)
Figure 11: Design M-N curve for bending about y-y axis
25000
Bending about z-z axis
Axial force (kN)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Moment (kN.m)
Figure 12: Design M-N curve for bending about z-z axis
2100
Biaxial bending moments
Moment (kN.m)
1800
1500
1200
900
600
300
0
0
400
800
1200
1600
Moment (kN.m)
Figure 13: Check for bi-axial bending
BC4:2015
39
3.3

In this section, the high strength concrete C50/60 is replaced by higher strength concrete
C90/105. The steel grade is not changed.
Design strength
Effective compressive strength and modulus of elasticity are taken from to Table 2.2,
Eq.(2.2) and Eq.(2.3) of BC4.
fck 72 N mm2 ; Ecm =41.1 GPa
fcd fck c 72 1.5 48 N mm2 ; fcm fck 8 72 8 80 N mm2

Elastic modulus of concrete considering long-term effect
Creep coefficient could be similarly determined as t 1.12
Ec ,eff
Ecm
1 NG , Ed N Ed t
41.1
28 GPa
1 5000 12000 1.12
EI eff , y Ea I ay 0.6Ec,eff I cy 210 193152 0.6 28 526848 104 4.94 1011 kN mm 2

EI eff ,z Ea I az 0.6 Ec,eff Icz 210 102272 0.6 28 217728 104 2.511011 kN mm 2
Characteristic plastic resistance of cross-section
N cr , y
N cr ,z
2 EI eff , y
L2eff
2 EI eff ,z
L2eff
2 4.94 1011
60002
2 2.511011
60002
135431 kN
68893 kN

N pl , Rk
N cr , y
28147
0.456 ; z
135431
N pl , Rk
N cr ,z
28147
0.639
68893
max y , z 0.639
BC4:2015
40
0.5 1 0.2 2 0.5 1 0.21 0.639 0.2 0.6392 0.75
1
,1.0 min
,1.0 0.875
2
2
2
2

0.75 0.75 0.639
min

Aa f yd N pl , Rd 384 355 101 23309 0.585 0.9

M-N interaction curve
hny
Ac f cd
201600 41.1
=
105.9 mm
2 Bf cd 4ta 2 f yd f cd 2 400 41.1 4 20 2 355 41.1
hnz
Ac f cd
201600 41.1
=
87.5 mm
2 Hf cd 4ta 2 f yd f cd 2 600 41.1 4 20 2 355 41.1
2
Way ,n 2ta hny
2 20 105.92 103 448.6 cm3
Waz ,n 2ta hnz2 2 20 87.52 103 306.3 cm3

2
Wcy ,n B 2ta hny
400 2 20 105.92 103 4037.3 cm3
Wcz ,n H 2ta hnz2 600 2 20 87.52 103 4287.5 cm3

7776 448.6 355 0.5 28224 4037.3 41.1 103 3182 kN m
5856 306.3 355 0.5 18144 4287.5 41.1 103 2303 kN m
N pm, Rd Ac fcd =201600 41.1103 9677 kN

7776 355 0.5 28224 41.1 103 3438 kN m
BC4:2015
41

5856 355 0.5 18144 41.1 103 2514 kN m
3.4

In this section, the mild steel S355 is replaced by the high tensile steel (HTS) S500, the
concrete grade is not changed.
o Plastic resistance of cross-section

y
N pl , Rk
N cr , y
29280
0.473 ; z
130977
N pl , Rk
N cr ,z
29280
0.661
67053
max y , z 0.661
0.5 1 0.2 2 0.5 1 0.21 0.661 0.2 0.6612 0.767
1
,1.0 min
,1.0 0.865
2
2
2
2

0.767 0.767 0.661
min

Aa f yd N pl ,Rd 384 500 101 22421 0.741 0.9

hny
Ac f cd
201600 33.3
=
64.6 mm
2 Bf cd 4ta 2 f yd f cd 2 400 33.3 4 20 2 500 33.3
hnz
Ac f cd
201600 33.3
=
57.3 mm
2 Hf cd 4ta 2 f yd f cd 2 600 33.3 4 20 2 500 33.3
2
Way ,n 2ta hny
2 20 64.62 103 170 cm3
2
Waz ,n 2ta hnz
2 20 57.32 103 131.3 cm3
BC4:2015
42
2
Wcy ,n B 2ta hny
400 2 20 64.62 103 1502.3 cm3
2
Wcz ,n H 2ta hnz
600 2 20 57.32 103 1838.6 cm3

7776 170 500 0.5 28224 1502.3 33.3 103 4250 kN m
5856 131.3 500 0.5 18144 1838.6 33.3 103 3134 kN m
N pm, Rd Ac fcd =201600 33.3 103 6720 kN

7776 500 0.5 28224 33.3 103 4358 kN m
5856 500 0.5 18144 33.3 103 3230 kN m
3.5

In this section, the mild steel S355 is replaced by the high tensile steel (HTS) S500, and the
normal strength concrete C50/60 is replaced by high strength concrete C90/105.
o Plastic resistance of cross-section

y
N pl , Rk
N cr , y
33715
0.499 ; z
135431
N pl , Rk
N cr ,z
33715
0.7
68893
max y , z 0.7
0.5 1 0.2 2 0.5 1 0.21 0.7 0.2 0.72 0.797
1
,1.0 min
,1.0 0.848
2
2
2
2

0.797 0.797 0.7
min

BC4:2015
43
Aa f yd N pl , Rd 384 500 101 24488 0.665 0.9

hny
Ac f cd
201600 41.1
=
84.5 mm
2 Bf cd 4ta 2 f yd f cd 2 400 41.1 4 20 2 500 41.1
hnz
Ac f cd
201600 41.1
=
72.3 mm
2 Hf cd 4ta 2 f yd f cd 2 600 41.1 4 20 2 500 41.1
2
Way ,n 2ta hny
2 20 84.52 103 285.6 cm3
2
Waz ,n 2ta hnz
2 20 72.32 103 209.1 cm3
2
Wcy ,n B 2ta hny
400 2 20 84.52 103 2570.5 cm3
2
Wcz ,n H 2ta hnz
600 2 20 72.32 103 2927.3 cm3

7776 285.6 500 0.5 28224 2570.5 41.1 103 4361 kN m
5856 209.1 500 0.5 18144 2927.3 41.1 103 3188 kN m
N pm, Rd Ac fcd =201600 41.1103 9677 kN

7776 500 0.5 28224 41.1 103 4565 kN m
5856 500 0.5 18144 41.1 103 3363 kN m
BC4:2015
44
3.6
Comparison and summary

The design resistances are compared for the aforementioned four rectangular composite
sections as shown in Table 2, Figure 14 and Figure 15. The composite section with steel
tube of S355 and concrete of C50/60 is referred to for comparison.
By using high strength concrete C90/105 replacing normal strength concrete C50/60, the
axial buckling resistance (Npl,Rd) of the CFST column is improved by 12.3%, and the
increase of moment resistances (Mpl,y,Rd , Mpl,z,Rd , Mmax,y,Rd , Mmax,z,Rd) are smaller (less
than 7%).
Table 2: Comparison between rectangular CFST columns with various material strengths
Sections
Steel
contribution
ratios
Design resistances
Npl,Rd
Mpl,y,Rd
Mpl,z,Rd
Mmax,y,Rd
Mmax,z,Rd
S355+C50/60
0.670
S355+C90/105
0.585
12.3%
2.9%
1.8%
6.4%
5.6%
S500+C50/60
0.741
23.5%
37.5%
38.6%
34.9%
35.6%
S500+C90/105
0.665
34.9%
41.1%
41.0%
41.3%
41.2%
By using high strength steel S500 to replace S355 steel, the axial buckling resistance is
improved by 23.5%, and the increase of moment resistances are larger (higher than
34.9%). By using high strength concrete C90/105 to replace normal strength concrete
C50/60 and use of S500 steel to replace S355 steel, the axial buckling resistance is further
improved to 34.9%, and the increase of moment resistances are more than 40%.
BC4:2015
45
35000
S500+C90/105
S500+C50/60
S355+C90/105
S355+C50/60
Axial force (kN)
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Moment (kN.m)
Figure 14: Design M-N interaction curves about y-y axis
35000
S500+C90/105
S500+C50/60
S355+C90/105
S355+C50/60
Axial force (kN)
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
1000
2000
Moment (kN.m)
3000
4000
Figure 15: Design M-N interaction curves about z-z axis
BC4:2015

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EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS to the

Example Calculations to the Requirements of BC4: 2015

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

Copyright @ 2015 Building and Construction Authority, Singapore.

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

CHS 406x12 - S460 steel tube infilled C90/105 concrete ............................................ 8

Comparison and summary ......................................................................................... 27

Comparison and summary ......................................................................................... 44

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

Figure 1: Cross-sectional dimensions of CFST column in Example 1

Total design axial load

Design axial load that is permanent

CHS 508x12.5 - S355 steel + C40/50 concrete

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

C40/50, fck=40 N/mm2

Grade S355, fy=355 N/mm2

f yd f y a 355 1.0 355 N mm 2

Cross sectional areas

Ac 4 D 2t 4 508 2 12.5 183225 mm2

I c 64 D 2t 64 508 2 12.5 104 267152 cm4

Check for local buckling (refer to Table 3.1 of BC4)

Resistance against local buckling is adequate!

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

Perimeter of concrete section: u = D - 2ta = 508-2 12.5 1517 mm

Factor: t0 1 0.1 t00.2 1 0.1 140.2 0.56

Creep coefficient: t 0 c t , t0 2.08 1.0 2.08

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

Ea I a 0.6 Ec ,eff I c 210 103 59755 104 0.6 19 103 267152 10 4 10 3

Elastic critical Euler buckling resistance

Characteristic plastic resistance of cross-section

N pl , Rk Aa f y Ac fck 19458 355 183225 40 103 14250 kN

Confinement coefficients with load eccentricity e=0

a a 0 min 0.25 3 2 ,1.0 0.942

c c 0 max 4.9 18.5 17 ,0 0.298

Design plastic resistance of cross-section considering the confinement effect (refer to

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

Steel contribution ratio

Aa f yd N pl , Rd 19458 103 355 11727 0.59 0.9

Nb,Rd Npl,Rd 0.957 11727 11223 kN > NEd 10000 kN

CHS 508x12.5 - S355 steel tube infilled with C90/105 concrete

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

fcm fck 8 72 8 80 N mm2

Creep coefficient could be similarly determined as t 1.29 .

Effective flexural stiffness of cross-section

Confinement effect and design plastic resistance of cross-section

N pl , Rk Aa f y Ac fck 19458 355 183225 72 103 20112 kN

a a 0 min 0.25 3 2 ,1.0 0.970

c c 0 max 4.9 18.5 17 ,0 0.052

Steel contribution ratio

Aa f yd N pl , Rd 19458 103 355 15562 0.444 0.9

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF BC4: 2015

Buckling curve="a", =0.21

Thus, the axial buckling resistance is:

Nb,Rd Npl,Rd 0.942 15562 14659 kN

CHS 508x12.5 - S460 steel tube infilled with C40/50 concrete

Confinement effect and design plastic resistance of cross-section

N pl , Rk Aa f y Ac fck 19458 460 183225 40 103 16297 kN

a a 0 min 0.25 3 2 ,1.0 0.956

c c 0 max 4.9 18.5 17 ,0 0.166