Death in Minutes

Rescue Techniques from Confined Spaces

TRAINER'S GUIDE

Author: Sean Gallagher

Videotel Productions
84 Newman 5[[eer
Lo nd on W I T 3EU, UK
Tel: +44 (0)20 7299 1800

Fax: +44 (0)20 7299 18 18

Emai l: mai l@videotelmail. com

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DEATH IN MINUTES

Rescue Techniques from Confined Spaces

A VIDEOTEL PRODUCTION

The Producers would like

to

acknowledge the assistance of:

THE MASTER, OFFICERS AND CREW OF

MV GRAFTON AND MV MELUSINE

Associated British Ports - Immingham and Port Talbot

BP Shipping Ltd

Cal tee Safety Ltd

Chevron Manning Services Ltd

Chevron Shipping Company Lic

Euroship Services

Exxror Terminal

Humberside Fire Brigade

lACS

International Maritime Organization

Knutsen Oas Shipping As

Lincolnshire Ambulance Service

Princess Cruises

Shell International Trading & Shipping Co Ltd

Zodiac Maritime Agencies

CONSULTANTS:
PRINT PRODUCER:
PRINT AUTHOR:
PRODUCER:
VIDEO WRITER/DIRECTOR:

DON BOOTLE
STEPHEN CHAPMAN
BARBARA STEINBERG
SEAN GALLAGHER
ROBIN JACKSON
GEORGE BEKES

Warning:

Any nnaulhofised copying. hiring, lendi ng, exhib irion diffusion, sale, public performance or other exp loita ri on of this vid eo is srried)1 prohibited

and may resu lr in prosecucion.

COPYRIGHT Video,e! 2003

Th is video is intended [Q reflect th e best available techniques Jnd pracrices at [he rime of production, ir is intended purdy as comrnc.:m.

No responsibiliry is accepted by Videocd, or by any firm , corporation or organ isa tion who O[ which has been in ;lny way concerned, wirh rhe producrion

or au rho rised translarion, su pply or saJc of this video for acc uracy or any in formation given hereon or for any omission hercfrom.

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Contents
1. Introduction

Page
1

1.1 Who this training package is aimed at

1.2 How to use this Trainer's Guide and the video

2. Rescuing someone from a confined space

2.1 What is a confined space?
2.2 The need for special rescue techniques in confined spaces
2.3 When to go in to rescue someone - and when to wait!
3. Rescue equipment
3.1 Essential rescue equipment
3.2 Special rescue equipment for different types of vessels
3.3 Care and maintenance of rescue equipment

3.4 Safe use of rescue equipment

10

10

11

11

11

4. Rescue in an emergency

12

4.1 Basic rules in dealing with an emergency rescue

12

4.2 Assessing the situation

12

4.3 Making the area safe

14

4.4 Safety checklist

14

4.5 Major accidents and getting help

14

4.6 Multiple casualties

14

4.7 Fire

15

4.8 Smoke and fumes

15

4.9 Electrical hazard

15

4.10 If a rescuer gets cramp or claustrophobia

15

16

16

5. Emergency first aid

5.1 Basic rules
5.2 Medical kit
5.3 Deciding when to treat a casualty

16

16

5.4 Assessing the casualty

17

5.5 How to give Rescue Breaths

5.6 Chest compressions

17

18

5.7 Recovery Position

18

5.8 Shock

19

5.9 Bleeding
6. Techniques for moving an injured person &om a confined space
6.1 Preparing the injured person for evacuation
6.2 Moving a casualty ftom a confined space quickly
6.3 Hoisting or lowering an injured person
7. Rescues in special conditions

19

20

20

21

23

8. Evacuating an injured person by helicopter

9. Practicing the techniques you have learned
9.1 Individual practice exercises

25

25

26

26

9.2 Practice exercises for pairs

26

9.3 Group practice exercises

26

9.4 Group discussion

27

10. Assessment questions

11. Further information and reading

27

30

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Video tel Prod uctions

1.

Introduction

Every year people have to be rescued from confined spaces aboard ship. Sometimes they have fallen and
are unconscious. Sometimes they have been overcome by fumes. Whatever the cause of the accident, the
injured or unconscious person will need to be removed from the confined space as soon as is safely
possible, while ensuring he receives no further harm, and - most importantly - without endangering the
rescue party.
In recent years political tensions and heightened security around the world means there has been a big
rise in the number of vessels boarded and searched, both in harbours or at sea. Authorities in many
countries, whether Government agencies or military forces, are increasingly searching ships for dangerous
materials, smuggled weapons, drugs, illegal immigrants and other contraband cargoes.
Stricter safety regulations in force in many territorial waters are also bringing about more frequent
inspections of vessels by enforcement officers. Shipping companies, roo, are increasingly requiring
Masters to conduct more inspections of their own vessels to comply with tighter regulations and security
and so avoid suffering possible delays, or even fines, in foreign ports. Whatever the reasons for a search or
inspection, it is the responsibility of the Master to ensure the safety of a search party, whether they be
crew members or outsiders.
Since it is likely, therefore, that in the future more people will be going into confined spaces in your
vessel more often, one result will be that the chances of someone getting injured in a confined space on
your ship, and needing to be rescued, have become greater. It is important, therefore, that as many of
your crew as possible are trained to conduct a safe and efficient rescue from a confined space. They may
need to use that skill sooner than you think.

The law
Many flag states have legislation requiring drills simulating the rescue of a person from a dangerous space
to be regularly carried out. In the UK the law requires these drills to be carried out every two months,
with each drill noted in the log book (see page 30 for further information). Although other countries
may have different regulations concerning the frequency of such drills, it is important to regularly
practice rescue from confined spaces drills.

1.1 Who this training package is aimed at

Death in Minutes - Rescue Techniques From Confined Spaces is a training package aimed at mariners and
marine installation workers on all types of vessel or maritime installations. It is also suitable for others
who have to enter confined spaces, such as surveyors, port inspectors, anti-drug smuggling agents, and
shipyard workers.
Whatever type of vessel the accident happens on, the methods of safely and speedily evacuating the
injured person from a confined space will be similar.

1.2 How to use this Trainer's Guide and the video

One person should be appointed to be the Trainer. To get maximum benefit from using this training
package with a group, the Trainer should follow as closely as possible the instructions set out. For this
particular training package, the Trainer has a very important function in running the training session and
a key role in managing the active participation of the group attending it.

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Using the Trainer's Guide

Firstly, before watching the video, you, the Trainer, should read this Trainer's Guide right through to the
end. You will need to be certain you fully understand everything in it in order to be able to successfully
run training sessions on rescuing people from confined spaces.

The video, Death in Minutes: an important note

It is important for you to know that this training video is presented in a different way to most other
Video tel training videos . The video , Death in Minutes, does not simply show live action demonstrations
of what to do. Instead, Death in Minutes aims to:
capture and hold the attention of the group being trained through showing a 'true story' drama of
how a real rescue became necessary on board a vessel
emphasise the deadly dangers of not following the correct procedures for working in confined
spaces
show examples of the sort of mistakes which can lead to an injury happening in a confined space
provide you , the Trainer, with a series of opportunities to start discussions with the training group
about the sort of things that can go wrong on a ship and which may lead to a rescue having to
take place from a confined space.
First of all, therefore, you will be using the video to stimulate interest amongst the training group in the
subject of rescue techniques from confined spaces. Then, from the knowledge and examples you have
learned from the Guide, you will be able to move on to discussing with the group how accidents can
happen in confined spaces and, using those examples, you can then go on to teach them the basic
techniques of how ro safely rescue a casualty from a confined space. So before you run a training session,
it is important that you are completely familiar with the contents of the video and with the
Trainer's Guide.

Using this Trainer's Guide and the video together

It is essential that you understand how the key scenes in the video link up with corresponding sections in
the Guide. At the end of particular scenes you will need to put the video temporarily on 'pause' , and take
a few minutes to ask those in the training group questions about what they have just watched in that
scene. You should get them to discuss what the different characters have done - either right or wrong
and how events might have been handled better.
There are 20 such key scenes in the video, listed in the chart (on the next page). Before you run
the training session, play the video on the VCR you will be using in the session and note the
counter-number for the end of each scene on the chart. These counter-numbers or timings (depending
on the make of the VCR) will be your markers for starting the group discussions about each of the
key scenes.

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Key scene

l. Search Party (SP) coming aboard

End of scene
Minutes/seconds
or counter-number

Examples of issues
for discussion by group

Procedures for receiving

non-crewmembers aboard?

Identification?
Safety briefing?
2.

Master's discussion with SP leader

3. Master's continued discussion

with SP leader about the search

4. Second mate meeting two SP

members on fo'c's'le

Safety briefing?
Master's instructions?

SP leader's command of his party?

Safety of access for SP to bilges,

steering flat and other spaces?

Safety equipment on SP?

Safety briefing?

Permits?

Identification?

Reporting presence of strangers

to Master?

5. Master's continued discussion with

SP leader about the search

Mastet's handling of the matter?

SP leader's plan for the search?
Does Master know how many in SP?
Communications with SP?

6. SP members in fo'c 's'le room

Behaviour?
Safety equipment?
Safety briefing?
Permits?

7. SP member going down forepeak

tank

Precautions?

Safety gear?

Second SP member going into

forepeak tank to help his mate

Precautions?

Safety gear?

8.

9. Emergency alarm going off

Ship's emergency procedure?

Does everyone in the group know
the procedure?

10. Second Mate stopping SP leader

going down forepeak tank

Right or wrong?

11. Rescue team going down tank

"Hurry up!!' - right or wrong?

No hard hats on rescuers?
Who is counting the number of
rescuers going down?

Who should be treated first? What

injuries take priority?
to one man and not
the other? How do you decide?
Should rescuers have made an
assessment and reported to
First Officer?

Why air given

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12. Stretcher rope not long enough

Has your ship's rescue equipment

been tested?
What lessons can be learned from
this scene?

13. Second Mate giving instructions on

how to use stretcher

14. SP members lifted through hatch

Should crew know how to use

stretcher?
No tag lines (for guiding up
stretcher) ?

Should stretcher rope have been

attached to a rail or pipe?

What First Aid to be given?

What happens next?
15. SP casualty having his pulse checked

Is that the correct way

to

take

someone's pulse?

If still alive, how do you get him up

on deck?
16. Master ordering SP members in
engine room to be sent to bridge

Why does nobody know where

they are?

Proper procedures?
17. Injured SP member with broken leg
18. Using winch over hatch

19. Injured SP member being treated

by medics and fire service

Why is it taking so long for

someone to find him?

Do crew know how to set up and

use one?
Can one be improvised?

If this occurred at sea could crew

deal with it?

Where is medical kit kept?

20. Master and First Mate reviewing
rescue procedure

What else went wrong?

Do all crew know how to get
someone out of a double bottomed tank?

Each of the above scenes raises many more issues and questions about safety and rescue procedures in
confined spaces. Use each the examples given for each scene to start off the discussion amongst the group
during the training session. If necessary, re-run any scene again so the group can check what happened
and make suggestions about what should have been done.

Running a training session

Assemble the group who are to be trained and explain the importance of the subject (as set out in the
Introduction section). Explain how the training session will be structured (watching the video, discussing
what they have seen, going through the Guide, and so on). Tell them there will be role-playing exercises
during the session (make this sound like it will be fun. You may want to offer small prizes!). Let the
group know that there will also be a quiz at the end of the session, to make certain everyone has
understood the basic techniques of rescuing someone from a confined space and how to use the ship's
rescue equipment.

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Now let the group watch the video right through , from start to finish and without interruption. At the
end, ask each of the group what they thought of it and what they have learned from it.
Now re-run the video again, this time stopping it at the end of each of the key scenes. Discuss with the
group the safety and rescue issues touched on in each scene. After each scene ask them:

what was done correctly?

what was done incorrectly?

who should have done what?

what would you, the uaining group, have done differently?

what precautions should have been taken?

which of the events shown could just as easily happen on board your vessel?

did anyone notice any other examples of bad or dangerous practices?

Encourage everyone in the training group to point out at any time while the video is running if they see
any other examples of bad practice.
Lastly, after watching the video through for the second time and having discussed all the things which
went wrong, you should ask each of the group how easily - or not - could each o/them perform a rescue
similar to the one they had just seen?
The next stage of the training exercise is to go through this Guide with them in detail, section by section.
Have available examples of your ship's rescue equipment to demonstrate. At particular sections of the
Guide you can perform some of the role-playing exercises to highlight important aspects of rescue
techniques (see Section 9 for examples of exercises) . Keep asking questions to different members of the
group about what you have just been talking about or demonstrating - it will en sure their attention
remains focused.
At the end of the training session give each of the group a photocopied copy of the quiz on page 27. Use
the results to check that everyone has understood what you have been teaching them from the Guide.

Regular practice can save lives

Nobody can really learn rescue techniques from just a Trainer's Guide like this, or
even from watching the video. These are simply the means of getting crew members
to think about the emergency rescue situations they may someday have to deal with.
It is important for crewmembers to conduct regular practice exercises on how to
rescue a casualty from within a confined space. It is also important - and required
by law - to practice how to give first aid. Practicing rescue and first aid skills might
someday help save someone's life - perhaps yours!

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2.

Rescuing someone from a conrmed space

2.1 What is a confined space?

A confined space can be regarded as any area:

where there are limited openings for entry or exit

where there is poor natural ventilation

where the air or atmosphere may be unbreathable or explosive

where there is potential for an inrush of material and a person becoming buried or submerged

where there may be poten tial for becoming trapped

which has not been designed for occupancy by people.

Confined spaces on a vessel can include:

boilers or other pressure vessels

void spaces

pump rooms

cargo holds

ballast, oil or gas tanks

duct keels

crankcases

double bottom tanks (especially under the engine room space)

fore and aft peaks

tics (where the framing gets gradually smaller)

cofferdams

pump rooms
engine room bilge spaces
deep tanks
steering flats
shaft runnels .
Some of the dangers associated with confined spaces include lack of air or light, poisonous or
inflammable fumes, very high or low temperatures, slippery surfaces and falling objects.
Confined spaces are not the only dangerous areas in a ship, as there are hazards on deck and in
machinery spaces as well. However, if an accident does happen in a confined space, the rescuers will fInd
it more difficult and hazardous to move about and they will have to move more slowly as shown with the
casualties in the forepeak tank shown in the video.
The Videotel training package Entering Into Enclosed Spaces shows the precautions and procedures that
should be followed before entering a confined space to undertake normal duties. Ideally, crewmembers
should have already seen the video before attending this training session.

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Permits to Come Aboard & Permits of Entry into Enclosed Spaces

Some sbipping companies operate a system requiring Permits to Come Aboard to be issued on their
vessels, which require the provision of a Health and Safety briefin g, as well as issuing Permits of Entry to
those wanting to go into the ship's confined spaces.
Legislation in the UK, in accordance with MCA, requires an assessment to be made of the risks from
work activities in enclosed spaces. This must rake into account the task to be done, the equipment used
and the people who are going in, so as to es tab lish the controls required to minimise or eliminate the
risks. If entry into an enclosed space is un avoidable then it is the Master's responsibility to set up a safe
sys tem of work, including the issuing of Permits, and to ensure that emergency evacuation arrangements
are in place. The sys tem should be geared towards specific risks, namely:
fire or explosion
loss of consciousness or asphyxiation
drowning or entrapment
Usually Permits of Entry not only authorise entry to a confined space, but can also set out rules and
conditions, such as:
location of the confined space
work to be carried out
who will carry out the work
what part or partS of the vessel will be affected
any shutting down required, either electrical or mechanical
monitoring and testing to be done
breathing ap paratus required
duration of the Permit
any changes allowed to the specified work
circumstances allowing cancellation of tbe Permit
emergency evacuation equipment to be on hand
where there is a danger of toxic atmosphere then sufficient sets of breathing apparatus to be
provided, along with safety belts, ropes and winches, and preferably also gas monitors, along with
ventilation fans and ducts, and a communication system
who will be stationed at the entrance to the confined space while the work party is inside it.

2.2 The need for special rescue techniques in confined spaces

As the entrance hatches to confined spaces are often very small, it can be difficult to pass rescue
equipment such as stretchers and breathing apparatus tbrough or to evacuate an injured person from
them. In some confined spaces the entrance hatch may be as smal l as just O.Sm (18 inches).
The atmosphere and physical conditions inside the conflOed space may also be hazardous, and there may
be other potential dangers, such as flamm ab le materials. It can also be difficult to lift someone up and
even more difficult to manoeuvre them round a tight corner or carry them to a hatch. Walkie-talkie

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radios may not work deep below decks. There may be no lights except for the (Orch you are carrying.
Would-be rescuers hunched up in the small space may themselves have a sudden a((ack of cramp or
claustrophobia. In a confined space, the lack of room makes it much more difficult to carry out normal
rescue techniques. AU of these circumstances mean that special techniques need (0 be used to evacuate an
injured person (0 safety.

2.3 When to go in to rescue someone - and when to wait!

Often, would-be rescuers fail to see that the situation around a casualty is still dangerous for others - and
have paid the price of failing (0 do so with their lives. Before attempting (0 rescue an injured person from
a confined space - stop! First, make a careful assessment of the situation, and then decide your course of
action. The assessment must be realistic however hard that might be on the fate of the casualty. If you do
not truly believe that you can safely reach and rescue the casualty - then you probably can't! Do not end
up a dead hero. Instead, do the clever thing - go and get help.

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Real Life Case Study 1: Death - the penalty for failing to think ahead!
Failing to properly assess the dangers in confined spaces and rushing to help in an emergency without
first thinking the situation through, are two serious offences - and both can carry a death penalry!

'.... and then there were fourl': A real-life and death case study
During the shipyard refurbishment of a SSm barge, the work team's supervisor opened three of the
hatches to the vessel's nine holds, telling one of [he workmen that he was going down to check for cracks
in the hull. They did not know that none of the hatches had been opened for two years .

....one down
After a while the workman realised he had not seen his boss come back up again. He shouted down one
of the hatches, but getting no response thought perhaps his supervisor had m aybe come up unnoticed.
The workman mentioned the mysterious disappearance to one of the other supervisors and continued
searching. Looking down another hatch he spotted a stationary flashlight beam and, further along, he
was dimly able to make out the sprawled sha pe of his supervisor lying at the far end of the hold .

....three down
The workman raised the alarm and with one of his mates standing by the hatch to give a hand, he went
down into the hold to help his supervisor. Just then, a loader operator also coming to help saw the
workman by the hatch suddenly slump forward and fall in. Thinking fast, he ran back to alert others
about what had happened .

....four down!
Returning with another supervisor, the loader operator was given a rope and told to go down into the
hold. Reaching the bottom, he collapsed unconscious as well! Taking a deep breath, the supervisor
himself climbed into the hold. Finding four unconscious men down there he quickly returned on deck
and used his radio to call for yet more assistance.
When help arrived, the supervisor took another deep breath and again went down into the hold with a
rope . The rescue parry then pulled up the unconscious men one by one, with the last out being the first
supervisor. He was dead, asphyxiated from lack of oxygen in the hold.
How it happened ... and how it could have been avoided
An investigation later revealed that the air in the holds, which had been unopened for two years,

contained just 16% oxygen. Those holds should therefore have been classed as 'confi ned spaces' and
been:
identified as such
prohibited from entry by signs or other means
subject to a written 'confined entry' programme, detailing everyone's responsibilities, safe work
procedures, lockout, verification and testing, ventilation, standby persons, rescues, lifelines,
harnesses, lifting equipment and co-ordination of work activities.
If these measures had been in place then the supervisor would not have died, nor would three of his
workmates have come close to death. Also, every year half of those killed on board have died because
they rushed to the rescue of another crew member without having first made a proper assessment of the
situation.

Think ahead - or end up dead!

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~3.

Rescue equipment

3.1 Essential rescue equipment

Respirators. These will usually be Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), approved for entry
into an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Some SCBA sets can be attached to an external airline as
well as using its own air tanks. However, CNG-type external airlines (usually connected to the
SCBA with a bayonet-style fining) can be heavy and awkward, and can cause difficulty for a
rescuer moving around a confined space. It is better instead to have SCBA sets equipped with
double masks. It is important to know that most types of SCBA only contain about 40 minutes of
air, and probably a lot less if the user is breathing fast and d eep. If the rescuer is sharing the set
with a casualty then the air supply is halved again.
Resuscitators, with oxygen supply, and preferably of the MARS type (Manual Automatic
Resuscitation System). A resuscitator can feed regular and measured bursts of air or oxygen to a
casualty, using either a hand or battery-operated pump
Aspirator, for sucking out and removing fluid, dirt or other material blocking the windpipe of a
casualty
Body ptotection, such as tough overalls, with suitable pockets for tools and other items, ideally
also with fluorescent sections, or marked with reflective tape, for easy identification
Foot protection, with steel toecaps (200 joules is recommended, although standards vary in
different countries), good grip and oil resistant
Protective headgear and safety goggles
Torches with lanyards
Headlamps
Axes
Ropes
Rescue hoists
Blocks or pulleys
Defibrillator, to electrically stimulate a heart which has stopped beating (although there needs to
be great caution when using electrical devices in certain enclosed spaces, for example when the
atmosphere may be combustible).
Stretchers
Harness for hoisting someone up
First aid kit

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3.2 Special rescue equipment needed for different types of vessels

Particular types of vessel will often need to carry special rescue equipment. Nuclear-powered vessels, for
example, will carry geiger counters, radiation suits, decontamination packs and TLD badges for
monitoring radiation levels. Rescuers going into a confined space which may be contaminated with
radiation might also wear dosimeter badges, which display a digital reading of radiation levels.
LNG tankers may also carry extra equipment, such as additional firefighting items and medical antidotes
to nitrogen inhalation or damage to the eyes. Tankers should also carry explosimeters and suitable gas
detectors .
Should a vessel regularly carry a potentially dangerous cargo, for example, drums of toxic or corrosive
materials, then special rescue tools and other appropriate items, such as toxic monitors which can be
worn by crewmembers, along with more specific and suitable medical supplies, may be added to a vessel's
standard equipment so that any spillage, leakages or accident can be better dealt with.

3.3 Care and maintenance of rescue equipment

Manufacturers' instructions should be kept with each item of equipment. These need to be used
during the training sessions to familiarise the training group with the equipment, as there will be
no time to read the instructions when an emergency actually happens
All rescue equipment should be checked regularly to ensure all items are there and that everything
is in full working order
Battery-powered items should have their batteries changed every three months
All items with moveable parts should be fully tested every three months
Oxygen cylinders should be checked monthly
Rescue ropes should have a usage and date tag at one end, and be stored and carried in special
rope bags or spools.
It is very important to regularly maintain and check all rescue equipment. Remember the confusion and
delay seen in the video when it was discovered that the rope attached to the stretcher was toO short to
reach the bottom of the tank! Just one unnoticed defect in one item of rescue equipment could result in
someone's death.

3.4 Safe use of rescue equipment

Some items of rescue equipment require special training to use. There should be a list of such items
detailing which crewmembers have been trained to use them. As many crewmembers as possible should
be trained in using all items of rescue equipment, and there should be regular refresher training sessions.
Those using rescue equipment should understand their limitations. Remember, for example, that most
types of SCBA usually only hold about 40 minutes of air, and even less if the user is breathing quickly
and deeply in hot or difficult conditions. Similarly, Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD) only
contain between 10 to 15 minutes of air, and should therefore only ever be used in emergency escape
situations rather than by rescuers.

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Rescue in an emergency

4.1

rules

to the emergency

Alert

Assess

If

to help

casualty

the area to Stop others entering before the rescue team arrives

dealing with an emergency rescue

a distance or even from outside the

to enter

LVll1l1ILU

space

the area around the

space,

sure at least one person remains

at all times at the entrance to

space
condition if it is

Assess the

him.

to

situation
and examine

Understand what

Look for

before you take action

to yourself and

If it is

Carry out
know

injured person

ask him what

to

scene carefully

he

also helps

to

stay conscious

aid on the casualty - but only if you are cercain what to do

this emergency. Most

and you should

It IS.

are to:

IdentifY any

Assess VYIJ'UIIL

Work out a plan

to

himself or to the
IS II1

how

to

a rushed rescue attempt

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the injured person out

result in

and what

the rescuers!

12

or

Real Life Case Study 2: Before you rush to help - stop! Your life depends on it
It's a natural human instinct if you see a crew mate in danger to immediately rush to their aid. To stand
still and assess the situation can be very hard. But on one vessel several crewmembers died and others
were injured because they all rushed to help a crew mate in difficulties - before anyone knew what was
causing the danger.

It's only dirty water

The Bosun and ten deckhands were working on a 3000 tonne deep sea trawler, hauling in a last 30 tonne
net of pilchards before making for port after four weeks fishing off the coast of Mauritius. With the lower
hold already nearly full, it would be necessary to store this final load in one of the vessel's six stern
refrigerated seawater (RSW) tanks, located along the port and starboard sides of the caged fish processing
area. As the tanks had not been cleaned since at least the last voyage, the Third Engineer came aft to
pump one out before the fish were stored away. When he opened the tank doors, a surge of dirty black
water gushed out into the caged area around him. As the foul water swilled about, the Engineer suddenly
collapsed face down into it.

They ran to help, and ran to their deaths

A deckhand saw what happened and called out as he and another crewmember ran into the cage to help.
The Bosun and another deckhand rushed to the edge of the cage to see what was happening. When the
first two crewmembers reached the Engineer they also collapsed unconscious into the foul water. The
Bosun, too, began to feel faint, and then his companion next to him collapsed as well. Five men now lay
unconscious, three of them floating in the water from the RSW tank.

And then seven .... then eight ... and then nine ...
The rest of the deck party now began to realise there was something wrong with the air in the cage area.
One ran to the bridge for the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), while another ran to get the
Skipper. A third man came aft from the hold to fll1d out why the fish had stopped coming down on the
conveyor belt. Seeing the three bodies floating in the water in the cage he went in to try to drag them
out. He, toO, collapsed unconscious into the water. Two more crewmembers came to the stern and,
seeing the casualties, they rushed to help before they too began to feel dizzy and had to stagger back.

'For Chrissake, it's bloody empty!'

The Mate and other crewmembers had now come on the scene, along with the crewmember carrying the
SCBA. There was angry frustration when it was discovered the SCBA could not be used to rescue the
men because its airtank was empty! Confusion continued when the Fishing Mate arrived from the bridge
and, ignoring all warnings, rushed towards the cage, where he too collapsed. Ten men were now down.

Three invisible killers - gas, unthinking haste, and bad maintenance

At the inquiry into the accident it was found that the foul water locked in the RSW tank had been
contaminated with scraps of rotten fish which, left swilling about for weeks, had caused a chemical
reaction which produced toxic gasses - including hydrogen cyanide! When the water was released to gush
out into the fish processing area, the hydrogen cyanide also escaped into the air in the cage. As well as the
Third Engineer, two of the men who first ran to help him also died, with another eight crewmembers
being injured during the series of rescue attempts. The inquiry also said casualties would have been fewer
if the SCBA with the empty air tank had been properly maintained.

Video tel Ptoductions

4.3 Making

area safe

from any

put yourself at
Protect

from any further danger. If

is still in

remove him away from it.

could still

again.
a
action such as
the area safe. Sometimes you may

you
or
more to

to

If you cannot remove the

or condition
remove
away from
try to move or
then try to move [he
there is to the casualty. If that is not

4.4 Safety checklist

are

some

the

you

a confined space to

to

to rescue someone:

Can you think ofany

confined

questions you need to ask specifically in connection with your

Think
wrong with
plan you have
casualty our of the
space.
about how you can
how you can recover
siruation and still

and its

Uf{)rlu'<i

Major accidents and getting help

]f there has
you
accurate assessment
and
sort of

in the

space, or if you
ship's
sort of injuries

then

help with a smaller

4.6 Multiple casualties

on the
you are not a
you can
wrong decision on who should be treated first
to
it is bener (0 do

what you
nobody will criticise you

Videotel Productions

14

are rescued or
a

your

4.7 Fire
Without putting yourself at risk, get the injured person out of the confined space and away from the fire
as quickly as possible. Close all hatches behind you to try to contain the fire. Get help to fight the fire.

4.8 Smoke and fumes

Never enter a smoke or fume-filled confined space without special protective equipment and a
supporting rescue team.
If it is going to take longer than four minutes to remove a casualty from a smoke or fume-filled space
then you must try to get air to him instead . After four minutes without air a casualty may suffer brain
damage. However, it is even more difficult to get through a hatch and move about in a confined space
with a respirator. You must also consider whether you need to take a second mask attached to your
respirator for the casualty to use. Consider whether you need to take an extended air lead. Think
ahead. Remember, if you are sharing your respirator wi th a casualty then you are halving your air
supply and you may only have eight or ten minutes to get yourself and the casualty Ollt of the space.
Finally, never, ever, take off your respirator mask in a fume-filled space (only ever take off your SCBA
cylinder pack if it is absolutely necessary so as to be able to squeeze through a small hatch - but never
ever remove your mask!)

4.9 Electrical hazard

If a casualty has been electrocuted, the current may have caused his heart to stop beating and he may
also have suffered burns. Contact with high-voltage current usually means instant death and severe
burns. The casualty may be twitching if he is still in contact with the current. High-voltage current
might also have flung the casualty some distance from the source of the live electricity. If possible, turn
off the source of the electricity. Do not touch the casualty until you are completely certain he and the
area around him is safe.

4.10 If the rescuer gets cramp or claustrophobia

It has been known for rescuers in confined spaces to suddenly have an attack of cramp or claustrophobia.
Cramp can quickly come upon you in a confined space because you are hunched up and sweating in the
heat. Usually cramp is felt as painful spasms in the calves of the legs, the arms or stomach. Resting for a
minute, moving into a position where the leg or arm can be straightened and gently stretching the
muscles affected can relieve cramp.
Claustrophobia is the sudden onset of an overwhelming feeling of fear and panic, and brings on an
overpowering urge to get out of the confined space as quickly as possible. Claustrophobia can develop
because the rescuer is already mentally stressed and his body's nervous system is pumping adrenalin into
him, and then this is made worse by the heat, lack of air and darkness in the confined space. A severe
attack of claustrophobia in a person may resemble an epileptic fit. Be gentle and reassuring with someone
experiencing claustrophobia, and try to calm him down. The most effective cure for clauStrophobia is for
the person experiencing it to understand why it is happening. Even if the feeling does not go away it can
be better con trolled if you understand what is causing the claustrophobia and the feeling of panic.
Claustrophobia may also be controlled by closing the eyes for a minute and taking deep, slow breaths.

Video(d Produc[jons

5.

Emergency First Aid

5.1 Basic rules

There are four basic, imporrant, rules you need to understand for treating an injured person at sea:
1. Always assume a casualty to be rescued from a confined space is still alive
2. Treat the most serious condition first, such as unconsciousness
3. If faced with a medical problem that is beyond the skill of anyone on board, get on the radio
straight away and get expert advice
4. Don't guess. Unless you are completely certain about the correct medical treatment to give ro an
injured person then go back to Rule (c).
The Videotel training packages, First Aid, Parts 1 and 2, can provide mariners with a good understanding
of how to diagnose and treat the most common medical problems that can be encountered on board a
vessel.

5.2 Medical kit

All companies provide their vessels with a standard medical kit. It is the Master's responsibiliry to ensure
that there is such a medical kit on board and that it is complete. Most items in a medical kit will contain
instructions. Follow the instructions carefully when using the item ro treat a casualry. If you are not
certain how ro treat a casualry then first get medical advice over the radio.
Every ship should always carry the latest edition of the Ship Captain's Medical Guide/International
Medical Guide for Ships. It is also worth having another good first aid guide on board. If it is not clear
from the guides about how to treat a casualry then medical advice can be obtained over the radio in an
emergency.

5.3 Deciding where to treat a casualty

If there is no immediate danger to the casualry or the rescuers in the confined space, then first aid should
be performed on the spot before the casualry is removed. If the casualry's injuries are life threatening,
then emergency first aid should be performed before he is moved .
If the casualry is in further danger from some hazard, then he should be immediately removed from the
space and treated once he is in a safer place. The aim should be to remove the casualry from the confined
space as soon as possible, but without endangering either his life or those of the rescuers.

Videotel Producrions

5.4 Assessing the casualty

Casualt}"s condition
Unconscious, no pulse or breathing

Unconscious, no breathing, pulse OK

Unconscious, breathing and pulse OK

Conscious, breathing and pulse OK

Actions
Get help.
Give 2 rescue breaths (also known as artificial ventilation or
artificial respiration - see below) and then give 15 chest
compressions (see page 18)
This is one cycle. Aim to give 4 cycles per minute until their
vital signs change
Give ten rescue breaths
Get help
Continue artificial ventilation at a rate of ten breaths per
minute (remember to breathe yourselr)
Treat any life-threatening injury
Place him in the recovery position (see page 18)
Get hep_
Give appropriate treatment
G et h elp

5.5 How to give rescue breaths

1. Commence rescue breathing by giving TWO slow, effective rescue breaths.
2. Tilt the head back using two fingers to lift the chin.
3. Pinch the casualty's nose, take a full breath, cover their mouth
with yours making a good seal and blow into the casualty's
mouth for about 2 seconds (mouth-to-mouth). Out of the
corner of your eye watch for the chest rising then you know that
air is getting into their lungs. If the chest fails to rise, the most
likely cause is an incorrectly opened airway. Re-adjust the
position of the head and try again.

4. Remove your lips and watch chest fall.

5. Give two slow, effective rescue breaths, by repeating steps 1-4.

6. If there is any difficulty in achieving effective rescue breaths ensure that:
Casualty's mouth is clear of any obstructions
There is adequate chin lift & head tilt (the most likely cause of failure to inflate the lungs)
You have made a good seal around patient's mouth with nostrils closed.
Make up to 5 attempts to give two slow, effective rescue breaths before assessing circulation.
7. If there are NO signs of circulation (is the casualty moving, or coughing?) or you are unsure,
START EXTERNAL CHEST COMPRESSIONS (see over).
8. If you are sure circulation is present, continue rescue breaths at a rate of ten breaths a minute.

Videotel Productions

5.6 Chest Compressions

If you need to give External Chest Compression (ECC), you must also continue to provide rescue
breathing so that you are artificially circulating oxygenated blood to the brain and body tissues.
Procedure if a patient is not breathing & after giving two rescue breaths you cannot
detect circulation
1. Find base of the STERNUM (breastbone).
2. Place the heel of one hand TWO finger widths up from the base of the
sternum.
3. Cover the first hand with the other hand and interlock fingers. Keep your
fingers clear of the chesL You use the base of your palm to push down with.

4. Kneel as close to the patient as possible.

Lean well over them with your arms straight and your shoulders over their
sternum then press down verticaJly on the breastbone 4 to 5 cms/1 to 2 inches.
5. Release the pressure and repeaL Compressions should be at the rate of
approximately 100 per minute.
6. The ratio of chest compressions to breathing is 15 compressions to 2 rescue breaths.

5.7 Recovery Position

It is unlikely there will be sufficient room in a confined space to put an unconscious person who is
breathing and has a pulse into what is known as the ' Recovery Position' while the rescuer goes for more
assistance. However, once the casualty has been rescued and may stili be unconscious, this position
shou ld be used as it ensures the airway remains open. There are different versions of the Recovery
Position but the one shown will prevent a casualty from rolling on to their back when the ship moves.
Kneel beside the casualty and open the airway by using head tilt, chin
lifL Straighten their legs, and place the arm nearest to you under their
thigh, with the palm uppermost. Failure to put the palm uppermost
may result in dislocation of the casualty's shoulder when you turn
them.
Bring the arm farthest from you across the chest, and hold the hand
palm outwards against the casualty's nearest ear. With the other hand,
grasp the thigh furthest from you, and pull the knee up, keeping the
foot flat on the ground.
Keeping the hand pressed against the ear, pull at the thigh to roll the
patient gently towards you, on to their side.

Adjust the upper leg so that both the hip and knee are bent at right
angles. Tilt the head back to ensure the airway remains open. The hand
under the ear can be adjusted to ensure the head stays tilted. Maintain
constant checks on the airway and breathing, monitoring circulation
and recording respiration rate frequently.

Videotel Productions

5.8 Shock
Shock is caused when the body's circulatory system is unable to provide adequate circulation to the body
tissues . It results in the slowing of vital functions, and in severe and untreated cases can lead to death.
A person suffering from shock may have some, or aU of the following symptoms:

cold and clammy skin

feels nauseous (sick)

a fast, then faim, pulse

fast, shallow breathing
thirst
loss of consciousness

After treating the injuries, reassure the casualty and keep them warm, possibly by covering them with a
blanket. Keep the casualty's legs raised slightly. Do not allow them to drink anything. If they are thirsty,
moisten their lips with water.

5.9 Bleeding
If there is no forei gn body in the wound, then bleeding can be controlled by applying direct pressure to
the wound. If a wound does contain a foreign body, build up pads around the wound to aUow pressure
to be applied over the wound without pressing on the foreign body.
If applying direct pressure to the wound does not work, then press on the artery between the wound and
the heart (see diagram of the three main pressure poin ts) . Once the initial bleeding has been controlled
you can continue the treatment by applying pads and bandages. ELEVATE the affected part if possible
and remove constricting items such as rings and watches.
Name

Location

1) SUBCLAVIAN artery

Beneath the collar bone but

ca n be difficult to locate

2) BRACHIAL artery

Underneath on inside of bicep

3) FEMORAL artery

Top of leg in groin

Pressure points to control bleeding

If there is a large gaping wound, you may need to pack the wound with
gauze pads before applying your pads and bandages. Make sure yo u look
for foreign bodies.
Keep a careful check for recurrence of bleeding - if the wound continues to bleed,
do not remove the first bandage, but add further pads/bandages up to a maximum
of 3. (If you cannot stop the bleeding you may need to use pressure points or
a tourniquet.)

Video rei Produc(ions

A tourniquet should only be used as a last resort, as its use usually results in the amputation of the
limb it has been applied to. However, if its use prevents someone from bleeding to death, it should
be applied.
To apply a tourniquet, use a piece of rope or a wide bandage or something similar to make a ligature and
tie it around the limb, above the wound. Tie a stick or a similar object into the bandage using a reef
knot. Twist the stick, tightening the bandage until the bleeding stops. Using another broad bandage
gently tie the stick in pl ace so that it does not unwind and release the pressure.
If proper medical assistance is going to take a long time, or is not available, then radio medical advice
must be sought.

Techniques for moving an injured person

,,----,-.ufrom a confined space
6.

6.1 Preparing the injured person for evacuation

Effective techniques and good equipment for moving and lifting casualties out of confined spaces are
well developed.
Firstly, unless the danger of the situation demands that yo u get the injured
person out very quickly, it is important that the casualty be firmly secured to a
stretcher or other similar type of cradle. However, if speed is important, there
are simple but strong harnesses available, such as the standard Type-E most
commonly in use, which can be fitted to a casualty to enable him to be hauled
up or lowered.

When someone is entering a closed space such as a tank, it is often advisable to be

wearing a harness as a precaution. You will remember that in the video the First
Mate pointed out the two casualties down in the tank hadfailed to do so and so
made their rescue more difficult.
Other more secure devices which immobilize the casualty can
range from an ordinary stretcher to the more specialised Neil
Robertson stretcher, to which the person is secured by straps. If
there are several casualties and only one harness or stretcher
available, as was the situation in the video, then an injured perso n
can be hauled up with a rope around his chest, although this
method is a last resort and should be well practiced, as was
pointed out in the video.

~UJ,u.uuy

can even be

Ct",71>J)Pri

top, or even to a

Whatever the means

zu()(}at~n

evacuation, It
can be

IS

by

rescuers without

to

further harm.

Moving a casualty from a confined space quickly

If you have to evacuate someone quickly UL'~"l'~1C
can walk you will
to
him if he is unconscious.
You can also use a
if there is space to do so.
it is best not
to
if you
he has suffered a severe injury to
if he is imminent
of
even
you must move
to safety straight away.
with your feet
and bend your
arms ULJll'-<ll11 the
both his arms.

space you
as much of
to you.

2.

his
your left hand.
bend
your head
let him slump
over your
shoulder.
up
to

keep your
hold a torch or climb a

wrist to

hand, leaving

Videorel Productions

as

If

'drag-carry' method can

used in small spaces, such
only one person can reach the
his hands can

rescuer, or with
ree'-nf.tnr;;,ea

or use

Videorel Producrions

an injured person are .t:.-,,,- OJ'",,-,,-, if he is conscious and can hold on to

or four-handed seats if
are two rescuers.
method can be

if there is an

lS

1rJ1ur,'/J

very

to

6.3 Hoisting or lowering an injured person

Small, easily portable man-riding winches are available, and every ship should have one as part of its
emergency equipment. However, if a vessel does not have one, and if there is no ship's derrick to lift a
casualty from a hold or tank, you can still do so by purring a beam across the hatch with a block arrached
to it. Once the injured person is raised to deck level he can be lifted over onto the deck.

If there is no derrick and no block then a rope

runway, or cableway, can be made by anchoring one
end of a tight line to somewhere inside the hold or
tank, with the other end secured to a point above
deck level. A stretcher can then be secured to the line
by ropes and free-running clips or eyes, which will
then enable a deck party to haul up the stretcher
using another line arrached to it.

Videote! Produ ctions

If there is no suitable point for a line to be anchored in the hold or tank, then the line can instead be
secured to twO points above the deck and hang down into the hold. The stretcher can again be raised as
with the previous method.

Great care must be used when evacuating someone using these cableway methods.
practised until crew members are confident how to do them.

Ifpossible, they should be

Finally, if there is no harness, no stretcher,

no derrick and no cableway, then the last
option is to drop a line into the hold and
then either rope up the injured person as
illustrated on the next page, or simply tie
the rope securely around his chest as a
very last resort, and then have him hauled
up by two parties stationed on either side
of the hatchway.

~CJCJCJCJCJ

Video,e! Productions

him out, then

should a very

IS
way to do it.
resort when evacuation

rope

very

7.

Rescues in special conditions

Sometimes
may
to be
conducting a rescue in a
board a gas carrier or an oil tanker, or in an area which is part of the
room.
filled with u,ucmuuw
not cause a
are nor
the confined spaces aboard your

8.

space on
example, if a
rescuers are

Evacuating an injured person by helicopter

If someone has
badly injured at sea it may be necessary
to receive proper
attention. If the
he can
hoisted up to the helicopter
crew.
"Ui"-",;"U.

by
in a Neil-RobertSon
of
follow the instructions

in a helicopter-to-ship operation can

procedures

Videotcl Productions

~ 9.

Practicing the techniques you have learned

The best way to prepare for conducting a rescue is to regularly practice doing so. Below are some practice
activities you should get crewmembers to carry out as an important part of this training session. These
will give them experience of what they may later have to do for real. Practicing rescue activities should
become a regular activity by the crew.

9.1 Individual practice exercises

Have each of the group practice:
doing a Fireman's Lift
the correct way to drag someone
using a breathing apparatus
putting on a breathing apparatus while blindfolded (to simulate doing so in the dark)
changing a cylinder on a breathing apparatus while blindfolded (to simulate doing so in the dark)

9.2 Practice exercises for pairs

Split the training group into pairs and get each person in turn to :
find the pressure points on the major arteries on his partner
form three- and four-handed seats
put their partner into a recovery position (see page 18)
strap their seemingly unconscious partner into a harness
share a breathing apparatus with his partner
drag-carry each other with the 'casualty' being conscious
drag-carry each other with the 'casualty' acting as unconscious
drag or push their partner through a small opening (others can hold a Iifebelt, for example, to act
as a small hatch, or use a sheet of cardboard with a 'hatch' cut in it)
put four or five tables together lengthways and in an T shape, and drape blankets over them to
form a 'tunnel'. Have each of the pairs in turn try to manoeuvre their 'unconscious' partner along
the tunnel (make it a friendly contest and give a prize for the pair who do it the best and in the
quickest time)
do the 'tunnel' exercise again, this time with the pair sharing a breathing apparatus (again, make it
a friendly competition with a prize for the quickest passage through the tunnel).

9.3 Group practice exercises

Have one of the group act as an unconscious casualty and prepare him for evacuation by rigging
up a makeshift hoist.
With a crewmember acting as an unconscious casualty, practice securing him into (a) a Neil
Robertson stretcher, (b) an ordinary stretcher, (c) a plank of wood, (d) a table top.
Practice the two methods of roping up a casualty ready for hoisting as described in Section 6.
Using a diagram of the ship's construction, get the group to identify all the areas aboard which are
considered as enclosed spaces (as defined earlier, these will be areas in which it would be difficult
to perform the rescue of a casualty found there).

Vidcore! Producriolls

 If there is access [0 any enclosed spaces on board your vessel you should try
rescues from them using the methods described in Section 6.

[0

conduct simulated

In the event of a real rescue having to be performed at some time, plenty of practice can mean the
difference between someone being successfully rescued alive - or several crewmembers being killed!

9.4 Group discussion

Before doing the quiz in the next section, get the group to discuss everything they have learned so far,
and identify any aspect of rescuing someone from a confined space which is perhaps still not clear [0
them. To start off the discussion you can pho[Ocopy the case studies appearing earlier (sections 2.3 on
page 9 and section 4 on page 13), and ask the group: what were the actions described in those two
accidents which should nOt have been done, and what should the supervisors, workmen and
crewmembers involved have done instead which were the correct and safe procedures?

10. ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

Q 1. What is considered to be a confined space?

(a) Any compartment where the hatch is smaller than O.5m (18 inches)
(b) Any compartment where you can [Ouch a bulkhead or partition with your arms outstretched
(c) Any compartment where it is difficult to move around in the normal way
(d) Any compartment where you cannOt stand up straight

Q2. Which of these can result from being in a confined space?

(a) Reduction in electric power
(c) Water pressure in hoses becomes reduced

(b) Tools become less efficient

(d) Walkie-talkie radio s[Ops working

Q3. What is the first thing you should do if you see someone lying unconscious at the
bottom of a tank?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Check whether he is alive or dead

Shout down to him and try [0 rouse him
Go and get help
Tie a rope to a stanchion or handrail and throw it down to him

Q4. What does a dosimeter badge tell you?

(a) Radiation levels
(c) Nitrogen levels

(b) Oxygen levels

(d) Carbon monoxide levels

Q5. What does a TLD badge tell you?

(a) Whether the person wearing it is qualified [0 give you first aid
(b) Whether the person wearing it is carrying a Toxic Lead Detectot
(c) Whether the person wearing it is qualified to carry out Treatment for a Lethal Disorder
(d) Whether the person wearing it has been in a radiation area

Videote! Productions

Q6. What is an EEBD?

(a) An Emergency Escape Breathing Device
(b) An Electronic Environmental and Biological Detoximeter
(c) An Emergency Electronic Bypass and Deactivator
(d) An Excess Ether Bilge Drain

Q7. If you discover several injured people in a hold, which should you treat first after
having sent for help?
(b) Whoever is screaming the loudest
(d) The nearest person

(a) Anyone bleeding a lot

(c) Anyone unconscious

Q8. How long can an injured person be in a smoke-filled room before there is a danger of
suffering brain damage through lack of air?
(a) 4 minutes

(b) 8 minutes

(c) 15 minutes

(d) 18 minutes

Q9. If nobody on board knows for sure how to treat an injury, what should be done?
(a) Radio for medical advice
(b) Keep the person warm and make for the nearest port
(c) Radio for a helicopter
(d) Check the medical guide and make a guess what the best treatment is

Q 10. If a casualty has cold skin, feels like being sick, is breathing fast and says he is
thirsty, what are these symptoms of?
(a) Shock

(b) Claustrophobia

(c) Cramp

(d) Smoke inhalation

Q 11. If someone is unconscious and you cannot see what is wrong with him, what should
you do first, after having sent for help?
(a) Give him chest compressions
(b) Gently slap his face to try to bring him round
(c) Give him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
(d) Check his breathing and pulse

Q12. If a badly injured and unconscious casualty is in imminent great danger from a
hazard, what is it best to do?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Give him first aid and then move him

Wait for help to arrive
Move him to safety immediately
Try to revive him with mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

Q13. What is a Neil-Robertson?

(a) A type of breathing apparatus
(c) A stretcher

(b) A portable winch

(d) A special type of bandage for deep wounds

Q14. How often should items of battery-powered rescue equipment be checked?

(a) Every month

Video(el Produc(ions

(b) Every three months

(c) Every six months

(d) Every year

Q15. How often should items of rescue equipment with moveable parts be checked?
three
nine months

(b)

six months
year

Q16. How often should items rescue equipment oxygen

month
six months

be checked?

months

an unCOllSC1011S casualty is twitching and jerking, what is the likely cause?

heart
seizure or
is still in contact
and the broken nerves are causing the

Q18. How can

reduce feelings of claustrophobia?

with your hands

(b)

a
Shut your eyes and take

Q19. Which of

should

A TLD badge

air

wear whenever going into a tank?

An identity disk

A lifejacket

Q20. What is the best way to lift an injured person out of a hold?
(b)

to a

board

Q21. Of what is lype-E an . . .

A d . ." ..........

(b) A type

of bandage

A type

fluid

for

out of eyes

(d) A

Q22. If you

into a confined space what should you

A lanyard
(c) A

attached to your torch?

(b) A

filter to

(d) A spare

eye

Q23. Whose safety is most important when taking

confined

in a rescue attempt from a

Yours

(c)

there

In

Q24. On discovering an injured person in a '"''''"....u

(a) To

To

out
anyone else being hurt

Answers are on

.....

space, what is your very top priority?

To
(d) 10

30.

Videorel ProduC[Jons

11.

Further information and reading

Confined Space

Practice, International Association of Classification VV'A~C''"O, London

First Aid Manual,

of St. John Ambulance, St. Andrew's Ambulance Association
and British Red Cross, Marsden, Moffat & SCOtt, Dorling
London
Guide to Safety in
Department of Health and Human
Safery and Health, 1987
International Medical Guide
Code of

National

Ships, World Health Organisation, Geneva

Practices
L",""'V;)""

,,,,"v,rpc

Merchant

MCA, UK

Spaces, Videotel Productions, London

Pans 1 & 2, Videotel Productions, London

First

At

Video tel Productions, London

1988 No. 1638

MERCHANT SHIPPING SAFETY

The Merchant Shipping (Entry into Dangerous Spaces) Regulations 1988

Drills
6. The master of:
(a) any tanker or gas carrier of 500 tOns and over, and
(b) any

ship of 1000 rons

over

shall ensure
drills simulating
rescue
a
at intervals nor
twO months, and that a
log book.

space are held

in the official

Testing equipment
7.
employer shall ensure that each ship where entry into a
space may be necessary
shall carry or otherwise
available an oxygen meter
such
device as is
appropriate to the hazard likely to
encountered in any
space on board. The master
shall ensure that such meter and any such other testing
are maintained in good working
order
where applicable, regularly
and calibrated according to
recommendations.

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