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CBB 3033

PHENOMENA

TRANSPORT

COMPUTATIONAL
DYNAMICS (CFD)

FLUID
LABORATORY
PROJECT
LAB 3A : GROUP 13

Nama

ID

Abdul Aiman bin Abdul Latif

19310

QR CODE

Table
of
Nur Kamarul Syaabah Ng binti
Mohammad Hafiz

19155

Wan Intan Nadiah binti Borharuddin

18857

Maryam binti Nasaruddin

19076

Sugentther a/l Chanthravarnam

19054

Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................ 3
Governing Equations And Simulation Method.............................................................5
i.

Governing equation........................................................................................... 5

ii.

Simulation......................................................................................................... 6

Flow Regime In Heat Exchanger.................................................................................7

Heat Transfer Coefficient............................................................................................ 8


i.

ID : 19310......................................................................................................... 8

ii.

ID: 19155....................................................................................................... 10

iii. ID: 18857....................................................................................................... 12


iv. ID: 19076...................................................................................................... 14
v.

ID: 19054........................................................................................................ 16

Results and Discussions........................................................................................... 18


i.

ID : 19310....................................................................................................... 18

ii.

ID: 19155....................................................................................................... 25

iii. ID: 18857....................................................................................................... 32


iv. ID: 19076...................................................................................................... 39
v.

ID: 19054........................................................................................................ 47

Conclusion................................................................................................................ 53
References................................................................................................................ 54

Introduction
A heat exchanger is a device designed to efficiently transfer or "exchange" heat from one matter to
another. When a fluid is used to transfer heat, the fluid could be a liquid, such as water or oil, or could be
moving air. Heat exchanger allows heat to be transferred in steady manner without sudden increase that
may compromise certain processes. The use of heat exchanger is very wide; it is also used in everyday
things. Air-conditioner, radiator are some examples of everyday heat exchanger. The use of heat
exchanger targets two objectives; to heat or to cool down. In designing heat exchanger, heat transfer
equations are applied to calculate the amount of energy transfer.
There are 3 basic heat exchanger based on flow configurations:
1) The figure below Illustrates an idealized counter-flow exchanger in which the two fluids flow in
opposite directions. This type of flow arrangement allows the largest exchange of heat energy between
both fluids and is therefore most efficient.

2) In co-current flow heat exchangers, the streams flow parallel to each other and in the same direction as
shown in. This is less efficient than countercurrent flow because it gives lower contact time between the
fluids to exchange heat energy but does provide more uniform wall temperatures.

3) Crossflow heat exchangers are intermediate in efficiency between countercurrent flow and co-current
flow exchangers. In these units, the streams flow at right angles to each other.

Heat exchangers can also be classified by their construction. The first level of classification is to
divide heat exchanger types into recuperative or regenerative. A recuperative heat exchanger is made up
of separate flow path for every fluid which allows the fluids to simultaneously flow through the heat
exchanger while transferring heat across the wall with other fluid with different flow paths. A regenerative
heat exchanger has a single flow path, which the hot and cold fluids alternately pass through.

.
The driving temperature across the heat transfer surface area differs according to positions. Still, a
mean temperature called Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) can be defined. Other than finding
the heat transfer through LMTD, NTU method is also applicable.

Governing Equations And Simulation Method


i.

Governing equation

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Module and Heat Transfer Module are used. The governing
equation used to generate plots from non-isothermal laminar flow and heat transfer in the fluid.
Laminar flow in fluid

qlost =q gain
lostgain= U i A i T lm
q
( mcp ) ( T T out ) shell
( mcp ) ( T T out )tube
where,

A i = inside tube area


U i = overall heat transfer coefficient, based on inside area

T lm = LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference)

q o=h(T ext T )

where,

q o = heating flux
5

T 1 T
T1

T2

T ext = external temperature

ii.

Simulation
Start

Problem Identification

Model Sketching

Model Drawing using CFD

Simulation using CFD

Specify Heat Flux


NO

Data Computation for Outlet Temperature

YES
Contour and capture of relevant 2D plot for
surface and iso surface velocity and

2D line graph is plotted for


temperature vs heat transfer

End

Flow Regime In Heat Exchanger


Flow regime can be determined from the Reynolds number.
Reynolds number = Inertia force/ Viscous force

Reynolds Number =

VD

Where
= density of the fluid
v = velocity of the fluid
L = Length of the fluid inlet
= dynamic Viscosity of the fluid

999.9
Reynolds Number =

kg
m 1 min
0.06

0.12 m
3
min 60 s
m
0.894 Pa. s

Reynolds Number =0.1342

Reynolds Number= 0.1342, which is in the limit of Laminar flow.


Hence, the flow regime can be considered as Laminar Flow.
Since the value for Length of the Fluid Inlet as well as other parameters including density, dynamic
viscosity are the same for each individual in the group, each individual in the group will have the same
value of Reynolds Number

Heat Transfer Coefficient


i.

ID : 19310
Name : Abdul Aiman Bin Abdul Latif

Average outlet (T2) vs Heat Transfer Coefficient


375
365

f(x) = - 0.01x^2 + 1.89x + 307.92


R = 0.99

355
345

Temperature Average Outlet (T2) 335


325
315
305
295

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Figure 1 : Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Temperature Average Outlet

Average outlet (T2) vs T_AVG_OUTLET_T2


60
50
40

T_AVG_OUTLET_T2 30
20
10
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Figure 2 : Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Theoratical error

Table 1: Data sets for Heat Transfer Coefficient and Calculated Temperature
Difference
9

ii.

T average

T Ideal

T Diff Avg

311.742

366

54.258

312.5269

366

53.4731

10

324.2026

366

41.7974

15

333.8336

366

32.1664

20

341.9257

366

24.0743

25

348.8237

366

17.1763

30

354.7994

366

11.2006

35

360.0278

366

5.9722

40

364.6465

366

1.3535

41.5

365.9321

366

0.0679

42

366.3513

366

0.3513

43

367.176

366

1.176

45

368.7769

366

2.7769

ID:

19155

Name:

10

Nur Kamarul Syaabah Ng binti Mohammad Hafiz

Heat Transfer Coefficient vs average outlet T2


390
380
370

f(x) = - 0.04x^2 + 3.71x + 301.95


R = 1

360
350

Average outlet T2 (K)

340
330
320
310
300
290

10

15

20

25

30

35

Heat transfer coefficient(W/m2K)

Graph 1 : Relationship between heat transfer coefficient and average outlet T2

Determine heat transfer coefficient


50
45
40
35
30

T avg outlet T2

25
20
15
10
5
0

10

15

20

25

30

Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m2K)

Graph 2 : Trial and error process to determine heat transfer coefficient

11

35

Table 1: Data sets for Heat Transfer Coefficient and Calculated Temperature
Difference
Ideal temperature
T2(K)

Heat transfer coefficient, h


(W/m2K)

Average temperature,
Tavg (K)

Temperature difference
(K)

366

319.06

46.94

366

10

335.4346

30.5654

366

15

348.6616

17.3384

366

20

359.5372

6.4628

366

21

361.4812

4.5188

366

22

363.3567

2.6433

366

23

365.1665

0.8335

366

23.5

366.0485

0.0485

366

24

366.916

0.916

366

24.5

367.7689

1.7689

366

25

368.6079

2.6079

366

30

376.2852

10.2852

As shown in the graph 1, the heat transfer coefficient is directly proportional to the average outlet
T2, indicating that the increase in heat transfer coefficient resulted by higher temperature obtain. Heat
transfer coefficient is a quantitative characteristic of convective heat transfer between a fluid medium (a
fluid) and the surface (wall) flowed over by the fluid. Convection heat transfer is energy transport due to
bulk fluid motion. Convection heat transfer through gases and liquids from a solid boundary results from
the fluid motion along the surface. Newton determined that the heat transfer/area, Q/A, is proportional to
the fluid solid temperature difference Ts-Tf. The temperature difference usually occurs across a thin layer
of fluid adjacent to the solid surface. This thin fluid layer is called a boundary layer. The constant of
proportionality is called the heat transfer coefficient, h.

Using the trial and error procedure as observed in graph 2, optimum heat transfer coefficient needed to
operate the heat exchanger obtained by the graph which is 23.5 W/(m2K) with average temperate of
366.0485 and percentage differences less than 0.1%.

12

iii.

ID:

18857

Name: Wan Intan Nadiah bt Borharuddin

Graph of Average Outlet Temperature vs Heat Transfer Coefficient


378
368
f(x) = - 0.05x^2 + 3.97x + 300.41
R = 1
358
348
Average Outlet Temperature, T2 (oC) 338
328
318
308
0

10

15

20

25

30

Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m2K)

Figure 6 shows the relationship between average outlet temperature and heat
transfer coefficient.

Graph of Average Outlet Temperature Difference vs Heat Transfer Coeeficient


60
50
40
Average Outlet Temperature Difference, T2 (oC)

30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m2K)

13

Figure 7 shows the relationship between average outlet temperature difference and
heat transfer coefficient

Table 1 : Data sets for Heat Transfer Coefficient and Calculated Temperature
Difference
Heat transfer
coefficient,h
(W/m2K)
3.5
5
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
23
24
26

Average
Temperature,T
(K)
313.3456
319.0687
329.4222
335.6313
341.3628
346.6706
351.6014
356.1931
360.4799
364.491
366.4009
368.2519
371.7887

Ideal
Temperature
(K)
366
366
366
366
366
366
366
366
366
366
366
366
366

Temperature
Difference
(K)
52.6544
46.9313
36.5778
30.3687
24.6372
19.3294
14.3986
9.8069
5.5201
1.509
0.4009
2.2519
5.7887

From Figure 6, it is observed that as we increase the heat transfer coefficient,


the average outlet temperature increases. From the equation obtained from the
plotted graph, we can get the exact value of heat transfer coefficient for our desired
temperature. The heat is transferred by convection, where the heat is transferred
from one place to another by the movement of fluids. Convection is usually the
dominant form of heat transfer(convection) in liquids and gases. Although often
discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves
the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer
by bulk fluid flow). The basic relationship for heat transfer by convection is:
q = hA(Ta-Tb)
where q is the heat transferred per unit time, A is the area of the object, h is the
heat transfer coefficient, Ta is the object's surface temperature and Tb is the fluid
temperature.
From Figure 7, the optimum temperature is obtained at heat transfer coefficient is
23 W/m2K. The average outlet Temperature obtained is 366.4009, as shown in Table
1. The percentage difference from the desired temperature is approximately is only
0.1%.
14

iv.

ID:

19076

Name:

Maryam binti Nasaruddin

Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Average Temperature, T2


400
380
f(x) = - 0.01x^2 + 1.69x + 309.49
R = 1
360
Average Temperature T2 (C)

340
320
300
280
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Heat Transfer Coefficient

Figure 1 An example of relationship between heat transfer coefficient and


T2

15

45
40
35
30
25
T_avg_outlet T2 20
Optimum
point

15
10
5
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Figure 2 Try and error process to determine heat transfer coefficient.

Table 1: Data sets for Heat Transfer Coefficient and Calculated Temperature
Difference
Heat
Transfer
Coefficient
10
20
30
40
42
43
43.5
43.75
43.8
44
50
60
70
16

Average
Temperat
ure T2 (K)
323.9068
341.2775
353.7144
363.1055
364.7186
365.4977
365.8796
366.0693
366.1068
366.2579
370.485
378.0244
383.3947

Ideal
Temperature
(K)
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15
366.15

|T|
42.0932
24.7225
12.2856
2.8945
1.2814
0.5023
0.1204
0.0693
0.1068
0.2579
4.485
12.0244
17.3947

80

387.903

366.15

21.903

Figure 7 shows the graph represent average temperature, T2 versus the heat
transfer coefficient. After some try an error process, we can determine the heat
transfer coefficient to reach T2 = 93 C (366.15K) which is 43.74 W/m.K. It is the
optimum point that is shown at figure 8.

v.

ID: 19054
Name:

17

Sugentther a/l Chanthravarnam

Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Average Outlet Temperature


390
380
370
360
350
340

Heat Transfer Coefficient 330


320
310
300
290

Average Outlet Temperature (K)

3 Heat Transfer Coefficient vs Average Outlet Temperature

Optimum Heat Transfer Coefficient by trial and error


80
70
60
50
Tavg-T2

40
30
20
10
0

10

20

30

38

39.009

40

45.5

50

60

4 Optimum Heat Transfer Coefficient by trial and error vs Temperature


Difference

18

Table 1: Data sets for Heat Transfer Coefficient and Calculated Temperature
Difference
Heat Transfer
Coefficient, h
0
10
20
30
38
39.009
40
45.5
50
60

Average outlet,T2
(K)
298
323.657
341.0441
353.5927
361.4424
362.3278
363.1782
367.5679
370.8001
376.6881
346.7086

|Tavg - T2
(K)|
68
42.343
24.9559
12.4073
4.5576
3.6722
2.8218
1.5679
4.8001
10.6881
19.2914

Results and Discussions


i.

ID : 19310
Name : Abdul Aiman Bin Abdul Latif
Assigned Parameter:
X (m)
0.21

19

Y(m)
0.156

Tavg (oC)
93= 366.15K

V1 (m/min)
0.06

Figure 1 : Geometry and mesh of heat exchanger equipment in 2D axis symmetric


From the figure show the generation for the consideration geometry.The triangular mesh has been
generated.The mesh is very fine near the area where the the heat flux generation occurs.Some
accumulationof the triangular mesh can be seen at the pinch part.

20

Figure 5 : Temperature profile and velocity field streamline in 2D

Figure above show 2D of temperature distribution and velocity streamline.The inlet fluid enter at
high velocity at the interance.Fluid flow through the side of the coil which result to the formation of
spherical flow and move toward next. Temperature keep rising for each surface contact made with the
heating coil .Heat dissicipate through out the fluid creating an steady heat distribution.The pinch part
cause the velocity stream line to be more cocentrate to the center.At the spherical flow region, the fluid
were pushed inside and trap at the corner caused the fluid to move around at the same place.

21

Figure 6 : Temperarture in revolve-3D (rainbow view)

Figure 7 : Temperature in revolve-3D (thermal view)

22

Figure 8 : Iso-surface plot for temperature

Figure above show the temperature contour and iso-surface ploot for temperature. As can be
observe the inlet temperature are 298.15 K . The fluid experienced increasing of temperature after comes
in contact with the first heating coil. Fluid flow through the side of the first heating coil and follow by
next.The rose in temperature at second heating coil build on the temperature rose from the first heating
coil and same applied to the next surface contact.The temperature of the fluid that made contact with the
second heating coil are much relatively higher as fluid already gain heat from the first heating coil. Fluid
passes through crevice in between the spheres, not getting heated thoroughly.That why it can be seen dark
colour around the sphere,the region where the fluid passed trough the heating coil without making any
surrface contact with the heating coil.For each contact made with the heating coil, heat dissicipate through
out the fluid creating an steady heat distribution.Obviously the heat gain from the heating coil loss to the
surrounding fluid which much lower temperature.

23

Figure 9 : Velocity magnitude revolve in 3D

Figure above show the velocity contour. The velocity were high at each entrance and exit of the
system. The classic Bernoulli equation states that increase in speed of fluid occur simultaneously with
decrease in pressure. Small cross sectional area at the exit and entrance of the system introduce lowpressure region .The flow of fluid increase as its move from high pressure to low pressure and decrease as
its move from low pressure to high pressure. As we can observe from the figure above, the high velocity
only concentrated at both exit and entrance of the system as the region there has low pressure. The
velocities were then decreased as it enters the system. As it enters the system, it flow through the side of
the heating coils and move toward the middle of the system. At point z = 0.69 , fluid face much smaller
entrance due to the pinch part .But the effect on velocity not very significant as the pressure difference are
small. The velocity is zero near the walls that shows that there is no slip condition at the wall. The
velocity raised and headed to exit of the system.

24

Figure 10 : Temperature distribution at different z position (inlet,0.02,0.60,0.80.9 and outlet)

From graph above , inlet temperature is constant at (25+273.15)K while outlet increase from
(87+273.15)K to (93 (87+273.15) K) .
At z=0.6, we can see that the temperature increases so high but at z=0.8 we can see that the
temperature increases to around 115 C which is not as high as z=0.6. The temperature increases after it
comes in contact with the heating coil. The heat from the fluid that comes in contact with the heating coil
then dissipates throughout the fluid until a steady temperature is reached. For certain fluid that passes in
between the coil without getting heated such as z=0.02 the temperature is costant.

25

Figure 11 : Outlet temperature surface

From the figure above show the crossectional area of the outlet.As can be observe, the
temperature around the surface cylinder higher compared to the center of the cylinder.The red region were
result of the temperature rose from the two last heating coil surface contact. .Due to the pinch part,the
flow of fluid increase in velocity and become more cocentrated to the near to the center.Pushing the lower
temperature inward the flow system.

26

ii.

ID:

19155

Name:

Nur Kamarul Syaabah Ng binti Mohammad Hafiz

Assigned Parameter:
X (m)
0.16

Y(m)
0.114

Tavg (oC)
93= 366.15K

V1 (m/min)
0.06

Figure 12 : Geometry and mesh of heat exchanger equipment in 2D axis symmetric


From the figure that represents the mesh generation for the considered geometry, we can say that
the free triangular mesh has been generated. For getting a better accuracy in the results, finer mesh has
been generated. We can also observe that the mesh is very fine near the area where the heat flux
generation occurs.
From the figure, we can say that the free triangular mesh created has obtained a good efficient
mesh quality, from the range, maximum domain covers the mesh quality . It also can be observe that very
less regions stay in the quality of outer and most of the domain stays in above 90% quality. As it is a 2Dimensional geometry, obtaining a mesh quality with above 90% is may not be challenging, still near the
area of curvature, this geometry has achieved a better mesh quality.

27

Figure 13 : Temperature profile and velocity field streamline in 2D

Figure 14 : Velocity magnitude in revolve-3D


28

Figure 4 : Temperature in revolve-3D(thermal view)

Figure 5 : Temperature in revolve-3D (rainbow view)

29

Figure 2 shows the temperature profile and velocity profile streamline in 2D while figure 3 shows
velocity magnitude in revolve 3D. Figure 4 and figure 5 shows temperature profile in revolve -3D,
thermal view and rainbow view respectively. In figure 2, the temperature contour shows the variation of
temperature at the surface outlet of the heat exchanger. Maximum temperature is observed at the centre of
the surface (heat coil) and decreases gradually as it moves far from the centre of the outlet surface.
Minimum temperature is observed at the inlet of the heat exchanger as the water is not heated with the
heat coil.

As the water firstly enters the input, the brightness of the red/blue is the darkest showing that the
water is at low temperature. As it proceeds towards the output of heat exchanger, the temperature increase
as the water is being heated to carry out heat transfer process. It is proven that the brightness of red/blue
color increase as the water travel to the outlet nozzle of heat exchanger. However, highest temperature is
at the heating coil, where the red turns yellowish or blue turns red. This indicate more heat is being
transferred from the coil of heat exchanger to the water flows.

It shown that the velocity of fluid increase as it flows from input sections of heat exchanger to the
output section of heat exchanger. As water flows faster, resulting in a brighter blue intensity in color. This
is because the opening of heat exchanger smaller, which can be related to the theory of Bernoullis
principal which state that an increase of fluid occurs whenever there is a sudden decrease in pressure due
to the change in amount of space for fluid to flow. As fluid flows through a smaller opening, it will result
in a decrease of pressure drop, thus fluid would flow faster. Besides that, the phenomena of vena
contracta might as well happened. Vena contracta is the point in a fluid stream where fluid velocity is
maximum and the diameter of the stream is the least (Evangelista Torricelli, 1643). It is a place where the
cross section area is minimum.

30

Figure 15 : Iso-surface plot for temperature

In iso-surface figure, the distribution of the heat flux as indicated by the intensity of blue color
increases from the input sections towards the output sections. An iso-surface is a surface of constant
value, which is also three-dimensional analog of iso-line. It also visualizes the velocity distribution and
temperature distributions. The temperature around the heating coil is at maximum as observed in the
figure above (represented by red-yellowish color). The blue color indicate lower temperature of the fluid.
As the fluid flows through the heating coil, it is observed that the temperature of the fluid increases due to
the heat transfer by convection. The distribution of heat in the middle part of the heat exchanger
concentrated towards output nozzle.

31

Figure 16 : Outlet temperature surface

As observed, the core of circle represents the outlet temperature surface of heat exchanger from
the top view where the heated water from coil of heat exchanger flows out. The red color indicated the
highest temperature, however it decreases towards the outer layer of the circle. The outer part of the circle
is the lowest temperature value where blue in color is indicated. This is because heat is loss to the
surrounding atmosphere from the core of the heat exchanger.

32

Graph 3 : Temperature distribution at different z position(inlet,0.02,0.6,0.8,0.9 and outlet)

From graph 3, inlet temperature is constant from 0 to 0.05 m because there is no heat received
from heat coil while outlet temperature decrease from370K to 363K at radical axis of 0 to 0.05 m .
At z=0.5, graph shows curve of increasing temperature from initial 360K which reach maximum
of range 378K then decrease to 348K and stay constant until 0.2m. Next at z=0.6, graph shows curve of
increasing temperature from initial 362K which reach maximum of range 374K, decrease to 350K and
stay constant until 0.2m. Next at z=0.75, graph shows curve of increasing temperature from initial 364K
which reach maximum of range 372K, decrease to 355K and stay constant until 0.2m. Lastly at z=0.85,
graph shows curve of increasing temperature from initial 366K which reach maximum of range 371K,
decrease to 355K and stay constant until 0.2m.
As general, all the temperature distribution started at a constant temperature, increase at a
maximum point and then decrease constantly until it reaches 0.2m.

33

iii.

ID:

18857

Name: Wan Intan Nadiah bt Borharuddin


Parameter:
X (m)
0.085

Y(m)
0.114

Tavg (oC)
93= 366.15K

V1 (m/min)
0.06

Figure 1. Geometry and mesh of heat exchange equation equipment in 2-D axis
symmetric
The heat exchange in mixing system simulation is built in COMSOL
Multiphysics 4.0. The heat exchanger consists of 4 heating coils represented by 4
circles. The fluid flows from the inlet and exits on the outlet domain. The Geometry
of heat exchanger is represented by the 2-Dimensional axis symmetry geometry
heat exchanger. The location for circles varies for each individual. In this simulation
the parameters given is: z=0.085, y=0.184.
From the figure that represents the mesh generation for the considered
geometry, we can say that the free triangular mesh has been generated.

34

Figure 2 shows Temperature Profile and Velocity Streamline in 2D

35

Figure 3 shows velocity profile in revolve 3D-(225 o)

Figure 4a. shows Temperature Profile in Revolve-3D (225 0) Thermal View

Figure 4b shows Temperature Profile in Revovle-3D (225 0) Rainbow View

36

From the figure above, we observed the changes in temperature and velocity
of the fluid. Figure 2 shows velocity and temperature profile in 2D while Figure 3 and
4a and 4b shows temperature and velocity profile in 3D. The maximum temperature
is obtained around the heating coils (represented by yellow color). As the water
flows from the inlet (bottom), the temperature of water is still at its minimum.
However, as it moves towards the heating coil, the water temperature increases as
it receives heat from the heating coil. The water flows out with higher temperature
compared to the initial temperature as the results of heating from the heating coil.
When the fluid pass through the first heating coil, the temperature does not varies
much from the initial temperature. As it passes through the second coil, more heat
is transferred from the heating coil to water by convection. After it has passes
through the second coil, the temperature is distributed and does not increase much
which may be due to the location of the heating coil which is a bit far from the
outlet.
From the figure above, the flow of fluid in a tube is of the streamline type if
the velocity is not too great and there are not bends or changes in diameter so
abrupt as to cause turbulence. With streamline flow the path of any particle of fluid
as it moves through the tube is called a streamline. One can map the flow of fluid
through a tube by drawing a number of streamlines following the paths of the
particles of the liquid. The rate of flow can be represented by the density of the
streamlines. Velocity of water is at maximum when it flows towards the heating coil
and as it passes through the resistance caused by small rectangular near the outlet
in the above figure. The velocity increases since the small rectangular (which act as
a resistance) reduces the area. As water flows through the reduced area, velocity of
water increases. This is the results of the application of Bernoullis principle.
Bernoullis theorem states a relationship between pressure, velocity and elevation
at points along a flowing stream of fluid.

37

Figure 5 shows the iso-surface plot of temperature


Figure above shows the iso-surface plot temperature where it represents all
the area where the selected result quantity has the same value. Iso surfaces are a
three dimensional visualization tool that show a value as well as the physical shape
of the flow characteristics. They are useful for visualizing velocity distributions in
complicated flow paths as well as temperature distributions in thermal simulations.
Iso surfaces to determine the locations of the maximum and minimum values of a
quantity.
The temperature around the heating coil is at maximum as observed in the
figure above (represented by yellow colour). The blue color indicates lower
temperature of the fluid. As the fluid flows through the heating coil, it is observed
that in iso-surface figure, the temperature of the fluid increases due to the heat
transfer by convection. The variation of temperature is significant after the fluid
passes through the second coil. The temperature is higher in the centre part of the
heat exchanger compared to both sides of the cylinder.

38

Figure 5 shows Outlet Temperature Surface


From The 2D plot, the temperature contour shows the variation of
temperature at the surface outlet of the heat exchanger. Maximum temperature is
observed at the centre of the surface and decreases gradually as it moves far from
the centre of the outlet surface. It can be proven by referring to Figure 3 which
shows the Temperature Profile in 3 Dimension and Figure 5 which shows the iso
surface temperature of heat exchanger.
In both figure, the middle part of the outlet has higher temperature of fluid
compared to other part of the outlet area (indicated by yellowish//greenish colour).
As the water is being heated by the heating coil, fluid in the middle part receives
maximum heat transfer and converges as it approaches the resistance (caused by
the small rectangle) and flows out from the outlet of heat exchanger.

39

Figure 8 shows the temperature distribution of various position of z


The inlet temperature is constant as water did not receive any heat from the
heating coils yet. Therefore the initial temperature is constant at 298K. The outlet
temperature decreases as it moves from the center (radical axis=0) until 0.06. The
decreasing temperature can be observed in Figure 5 which shows the Outlet surface
Temperature of the heat exchanger. The temperature distribution at different z
position varies due to the heat transfer from the heating coil to the fluid by
convection.
Uniform pattern of line for different positions of z (z=0.5, 0.6, 0.75 &0.85) are
observed whereby, the temperature gradually decreases and becomes nearly
constant. As the z-position increased, the maximum temperature decreases for
increasing z points. This is because the fluids gets further away from the heat coil,
which caused slightly reduced temperature as it moves away from the heating coil.

40

iv.

ID:
Name:

19076
Maryam binti Nasaruddin

Assigned Parameter:
X (m)
0.16

41

Y(m)
0.114

Tavg (oC)
93= 366.15K

V1 (m/min)
0.06

Figure 17 Geometry and mesh


From the above figure, it is represents the geometry and mesh generation.
The free triangular mesh has been generated based on the figure. To get better
accuracy in the result, finer mesh has been generated. The area of heat flux
generation is where the mesh is very fine. From this mesh, it is hoped that the
considered momentum and energy governing Navier-Stokes can be easily solved.
This geometry has achieved a better mesh quality as from the range, the maximum
domain covers the high mesh quality.

42

Figure 18 Temperature profile and velocity field streamline in 2D

Figure 19 Temperature profile in revolve-3D (thermal view)

43

Figure 20 Temperature profile in revolve-3D (rainbow view)

Figure 21 Velocity profile in revolve-3D


44

From above figure, we can observe the temperature and velocity for the
whole heat exchanger. The inlet temperature is 298K. We can see that the heating
coil temperature near to the inlet is lower than the other heating coil because of
heat transfer occurs from heating coil to the water. As the water flow upward, its
temperature becomes higher. Thus the temperature difference between water and
the second heating coil is lower compare to the first coil. Maximum temperature is
located around to the heating coil. All the water temperature in upper region start to
uniform
because of heat transfer convection from that would affect outlet
temperature that would be discussed after this.
Meanwhile, velocity of water in the heat exchanger can be observed in figure
4. It shows that the highest velocity is located in the inlet. As it reached to the
heating coil, the water velocity becomes slower. However, in the middle of tube, the
water velocity is faster because less resistance flow. Velocity of water is high when
the area is reduced. When the area reduced, the pressure also reduced. The velocity
inside the heat exchanger is proved by the Bernoullis principle.

45

Figure 22 Isosurface plot for temperature

Isosurface is three-dimensional analog of an isoline which is a surface


represent points of constant temperature in figure 6. Red colour in the diagram is
represents high temperature meanwhile blue colour is low temperature. Figure
shows that dark red colour (highest temperature) obtained is near to the heating
coil. Dark blue colour (lowest temperature) is located at the water inlet. We can
observe that the dark blue colour becomes light at the outlet which means the
water becomes hot.

46

Figure 23 Outlet temperature surface


Outlet temperature obtain is shown in figure 5. Highest temperature is
located near to the surface of wall meanwhile lowest temperature is located in the
middle of region. This temperature occurs because heat convection flow in heat
exchanger is diverged after water pass through the heating coil. As a result the
highest temperature is near to the surface tube while the lowest temperature is at
the middle.

47

Figure 24 Temperature distribution at different z position. (inlet, 0.02, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8
and outlet)
From the figure above, it shows temperature distribution in heat exchanger.
In the inlet, the temperature is constant that is 298 K. When it reach at z = 0.02, the
temperature is highest at zero radial axis because it is where heating coil located
same as at z = 0.6. As the water flow upward, at middle of axial, the temperature is
low but it is slightly increase when greater radial axis until 0.05 m. As we discuss
before, the temperature after pass through the heating coil is diverge, it is why the
graph obtain form shows that the outer layer at outlet is higher compare to the
inner of the tube.

48

v.

ID: 19054

Name:

Sugentther a/l Chanthravarnam

Assigned Parameters:
X (m)
0.21

Y(m)
0.1

Figure on top shows the Temperature


contour and velocity profile streamline.
It is visible that there is certain
turbulent flow after the input and
several place. At the outlet to, the
26Temperature
turbulent flow
can be noticed. This
Contour and
turbulent flow
causes
the hotter fluid to
Velocity
flow outward,
causing the colder fluid
Streamline
profile
to flow In the middle, just how the
outlet flow slice show at the bottom.

49

Tavg (oC)
93= 366.15K

V1 (m/min)
0.06

Figure above shows the geometry of


the flow in the system. The mesh
indicates in which position the fluid
might be disturbed, making the flow
turbulent. The mesh around the
25Geometry
heating
element
is
particularly
Mesh of
concentrated system
showing the flow of fluid
being disrupted from its steady flow.

5Temperature Contour (K)

Figure above shows the temperature contour in the system. Here we can see
that the inlet temperature at the left is 298K. As the fluid comes in contact with the
first heating coil, it can be noticed that the temperature increases. The fluid on the
both sides comes in contact with the first heating surface and followed by the next.
That is why it can be seen that the fluid after the second coil is in yellow compared
to the middle where it is still red. The heat then dissipates throughout the fluid
forming steady heat distribution in the system after in contact with the heat coil.
Eventhough the temperature reaches a stable temperature, the middle part is still
relatively low compared to its surrounding as some of the fluid passes through
crevice in between the spheres, not getting heated thoroughly.
Besides that we can see that temperature in the first coil reduces drastically
from 450K to around 350K after it comes in contact with the fluid which is at 298K.
As for the second coil at the outer part the temperature of the heater doesnt
reduce as much because the temperature of fluid which comes in contact with it is
relatively higher than the beginning temperature as it is already heated by the first
coil.

50

6Isosurface: Temperature

The figure above shows an accurate impression of the flow of heat from the
coil to the surrounding fluid. The temperature in the first coil reduces drastically as
it is the first to be in contact with the fluid. Here the temperature of the fluid
increases slightly and as it comes in contact with the second coil in the middle, the
temperature decreases but not as much compared to before. The temperature of
the fluid after it comes in contact with the second outer coil is relatively higher
compared to the first because the temperature of the fluid is already increased by
the first coil. After that we can see that the heat from this fluid which had direct
contact with the heating coil losing heat to its surrounding fluid which is still in a
lower temperature, bringing up the temperature. This causes the system to have a
steady temperature as it is mixed thoroughly since the flow is turbulence. It is
visible that after pinch section, the flow becomes turbulence and preventing from
the fluid in the middle to achieve steady temperature.
51

27Cross-sectional Area: Exit flow


Figure above show the cross-sectional area for the exit flow of fluid. Here we
can see that fluid outside is higher. The temperature decreases gradually until it is
low in the middle of the outlet tube. This is because the flow of fluid before the exit
is turbulant. The pinch part blocks the flow and causes the flow to be turbulant. That
prevents the middle fluid of the system from achieving steady state of even
temperature with its surrounding fluid. The fluid with higher temperature is pushed
outwards following to its turbulant state, preventing further heat exchange with the
relatively low temperature fluid in the middle of the system.

52

8Velocity profile

Figure above shows the velocity magnitude in the system. The inlet is from
the left while the outlet is on the left. It can be noticed that the inlet velocity and
outlet velocity is high. This is because the input which is already on a high velocity
enters a chamber of larger cross sectional area. This reduces the velocity of the
fluid tremendously. Relating this to Bernoulli law, the inlet and outlet pressure is
high while inside the system the pressure is high. The velocity of the fluid increases
a little when is passes through the space in between the spheres as the space is
tight not as before where the space is larger. As the fluid approaches smaller crosssectional area in the system, the velocity slowly increases to maximum. Besides
that, it is obvious that the velocity of the fluid is 0 near the wall as there is no slip
condition at the inner surface of this wall.

53

28Temperature distribution (oC)

The graph above shows the temperature distribution in the system after
coming in contact with each heating coil. It can be seen that input is at 25 oC as it is
maintained constant. At z=0.6, we can see that the temperature increases so high
but at z=0.8 we can see that the temperature increases to around 105 oC which is
not as high as z=0.6. The temperature increases after it comes in contact with the
heating coil. The heat from the fluid that comes in contact with the heating coil then
dissipates throughout the fluid until a steady temperature is reached. For certain
fluid that passes in between the coil without getting heated such as z=0.02 the
temperature is constant.

54

Conclusion
In this study, three basic questions regarding conduction, convection, and
radiation are solved successfully. As a foundation, the part of theoretical methods
benefit on analyzing and solving. The project offers solutions of the three questions.
By this means, it can understand how to analyze and to solve the problems on heat
transfer. Furthermore, we can apply Comsol Multiphysics software to solve three
questions. Comparing the results from the theoretical method with Comsol
Multiphysics software, it has been proved that Comsol Multiphgysics software can
offer accurate analysis. Meanwhile, it is a very efficient tool for solving heat transfer
problem, especially for those completed problems.

When we compare the three different types of x (in meter) which is 0.21,0.16
and 0.0 given to us to build the heat exchanger, heat transfer coefficient at x=0.16
have the highest heat transfer coefficient. Theoritically, The basic relationship for
heat transfer by convection is:
q = hA(Ta-Tb)
where q is the heat transferred per unit time, A is the area of the object, h is the
heat transfer coefficient, Ta is the object's surface temperature and Tb is the fluid
temperature. An increase in the eat transfer coefficient will increase the heat
transfer in the heat exchanger which indicates high efficiency. Thus, the best heat
exchanger is selected at the location of x=0.16.

55

References
McCable, Warren L, Julian C.Smith and Peter Harriot, Unit Operation of Chemical
Engineering, 5th ed., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company (1993)
Welty,James R,;Wicks Charles E; Wilson,Robert E.; Rorrer , Gregory (2011).
Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley.
Howers, D.J & Sanders, B.F. (2013) Velocity Contour Weighing Method. Retrieved
fromhttp://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bae_fac/103/
Badeer HS and Synolakis CE. The Bernoulli-Poiseuille
Teach 27: 598601, 1989.

equation. The

Physics

Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Standards of the Tubular Exchanger


Manufacturers Association, 7th ed., TEMA, New York (1988)
Tinker, T., Shellside Characteristics of Shell-and-tube Heat Exchangers: A Simplified
Rating System for Commercial Heat Exchangers, Trans. ASME, 80, pp. 3652 (1958)

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