1.

Switches, Relays, Detectors, Sensors and DC Drives

. IGBT vs MOSFET and their applications.
- Low-voltage, low-current and high switching frequencies favor MOSFETs. High-vo
ltage, high-current and low switching frequencies, on the other hand, favor IGBT
s.
- MOSFETs are used in power supplies, dc/dc converters, and low-voltage motor co
ntrollers.
- IGBTs are used in modern appliances like electric cars, trains, variable-speed
refrigerators, air conditioners, and more.
. Low priority: IGBT basics.
1. AC Drives.
- Firing Angle Control: Program and Diagram.
- Pure Sine Wave Single Phase Inverter: Diagram.
- Pure Sine Wave Three Phase Inverter: Program? and Diagram.
2. Industrial Telemetry
- Contrast Parallel and Serial Data Communication.
- Types of serial communication: UART, SPI and I2C.
- MODBUS Decoding: offline and online?.
. UCSRCA = receive, transmit flags etc.
. UCSRCB = interrupt based reception and transmission.
. UCSRCC = parity.
3. PLCs.
>> PLCs Pros and Cons:
. A PLC is a solid state CPU-based system that uses integrated circuits to achie
ve relay logic functions.
. A PLC is made up of a power supply, a CPU and I/O modules.
. Pros
- Tailor made for industrial automation.
- Provides electrical isolation between input and sources.
- Can withstand rough treatment.
- Programming is relatively easier and more visual.
- Online coding or modification of code while it is running is possible.
- Uses logic levels that ensure noise immunity: L = 0:5 V while H = 13:24 V or 1
3:33 V.
- Also provides networking capabilities.
. Cons
- Expensive.
- Slower than microcontroller or microprocessor based techniques.
- Are subject to EMI so relay based systems may work better in these cases.
- They prove to be inefficient for fixed circuit operations. PLCs are usually us
ed when periodic changes have to be made to the code.
>> Contrast PLCs with Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and FPGAs
- Microcontrollers and PLCs are both CPU-based systems while an FPGA is a PLD or
programmable logic device.
- Microcontrollers and PLCs involve sequential execution while FPGAs mainly make
use of parallel execution.
- An MCU is time-limited. In order to accomplish more work, you need more proces
sor cycles. Clocks have very real limits to their frequencies, so it's easy to h
it a computational wall. However, an FPGA is space-limited. In order to accompli
sh more work, you merely add more circuits.
>> Compare the S7-200, 300 and 400 series.
- The S7-300 and 400 series both provide networking capabilities via PROFIBUS, E

thernet and MPI. The S7-200 provides networking capabilities via RS-485 and PROF
IBUS.
- The S7-200: micro PLC, expandable up to 7 modules. NO MPI.
- The S7-300: mid-range PLC, can support 32 modules, serial connections betweem
modules via serial bus over the backplane.
- The S7-400: power PLC, can support up to 300 modules, multi-computing, paralle
l connections between modules over the backplane, hot-redundancy possible.
>> S7-300, CPU314 IFM characteristics.
- Integrated Function Module.
- MPI: multipoint interface capabilities.
- PROFIBUS: process field bus.
- Ethernet support.
- Integrated I/O support.
- 20 digital inputs, 16 digital outputs.
- 4 analog inputs, 1 analog output.
>> Addressing.
. Slot Based Addressing: A module start address is allocated to each slot number
. This is a digital or analog address, depending on the type of module.
. User Defined Addressing: Any address in the memory may be assigned to a module
. It is only possible with the CPU 315-2DP on the S7-300.
. Digital I/Os are addressed in the following formats:
- Input: I Byte Address.Bit Address.
- Output: Q Byte Address.Bit Address.
. Analog I/Os are always a WORD in length.
- If the first analog module is plugged into slot 4, it has the default start ad
dress 256.
- The start address of each further analog module increases by 16 per slot.
- An analog input/output module has the same addresses for its input and output
channels.
>> Datatypes:
. Elementary.
- INT, DINT.
- WORD, DWORD.
- CHAR.
- BOOL.
- S5TIME.
- TIME.
- DATE.
- TIME_OF_DAY.
- REAL.
.
-

Complex.
STRING.
ARRAY.
STRUCT.
UDT or user defined data type.
DATE_AND_TIME.

>> S7 CPUs and Memory Distribution

1. Load Memory
- It is used to hold the program after you download it on to the PLC.
- It contains the program without comments and symbols.
- Uses either the EPROM or RAM.

2. Work Memory
- Contains the executable user program.
- Uses the integrated RAM or rather is the integrated RAM.
- It is used to execute the program.
3. System Memory
- It contains supplemental stuff like timer, counter tables, stacks etc.
- Contains PII & PIQ tables, bit memory, timers and counters.
- The system memory also contains the block stack & interrupt stack.
- The system memory of the CPU also provides temporary memory (local data stack)
that contains temporary data for a block when it is called. The data only remai
ns valid, as long the block is active.
>> S7 Memory Blocks:
. The PLC's memory uses blocks to carry out various programming related tasks.
. Organizational blocks are used to control the structure and flow of a program.
. Contain four main components: start-up, cyclic program execution, periodic pro
gram execution and event-driven program execution.
- Startup.
- Cyclic: main program.
- Periodic: timers etc.
- Event-driven: interrupts, errors.
>> To Do List
. Hourly 2.
. Revise all the circuits.
- DC Drives: Uni-directional control, bi-directional control.
- Access to a bulb from two rooms.
- Latching circuit.
-- One push-button relay latching circuit.
-- Door + limit switches.
-- A double pole four throw switch.
- Transistor timer.
-- Thermostat.
. Go through the notes.
. Revise MODBUS code.
. Low priority: revise programming concepts + ladder logic.
. Note on MODBUS, PROFIBUS or Industrial Ethernet.
1. MODBUS
- In simple terms, it is a method used for transmitting information over serial
lines between electronic devices.
- The device requesting the information is called the Modbus Master and the devi
ces supplying information are Modbus Slaves. In a standard Modbus network, there
is one Master and up to 247 Slaves, each with a unique Slave Address from 1 to
247. The Master can also write information to the Slaves.
- Modbus is typically used to transmit signals from instrumentation and control
devices back to a main controller or data gathering system, for example a system
that measures temperature and humidity and communicates the results to a comput
er. Modbus is often used to connect a supervisory computer with a remote termina
l unit (RTU) in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems.
2. PROFIBUS
. It is an industrial networking technique developed by SIEMENS.
. Profibus is a Multi Master Network. Depending on the selected protocol variati
on, it supports Master/Slave, Master/Master and Slave/Slave communications.

. How to do variable frequency SPWM.

. Applications and types of mercury, reed and limit switches and temperature sen
sors.
- Mercury: fall alarms and roll sensing, gyrostability.
- Reed: used in telephone exchanges.
- Limit: They are used for controlling machinery as part of a control system, as
a safety interlocks, or to count objects passing a point.
. Figure out the switch/pole crap.
- A switch's throw-count defines how many positions each of the switch's poles c
an be connected to.
. Revisit temperature sensors.
. SIEMEN's Ladder Logic.
.
-

HIGH PRIORITY: Revise industrial telemetry.

RS232: 15 m. -/+ 3-15 V.
RS422: 1200 m. -6V to 6V max diff. voltage.
RS285: 1200 m. diff. voltage less than or greater than 200 mV.

. TCCR and TIMSK.