A

PROJECT ON
CRUMB RUBBER CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Civil Engineering

Submitted By :Faraz Ali Khan

Ajayank Singh
Akash Srivastava
Abhishek Pandey
Harsh Goyal
Mohd. Gazi Khan
Mohd. Wasim Ali Khan

Guided by:Mr. ARVIND KUMAR (HEAD OF CIVIL DEPARTMENT)

INVERTIS UNIVERSITY, BAREILLY
SESSION: 2015-2016
1

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled Crumb Rubber Concrete Mix
Design submitted by Faraz Ali Khan(1210302033),Ajayank
Singh(1210302008),Akash Srivasatava(1210302009),Mohd. Gazi
Khan(1210302055),Mohd. Wasim Ali Khan(1210304021),Harsh
Goyal(1210308007)Abhishek Pandey(1210302003), students of 8th semester B.tech.
Civil Engineering of Invertis University , Bareilly has been completed under my
supervision while working on the project was very regular sincere and enthusiastic.

Ms.Glory Sharma

Mr. Arvind Kumar

(Assistant Professor)

(Head of Civil Engineering Department)

(Project Guide)

Mr.Sharavan Kumar

External Examiner

(Assistant Professor )

Name:-

(Project Co-ordinator)

Sign:-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge those who pitched in to push this Major Project over
the finish line. We are deeply indebted to Ms.Glory Sharma( Assistant professor,
Civil Engineering Department), for his kind supervision and guidance. He has
helped us a lot by giving his precious time in upbringing the Major Project Report on
CRUMB RUBBER CONCRETE MIX DESIGN. We would also extend our
thanks to Dr. R.K Shukla(Dean Academics) for his kind support .We also extend our
gratitude to all our colleagues and all the Professors of Civil Engineering Department.
We would also like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Arvind Kumar, (Head of
Civil Engineering Department) for making every possible arrangement for
completing the Major Project.
Date :
Place : Bareilly
FARAZ ALI KHAN(1210302033)
AJAYANK SINGH(1210302008)
AKASH SRIVASTAVA(1210302009)
ABHISHEK PANDEY(1210302003)
HARSH GOYAL(1210308007)
MOHD. WASIM ALI KHAN(1210304021)
MOHD. GAZI KHAN(1210302055)

DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that to the best of our
knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other include of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Date :
Place : Bareilly

FARAZ ALI KHAN(1210302033)

AJAYANK SINGH(1210302008)
AKASH SRIVASTAVA(1210302009)
ABHISHEK PANDEY(1210302003)
HARSH GOYAL(1210308007)
MOHD. WASIM ALI KHAN(1210304021)
MOHD. GAZI KHAN(1210302055)

ABSTRACT
Efficient waste management and using it as replacement for concrete components is
yet a field not fully tapped to its potential. The paper highlights the double positives of
using wastes as alternatives by not only reducing stress on environment but also
cutting down on the cost of concrete manufacture while preserving its quality, leading
to sustainable economic development. Numerous projects have been conducted on
replacement of aggregates by crumb rubbers but scarce data are found on
cementations filler addition in the literature. In this research the performance of
concrete mixtures incorporating 0%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% of crumb rubber as fine
aggregate of M25 mix design. Hence to examine characteristics of tire crumbcontaining concrete, three sets of concrete specimens were made. The mechanical tests
included compressive strength and tensile strength. The results showed that with upto
2.5% replacement, in each set, no major changes on concrete characteristics would
occur, however, with further increase in replacement ratios considerable changes were
observed.

CONTENTS
PARTICULARS

PAGES

CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION 01
1. GENERAL...............01-04
1.2. CRUMB RUBBER...04-05
1.3. CLASSIFICATION OF CRUMB RUBBER...06-07
1.4 . MANAGEMENT OPTION OF CRUMB RUBBER....07
1.5 . RUBBERIZED CONCRETE 08
1.6. OBJECTIVE 08-10
CHAPTER- 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW....11-13
2.1. FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES.....13
2.1.1. WORKABILITY...13-14
2.2. HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIES...14
2.2.1. COMPRESSSIVE STRENGTH 14-16
2.2.2. TOUGHNESS....16-18
2.2.3. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY.......18
2.2.4. DURABILITY19
CHAPTER- 3
3. EXPERIMEN TPROGRAM20
3.1. MATERIAL AND TEST20-21
3.2. TEST ON CEMENT..22
3.2.1. STANDARD CONSISTENCY AND INITIAL SETTING TIME.22
3.2.2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY.............23
3.2.3. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS REQUIRED...24
3.2.4. PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT TEST
PROCEDURE..24-25
6

3.2.5. TENSILE STRENGHT OF CEMENT TEST PROCEDURE25-26

3.3. FINE AGGREGATES...27
3.4. TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE..................27
3.4.1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY...........27-28
3.5. COARSE AGGREGATES28
3.6. TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATE .29
3.6.1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY.29
3.7. WATER..30
3.8. TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE..............30
3.8.1. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST.30-31
3.8.2. SLUMP TEST....31-32
3.9. CASTING OF SPECIMENS.... 32
3.10. CURING..33
3.11. TESTSON HARDENED CONCRETE...33
3.11.1. CUBE COMPRESION TEST.33-34
3.11.2. FLEXURAL TEST...35
3.11.3. SPLIT TENSILETEST35-36
3.11.4. IMPACT TEST ................36
3.12. MIX DESIGN FOR M25 GRADE CONCRETE36-38
3.13.MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR A BATCH OF M25 GRADE CONCRETE
.......................................39
CHAPTER- 4
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION. ...40
4.1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST .............40-41
4. 2. STRESS STRAIN .......42
4.3. DRY SHRINKAGE.4.2-43
4.4. AIR ENTRAINED...43- 44
4.5. SPLIT TENSILE TEST44-45
7

4.6. FLEXURAL STRENGTH..45-46

4.7

DETERMINATION OF UNIT WEIGHT...............47

4.8. WORKABILITY ASPECT..............48

CHAPTER- 5
5.1. CONCLUSION.49-51
CHAPTER- 6
6.1. REFERENCES.52-54

CHAPTER (1)
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Large quantities of scrap tires are generated each year globally. This is dangerous not
only due to potential environmental threat, but also from fire hazards and provide
breeding grounds for rats, mice, vermins and mosquitoes (Naik and Singh, 1991;
Singh, 1993). Over the years, disposal of tires has become one of the serious problems
in environments. Land filling is becoming unacceptable because of the rapid depletion
of available sites for waste disposal. In order to prevent the environmental problem
from growing, recycling tire is an innovative idea or way in this case. Recycling tire is
the processes of recycling vehicles tires that are no longer suitable for use on vehicles
due to wear or irreparable damage (such as punctures). The cracker mill process tears
apart or reduces the size of tire rubber by passing the material between rotating
corrugated steel drums. By this process an irregularly shaped torn particles having
large surface area are produced and this particles are commonly known as crumb
rubber.It has been reported by Hernandez-Olivares and Barluenga (2004) that the
addition of crumb tire rubber to structural high strength concrete slabs improved fire
resistance, reducing the spalling damage by fire. Yang et al. (2001) concluded in their
research that rubberized concrete can successfully be used in secondary structural
components such as culverts, crash barriers, sidewalks, running tracks, sound
absorbers, etc. However, most of the developing third world countries have yet to raise
their awareness regarding recycling of waste materials and have not developed
effective legislation with respect to the local reuse of waste materials. Building on
previous research carried out internationally, this study may provide the technical
information necessary to improve local awareness of the reuse of crumb rubber as a
substitute for natural aggregates in the production of concrete. The proposed work
presents an experimental study of effect of use of solid waste material (crumb rubber)
9

about the properties and the durability of concrete containing tyre rubber wastes will
be reviewed. Furthermore, it discusses the effect of waste treatments, the size of waste
particles and the waste replacement volume on the fresh and hardened properties of
concrete. Investigations carried out so far reveal that tyre waste concrete is specially
recommended for concrete structures located in areas of severe earthquake risk and
also for applications submitted to severe dynamic actions like railway sleepers. This
material can also be used for non-load-bearing purposes such as noise reduction
barriers.Typical composition of manufactured tires by weight (Rubber Manufacturers
Association, 2000)
1.

Synthetic rubber

2.

Natural rubber

3.

Sulfur and sulfur compounds

4.

Phenolic resin

5.

Oil

(i)

Aromatic

(ii)

Naphthenic

(iii)

Paraffinic

6.

Fabric

(i)

Polyester

(ii)

Nylon

7.

Petroleum waxes

8.

Pigments

( i)

Zinc oxide

(ii)

Titanium dioxide
10

9.

Carbon black

10.

Fatty acids

11.

Inert materials

12.

Steel wires

1.2 CRUMB RUBBER

Tyre rubber aggregate. About 30 cm long waste tyre rubber pieces are obtained from
local market; the pieces were cleaned with soap water and rinse with clean water. After
drying under sun at open place, both faces of the tyre pieces were rubbed with hard
wire brush to make surfaces as rough as can be done by hand. The source of the
rubber aggregate is recycled tyres which were collected from the local market. For
uniformity of the concrete production and convenience, all the tires collected are from
medium truck tire.The reason for choosing medium truck tires is that they can give the
required shape and size which is similar to the common natural gravel. This study has
concentrated on the performance of a single gradation of rubber prepared by manual
cutting. The maximum size of the rubber aggregate was 20 mm as shown in Figure 1.
Specific gravity test was conducted on the rubber aggregate chips and found to be
1.123. The rubber aggregates used in the present investigation are made by manually
cutting the tire in to the required sizes. It is very laborious, time consuming and is not
easy to handle at the initial stages. However, all this complications can be easily sorted
out if a large scale production is devised and proper cutting tools and machineries are
made for this particular usage.Crumb rubber is a term given to recycled rubber
produced from scrap tires. Production of crumb rubber consists of removing steel and
fluff then using a granulator and/or cracker mill, with the aid of cryogenics or
mechanical means, to reduce the size of the tire particles. The rubber particles are
then sized by passing them through a set of sieves. The methods for grinding down the
tires are either using ambient or cryogenic means. The goal of these processes is to
reduce the size of the rubber into a fine powder of particle sizes smaller than 2.0 mm
11

in diameter (RMA, 2011). For pavements, the modification of asphalt mixture with
rubber is classified into three different methods; dry process which uses crumb rubber
as an aggregate substitute, wet process with agitation in which large particles (particles
not passing No. 50 Sieve) are blended with the binder while applying agitation during
mixing to keep crumb rubber particles uniformly distributed, and wet process with no
agitation in which small particles (passing No. 50 Sieve) are blended with asphalt
binder with no agitation.

Fig-1
Yesilata, Isker, and Turgut (Yesilata, et. 2009) investigated the thermal enhancement
in concretes by adding shredded waste polyethylene bottles and automobile tire. These
materials are obtained from the environment and prove to be little to no cost. The
results revealed a significant amount of reduce heat loss. thermal insulation varies with
the amount added material and the geometry of the shredded pieces.

12

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF TYRE RUBBER

1.3.1 Scrap-tires
They can be managed as a whole tire, as slit tire, as shredded or chopped tire, as
ground rubber or as a crumb rubber product. A typical automobile tire weighs 20 lb.,
whereas a truck tire weighs about 100 lb. Table 3 gives the major materials used to
manufacture tires by percentage of total weight of the finished tire that each material
represent

1.3.2 Slit-tire
These are produced in tire cutting machines. These machines can slit the tire into two
halves or can separate the sidewalls from the thread of the tires.1.3.3
Shredded/chipped tireTire shreds or chips involve primary, secondary or both
shredding operations. The size of the tire shreds produced in the primary shredding
process can vary from as large as 300 to 460 mm (1218 in.) long by 100 230 mm
(49 in.) wide, down to as small as 100150 mm (46 in.) in length, depending on the
manufacturers shredder model and the condition of the cutting edges. Production of
tire chips, normally sized from 76 (3 in.) to 13 mm (0.5 in.), requires both primary and
secondary shredding to achieve adequate volume (quantity) reduction (Read et al.,
1991).

1.3.3 Ground Rubber

Ground rubber for commercial applications may be nominally sized as large as 19 mm
(or 3/4 in.) to as small as 0.15 mm (No. 100 sieve). It depends upon the type of size
reduction equipment and intended applications. The processed used tires in ground
rubber applications are typically subjected to two stages of magnetic separation and to
screening. Various size fractions of rubber are recovered (Heitzman, 1992). Some
processes/markets term 30 mesh rubber as crumb rubber Granular process shears apart

13

the rubber with revolving steel plates, producing granulated crumb rubber particles,
ranging in size from 9.5 (3/8 in.) to 0.5 mm (No. 40 Sieve) (Heitzman, 1992).

1.4 MANAGEMENT OPTION OF WASTE TYRE

1.4.1 DISPOSAL
Disposing of scrap-tires in landfills is becoming unacceptable because of rapid
depletion of available sites for waste disposal. Approximately 45% of 270 million tires
are disposed off in landfills, stockpiles or illegal dumps. As of the year 2000, 48 states
of the 50 United States have legislation/regulations related to landfilling. Thirty three
states ban whole tires from disposal in landfills. Twelve states ban all forms of scraptires from being disposed off in landfills. Five states have no landfill restrictions on
disposal of tires. Thirty states charge for landfilling tires, whereas seven states allow
monofills (Rubber Manufacturers Association, 2000).

1.4.2 RECYCLING
According to the data available for the year 2000, about 15 million of the 270 million
scrap-tires generated yearly are exported, 10 million are recycled into new products,
20 million are processed into ground rubber, and 125 million are used as tired-derived
fuel and 30 million in civil engineering applications (Rubber Manufacturers
Association, 2000). Ground rubber is used in making rubber products such as floor
mats, carpet padding, vehicles mudguards, and plastic products and as a fine aggregate
addition (dry process) in asphalt courses. Crumb rubber is also used as an asphalt
binder modifier (wet process) in hot mix asphalt pavements (Naik et al., 1995; Naik
and Singh, 1995). Over 30 million tires go to the retreaders, who retread about onethird of the tires received (Scrap Tire Management Council, 1998).

14

1.5 RUBBERIZED CONCRETE

The concrete mixed with waste rubber added in different volume proportions is called
rubberized concrete and is an infant technology. Partially replacing the fine aggregate
of concrete with some quantity of small waste tire cubes can improve qualities such as
low unit weight, high resistance to abrasion, absorbing the shocks and vibrations, high
ductility and brittleness and so on to the concrete.Rubberized concrete can
successfully be used in secondary structural components such as culverts, crash
barriers, sidewalks, running tracks, sound absorbers, etc.

1.6 OBJECTIVE
With the increase in urbanization of countries like INDIA & ETHIOPIA, the number
of vehicles and consequently the amount of used tire is going to increase significantly
in the near future. Hence, the no environmental nature of these wastes is going to be a
potential threat.
This study can show an alternative way of recycling tires by incorporating them into
concrete construction of fine, the concept that the problem emerges from urbanization
and the solution goes along with it can also be appreciated.
Therefore, it is the aim of this study to introduce an environmental friendly
technology, which can benefit the society and the nation.
Application of used tires in concrete construction is a new technology.
Through this study, it is intended to arrive at a suitable mix proportion and percent
replacement using locally available materials by partial replacement of the natural fine
aggregates with recycled fine rubber aggregates.
Hence the possibility of using waste tires as an alternative construction material will
be investigated. By conducting different laboratory tests on prepared specimens, i

CHAPTER(2)
15

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Ki sang son et al [1] investigate the reinforced concrete column with waste tyre rubber
particles of different sizes and percentages by considering the concrete compressive
strength 24mpa and 28mpa to examine the concrete properties. In this study 600 to 1
mm size of rubber particle was used. 27 control specimens were prepared, the result
indicated that the rubber filled RC column gives slightly lower compressive strength
and modulus of elasticity. But energy absorption capacity and ductility increases.
Therefore this type of concrete is suitable for seismic application. Eshmaielganjian et
al [2] investigated the concrete mixture by using tyre chipped replaced to fine
aggregates and waste tyre crumb powder replaced to cement at 5%, 7.5% and 10% to
examine the concrete properties. The result showed that with increase in percentages
of rubber compressive strength reduction was less than 5% and with 7.5% and 10%
replacement higher reduction occur modulus of elasticity reduces up to 17-28% for 5
to 10% replacement of chipped rubber to aggregate in concrete, tensile strength and
flexural strength reduced with increased percentages of rubber in concrete. Cammille
A Issa, et al [3] have been used recycled crumb rubber as a substitute for fine
aggregate in concrete at 0% to 100% replacement to crushed sand in concrete mix.
The result showed that 25% Replacement of crushed sand gives good compressive
strength and by using crumb rubber up to 25% results in 8% decrease in density of
concrete and ductility of concrete increases therefore it is useful in shock resisting
element , highway barrier etc. And also damping properties improves. Pache coTorgal et al [4] have been studied the effect on fresh and hardened concrete properties
by using polymeric waste like tyre rubber and PET bottles in concrete mix. The results
of many researchers showed that with increase in rubber content workability (slump)
increases, and the properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural
strength and modulus of elasticity decreases. But for higher content of tyre rubber in
concrete mix increases the toughness of concrete.N.J. Azmi, B.S. Mohammed et al [5]
have been investigated the effect of recycled tyre rubber partially replaced to fine
16

aggregate in concrete to examine the properties of concrete like compressive strength

splitting tensile strength and flexural strength, they have selected concrete mix with
water cement ratios 0.41, 0.57, and 0.68. Total 15 different concrete mixes were cast.
The results showed that, there was decrease in strength of tyre rubber concrete
mixture, but with increase in rubber content from o to 30% slump values increases. It
means that this type of concrete is more workable than normal concrete.
PitiSukontasukkul [6] in his study investigated the thermal and sound properties of
crumb rubber concrete the waste crumb rubber concrete panels, the waste crumb
rubber produced in a local recycling plant was used to replace fine aggregate at
percentages 10%, 20% and 30% to examine the properties such as thermal resistance,
thermal conductivity, heat transfer, sound absorption and noise reduction. The results
showed that the crumb rubber concrete panel was higher sound absorption, light in
weight and lower heat transfer properties than normal concrete panel. From the
investigation he concluded that the concrete with crumb rubber replaced to fine
aggregate gives good thermal and sound properties and the unit weight of concrete
also reduced than normal concrete.The slump values were recorded for different W/C
ratios at different rubber content replaced to fine aggregate in concrete mix are as
follows,

1)

w/c ratio = 0.41

0%

2)

slump (mm)

replacement

75

10 % replacement

78

15 % replacement

85

20 % replacement

90

30 % replacement

94

w/c ratio = 0.57

slump (mm)
17

0 % replacement

85

10 % replacement

110

15 % replacement

125

20 % replacement

135

30 % replacement

146

w/c ratio = 0.68

slump (mm)

3)

0% replacement

100

10 % replacement

125

15 % replacement

136

20% replacement

147

30%

158

replacement

2.1 FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES

2.1.1 Workability
Albano et al. [9] replace fine aggregates by 5% and 10% of scrap rubber waste
(particle sizes of 0.29mm and 0.59mm) reporting a decreased of 88% in concrete
slump. Bignozzi&Sandrolini [10] used scrap-tyre (0.5 to 2mm) and crumb-tyre
(0.05mm to 0.7mm) to replace 22.2% and 33.3% of fine aggregates in self-compacting
concretes referring that the introduction of the rubber particles does not influence the
workability in a significant way if the super plasticizer also increases. Skripkiunas et
al. [11] used crumbed rubber to replace 23 kg of fine aggregates in concretes with
0.6% of a policarboxile super plasticizer by cement mass obtaining the same
workability of the reference concrete. Other authors [12] used crumb rubber tyres
(0.075 to 4.75mm) in the concrete to replace sand in various percentages (20%, 40%,
60% and 100%). These authors stated that increasing rubber waste content decreases
18

the concrete slump.Freitas et al. [13] used scrap-tyre (0.15 to 4.8mm) in the
replacement of sand reporting a slump decrease along with the increase of scrap-tyre
content. However, these authors used 1% by cement mass of an unknown plasticizer in
the mixtures with tire wastes, so the workability reduction is probably related to the
low performance of the plasticizer. Topu&Bilir [14] studied the influence of rubber
waste with a maximum dimension of 4mm in self-compacting concretes noticing that
rubber replacing sand increase concrete workability which is due to the presence of
viscosity agents even to a volume of 180kg/m3. Aiello &Leuzzi [15] used tyre shreds
(Fig. 1) to replace fine and coarse aggregates (10mm to 25mm) with 1% by cement
mass of a plasticizer observing increase workability with tire shreds content.

2.2 HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIES

2.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
mentioned that the strength of concretes containing silica fume, crumb rubber and tyre
chips decreases with rubber content. These authors suggest that it is possible to
produce a 40MPa concrete replacing a volume of 15% of aggregates by rubber waste.
studied the use of different percentage of rubber in concrete (5%, 10%, and 15%) by
volume also noticing that as rubber content increase leads to a reduction of
compressive strength. It studied the performance of concretes with the same volume
replacement of rubber wastes confirming the decrease of compressive strength. also
confirmed the decrease in compressive strength for increase rubber content. However,
these authors obtained a slight increase in compressive strength when 5% of chipped
rubber replaced the fine aggregates probably due to a better grading of the mixture.
This finding had already caught used concretes with shredded tyre chips (15 to 20mm)
for aggregate replacement in several percentages (2.5%, 5% and 10%) reporting a loss
in compressive strength. The results show that the rubber mixtures also containing
pulverised fuel ash as partial cement replacement presented major compressive
strength loss. This means that the low adhesion between the cement paste and the
19

rubber waste becomes even lower if admixtures with low pozzolanic activity are used.
tyre shreds to replace fine and coarse aggregates concluding that the size of the rubber
particles have a major influence on the compressive strength. When coarse aggregates
are replaced by the tyre particles the compressive strength loss is much more profound
when compared to the compressive strength loss of concretes in which fine aggregates
were replaced by rubber particles

Compressive
strength (M Pa)

Mixture

Compressive
strength
decrease (%)

Reference concrete with rubber

waste replacing fine aggregates

25

00

2.5% rubber volume

24.0

11.6

5%

rubber volume

20.4

24.7

7.5% rubber volume

19.5

28.3

(W/B=0.60)

Table-1
Compressive strength of concrete with aggregates replaced by rubber particles [15]
These results contradict the ones presented by Valadares [19] and that may be related
to the origin of the wastes used in each case (car, truck or motorcycle) being that
different origin may possess different chemical compositions leading to different
adhesion between the cement paste and the rubber waste. Vieira et al. [8] studied three
types of rubber waste and three volume percentages (2.5%; 5% and 7.5%) reporting
that the best mechanical performance was obtained using just 2.5% of the tire rubber
with 2.4mm. Several authors mentioned the use of pretreatments of rubber waste to
increase the adhesion between the cement pastes such as the use of a 10% NaOH
20

saturated solution to wash the rubber surface during 20 minutes [24, 25]. Raghavan et
al. [26] confirms that the immersion of rubber in NaOH aqueous solution could
improve the adhesion leading to a high strength performance of concrete rubber
composites. The NaOH removes zinc stearate from the rubber surface, an additive
responsible for the poor adhesion characteristics, enhancing the surface homogeneity
[27].Segre et al. [28] mention several pretreatments to improve that the adhesion of
rubber particles like acid etching, plasma and the use of coupling agents. Cairns et al.
[5] used rubber aggregates coated with a thin layer of cement paste (Fig.2).
Oikonomou et al. [29] mentioned that the use of SBR latex enhances the adherence
between the rubber waste and the cement paste. Chou et al. [30] suggest the
pretreatment of crumb rubber with organic sulfur stating it can modify the rubber
surface properties increasing the adhesion between the waste and the cement paste.
Investigations about rubber waste concrete show a compressive strength loss with
waste content increase. Further investigations are needed on this subject, especially to
comprehend if different kinds of rubber behave in a similar manner to the same
treatment.

2.2.2 TOUGHNESS
Tantala et al. (1996) investigated the toughness (toughness is also known as energy
absorption capacity and is generally defined as the area under loaddeflection curve of
a flexural specimen) of a control concrete mixture and rubcrete mixtures with 2.5%
and 7.5% buff rubber by volume of fine aggregate. They reported that toughness of
both rub Crete mixtures was higher than the control concrete mixture. However, the
toughness of rubcrete mixture with 7.5% buff rubber (26 mm) was lower than that of
rubcrete with 2.5% buff rubber because of the decrease in compressive strength.Based
on their investigations on use of rubber shreds (having two sizes which were,
nominally, 5.5 mm1.2 mm and 10.8 mm1.8 mm) and granular (about 2 mm in
diameter) rubber in mortar, Raghvan et al. (1998) reported that mortar specimens with
rubber shreds were able to withstand additional load after peak load. The specimens
21

were not separated into two pieces under the failure flexural load because of bridging
of cracks by rubber shreds, but specimens made with granular rubber particles broke
into two pieces at the failure load. This indicates that post-crack strength seemed to be
enhanced when rubber shreds are used instead of granular rubber .Khatib and Bayomy
(1999) reported that as the rubber content is increased, rubcrete specimens tend to fail
gradually and failure mode shape of the test specimen is either a conical or columnar
(conical failure is gradual, whereas columnar is more of shreds having two sizes which
were, nominally, 5.5 mm1.2 mm and 10.8 mm1.8 mm (length diameter) sudden
failure). At a rubber content of 60%, by total aggregate volume, the specimens
exhibited elastic deformations, which the specimens retained after unloading .Eldin
and Senouci (1993) demonstrated that the failure mode of specimens containing
rubber particles was gradual as opposed to brittle. Biel and Lee (1996) reported that
failure of concrete specimens with 30%, 45% and 60% replacement of fine aggregate
with rubber particles occurred as a gradual shear that resulted in a diagonal failure,
whereas failure of plain (control) concrete specimens was explosive, leaving
specimens in several pieces.Goulias and Ali (1997) found that the dynamic modulus of
elasticity and rigidity decreased with an increase in the rubber content, indicating a
less stiff and less brittle material. They further reported that dampening capacity of
concrete (a measure of the ability of the material to decrease the amplitude of free
vibrations in its body) seemed to decrease with an increase in rubber content.
However, Topcu and Avcular (1997a, b) have recommended the use of rubberized
concrete in circumstances where vibration damping is required. Similar observations
were also made by Fattuhi and Clark (1996).Topcu and Avcular (1997a, b) reported
that the impact resistance of concrete increased when rubber aggregates were
incorporated into the concrete mixtures. The increase in resistance was derived from
the enhanced ability of the material to absorb energy. Eldin and Senouci (1993) and
Topcu (1995) also reported similar results.Hernandez-Olivares et al. (2002) have
reported that addition of crumb tire rubber volume fractions up to 5% in a cement

22

matrix does not yield a significant variation of the concrete mechanical features, either
maximum stress or elastic modulus.

2.2.3 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Since the concrete with rubber waste has low compressive strength and a correlation
exists between compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity it is expected they
also possess lower modulus of elasticity. However, Skripkiunas et al. [21] compared
concretes with similar compressive strength (a reference one and another with 3.3% of
crumb rubber) obtaining different static modulus of elasticity, 29.6 GPA versus
33.2GPa for the reference concrete just 11% higher. The explanation for this behavior
is related to the low modulus of elasticity of rubber waste [37]. Other authors [38]
report a decrease in the modulus of elasticity of 40% when the same percentage
reduction takes place for compressive strength. Khaloo et al. [39] confirmed that the
inclusion of tyre rubber particles leads to a high ductility concrete. Zheng et al. [34,
35] mentioned that the crumb rubber (80 %< 2,62mm) has a lower influence in the
modulus of elasticity than the crushed rubber (15-40mm). Other authors [40] studied
the modulus of elasticity of concrete columns with two different sizes of crumb rubber
(0.6 and 1mm) reporting an increase in the ductility performance up to 90%. Those
authors mentioned that crumb rubber concrete columns can undergo twice the lateral
deformation before failure compared to the reference concrete columns. Mohammed
[41] confirmed that concrete slabs containing crumb rubber with a finesses modulus of
2.36 shows a higher ductility behavior which fulfill the ductility requirements of Euro
code 4 [42].

23

2.2.4 DURABILITY
Since rubber waste concrete has lower compressive strength than reference concrete it
is expected that is behavior under fast mechanical degradation actions could also be
lower. Topu&Demir [43] mentioned that a high volume replacement of sand by
rubber waste (1-4mm) has lower durability performance assessed by freeze-thaw
exposure, seawater immersion and high temperature cycles. According to them the use
of a 10% replacement is feasible for regions without harsh environmental conditions.
Ganjian et al. [20] studied the durability of concrete containing scrap-tyre wastes
assessed by water absorption and water permeability revealing that a percentage
replacement of just 5% is associated with a more permeable concrete (36% increase)
but not a more porous one. Increasing the rubber percentage replacement to 10%
doubles the concrete water permeability which means this kind of concrete cannot be
used for applications where water pressure is present like underwater columns. The
durability of rubber waste concrete is a subject that needs further investigations. How
different wastes influence durability parameters and most importantly how waste
treatment can enhance the concrete durability are questions that must be addressed
that resisting agent in concrete

24

CHAPTER (3)
3 EXPERIMENT PROGRAME
In order to study the interaction of crumb rubber with concrete under compression,
flexure, split tension and impact, 8 cubes, 8 beams and 16 cylinders were casted
respectively. The experimental program was divided into four groups. Each group
consists of 2 cubes, 4 cylinders and 2 beams, of 15x15x15cm, 15(diameter) x30cm
and 15x15x70cm respectively.

The first group is the control concrete with 0% crumb rubber to make

Conventional concrete.

The second group consisted of 2.5% of crumb rubber in concrete mix.

The third group consisted of 5% of crumb rubber in concrete mix.

The fourth group consisted of 10% of crumb rubber in mix

3.1 MATERIALS AND TESTS:

3.1.1 CEMENT:
Cement acts as a binding agent for materials. Cement as applied in Civil Engineering
Industry is produced by calcining at high temperature. It is a mixture of calcareous,
siliceous, aluminous substances and crushing the clinkers to a fine powder. Cement is
the most expensive materials in concrete and it is available in different forms. When
cement is mixed with water, a chemical reaction takes place as a result of which the
cement paste sets and hardens to a stone mass. Depending upon the chemical
compositions, setting and hardening properties, cement can be broadly divided into
following categories.

Portland Cement
25

Special Cement

The cement used in this experimental investigation is ordinary Portland cement 53

grade. Storage of cement requires extra special care to preserve its quality and fitness
for use. To prevent its deterioration it is necessary to protect it from rain, winds and
moisture.

Chemical composition of O.P.C

Oxide

% content

CaO

60-67

SiO2

17-25

Al2O3

3-8

Fe2O2

0.5-6.0

MgO

0.1-0.4

Alkalies

0.1-1.3

SO3

1.0-3.0
Table-2

3.2 TESTS ON CEMENT

26

3.2.1. STANDARD CONSISTENCY AND INITIAL SETTING TIME

Standard consistency of cement is defined as that water content at which the needle of
the apparatus fails to penetrate the specimen by 5mm from bottom of the mould.
S.NO

DETAILS

TRIAL

TRIAL

1
20

2
20

1.

Weight of Empty Sp. Gr. Bottle,

W1

2.

Weight of Sp. Gr. Bottle with

approximately one third cement
W2

27

26.8

3.

weight of Sp. Gr. Bottle with

Cement and kerosene

70

71.3

65.7

65.7

71

71

W3
4.

Weight of Sp. Gr. Bottle with full

kerosene
W4

5.

Weight of Sp. Gr. Bottle with full

water, W5
Table-3

Standard Consistency of the cement paste = 30%.

Initial Setting Time of Cement = 45min.
Weight of cement taken in the mould = 300 gm

27

between steel plattens of the testing machine and cubes surface .Load shall be steadily
and uniformly applied, starting from zero at a rate of 35 N/mm2/min. till failure of
sample.
7.Calculate compressive strength of specimen by using following formula
compressive strength = P / A
where
P = Maximum load applied
A = cross-sectional area of test specimen
Compressive strength shall be calculated as average value of three samples. If value
of individual sample is differing more than 10 % of average value, then that value
shall not be considered. In that case average of other two samples shall be considered
for compressive strength calculation.

3.2.5 Tensile Strength of Cement Test Procedure:

(i) The mortar of cement and sand is prepared. The proportion is 1:3 which means that
(x) gm of cement is mixed with 3(x) gm of sand.
(ii) The water is added to the mortar. The quantity of water is 5 per cent by weight of
cement and sand.
(iii) The mortar is placed in briquette moulds. A typical briquette is shown in below
figure. The mould is filled with mortar and then a small heap of mortar is formed at its
top. It is beaten down by a standard spatula till water appears on the surface. Same
procedure is repeated for the other face of briquette. Such twelve standard briquettes
are prepared. The quantity of cement may be 600 ml for 12 briquettes.
(iv) The briquettes are kept in a damp cabin for 24 hours.
(v) The briquettes are carefully removed from the moulds and they are submerged in
clean water for curing.

28

(vi) The briquettes are tested in testing machine at the end of 3 days and 7 days. Six
briquettes are tested in each test and average is found out. During the test, the load is
to be applied uniformly at the rate of 35 kg/cm2 or 3.50 N/mm2.

Fig.2
(vii) It may be noted that cross-sectional area of briquette at its least section is 6.45
cm2. Hence the ultimate tensile stress of cement paste is obtained from the following
relation:
Ultimate tensile stress = failing load / 6.45
viii) The tensile stress at the end of 3 days should not be less than 20 kg/cm2 or 2
N/mm2 and that at the end of 7 days should not be less than 25 kg/cm2 or 2.50
N/mm2.

29

3.3 FINE AGGREGATES:

The material we have used as fine aggregate in this project is ROBO SAND. Robo
sand is an ideal substitute to river sand. It is manufactured just the way nature has
done for millions of years. Robo sand is created by a rock-hit rock crushing
technique using state of the art plant and machinery with world class technology.
Created from specific natural rock, it is crushed by a three stage configuration
consisting of a Jaw crusher followed by a Cone crusher and finally a Vertical Shaft
Impactor (VSI) to obtain sand that is consistent in its cubical particle shapes and
gradation. Robo sand is the environmental friendly solution that serves as a perfect
substitute for the fast depleting and excessively mined river sand. Robo sand 04.75
mm is suitable for all concrete preparations and is used across all segments such as
independent houses, builders RMC Plants, Concrete Batching Plants and Infrastructure
Concrete works.

3.4 TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE

3.4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

S.NO.

DETAILS

WEIGHTS (in gm)

1.

Weight of dry sample W1

97.5

2.

Weight of pycnometer + partly filled

sand + rest filled with water W2

1566.5

3.

Weight of saturated surface dry sand

sample W3

98

4.

Weight of pycnometer full with water W4

1506

Table-5
30

Specific Gravity of the fine aggregate sample = 2.65

Properties:
S.No

Property

Test result

Specific Gravity

2.65

Size

4.75mm

Table-6

3.5 COARSE AGGREGATES:

The material whose particles are of size as are retained on I.S Sieve No.480 (4.75mm)
is termed as coarse aggregate. The size of coarse aggregate depends upon the nature of
work. The coarse aggregate used in this experimental investigation are of 20mm,
10mm and 6mm sizes, crushed angular in shape.The aggregates are free from dust
before used in the concrete.

3.6 TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATE

31

3.6.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

S.NO.

DETAILS

WEIGHTS (in gm)

1.

Weight of dry sample

W1

97.5

2.

Weight of pycnometer + partly filled sand

+rest filled with water

1566.5

W2
3.

Weight of saturated surface dry sand

sample

98

W3
4.

Weight of pycnometer full with water

W4

Table-7
Specific Gravity of the fine aggregate sample = 2.65
32

1506

Properties:
S.No

Property

Test result

Specific
Gravity

2.65

Size

4.75mm

Table-8

3.7 WATER:
Water to be used in the concrete work should have following properties:

It should be free from injurious amount of soils

It should be free from injurious amount of acids, alkalis or other organic or

inorganic impurities.

It should be free from iron, vegetable matter or any other type of substances,

which are likely to have adverse effect on concrete or reinforcement.

It should be fit for drinking purposes. The function of water in concrete

It acts as a chemically with cement to form the binding paste for coarse

aggregate and reinforcement

3.8 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE:

3.8.1 Compaction factor test:
It is one of the most efficient tests for measuring the workability of concrete. This test
works on the principle of determining the degree of compaction achieved by a
standard amount of work done by allowing the concrete to fall through a standard
height. The degree of compaction called the compaction factor is measured by the
33

ratio of density of actually achieved in the test to the density of the same concrete fully
compacted. The sample of concrete to be tested is placed in the upper hopper up to the
brim. The trap door of the lower hopper is opened so that the concrete falls into the
lower hopper. The trap door of the lower hopper is opened so that the concrete falls
into the cylinder. In case of dry mix it is likely that the concrete may not fall in
opening the trap door. In such case a slight poking by a rod may be required to see the
concrete in motion. The excess concrete remaining above the top level of the cylinder
is then cut-off with help of plain blades. The outside of cylinder is wiped clean. The
.
4.

Heap the concrete on top of the mould, and rod the top layer with 25 strokes

penetrating the top of the second layer.

5.

Strike off the top surface of the concrete even to the top of the mould.

6.

Remove the mould carefully in the vertical direction (take about five seconds).

7.

Immediately invert and place the mould beside the slumped concrete and place

the rod horizontally across the mould, and measure the slump, in cm.

Fig-3
34

3.9 CASTING OF SPECIMENS:

For casting the cubes, beam specimens, standard cast iron metal moulds of size
150x150 cubes, 150x150x70mm beam moulds are used. The moulds have been
cleaned of dust particles and applied with mineral oil on all sides, before the concrete
is poured into the moulds. Thoroughly mixed concrete is filled into the mould in three
layers of equal heights followed by tamping. Then the mould is placed on the table
vibrator for a small period. Excess concrete is removed with trowel and top surface is
finished to smooth level.

3.10 CURING:
Curing is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from concrete while
maintaining a satisfactory temperature. More elaborately curing is defined as process
of maintaining satisfactory moisture content and favorable temperature in concrete
during the period immediately following placement, so that hydration of cement may
continue until the desired properties are developed to a sufficient degree to meet the
requirement at service. After casting the moulded specimens are stored in the
laboratory and at a room temperature for 24 hours from the time at addition of water to
dry ingredients. After this period the specimens are removed from the moulds
immediately submerged in clean and fresh water. The specimens are cured for 28days
in the present work.

3.11 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE:

3.11.1 CUBE COMPRESION TEST
This test was conducted as per IS 516-1959. The cubes of standard size
150x150x150mm were used to find the compressive strength of concrete. Specimens
were placed on the bearing surface of UTM, of capacity 100tones without eccentricity
and a uniform rate of loading of 550 Kg/cm2 per minute was applied till the failure of

35

the cube. The maximum load was noted and the compressive strength was calculated.
The results are tabulated in Table 5.1
Cube compressive strength (fck) in MPa = P/A
Where,

P= cube compression load

A= area of the cube on which load is applied (= 150 x 150= 22500 mm2)

Fig-4

36

Fig-5
3.11.2FLEXURAL TEST
SFRC beams of size 150x150x700mm are tested using a flexure testing machine. The
specimen is simply supported on the two rollers of the machine which are 600mm
apart, with a bearing of 50mm from each support. The load shall be applied on the
beam from two rollers which are placed above the beam with a spacing of 200mm.
The load is applied at a uniform rate such that the extreme fibres stress increases at
0.7N/mm2/min i.e., the rate of loading shall be 4 KN/min. The load is increased till
the specimen fails. The maximum value of the load applied is noted down. The
appearance of the fracture faces of concrete and any unique features are noted.
The modulus of rupture is calculated using the formulas =Pl/bd, where,
P = load in N applied to the specimen
l = length in mm of the span on which the specimen is supported (600)
37

b = measured width in mm of the specimen

d = measured depth in mm of the specimen at point of failure.

3.11.3SPLIT TENSILE TEST

SFRC cylinders of size 15cm (dia) x 30cm (height) are casted. The test is carried out
by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surface of a
compression testing machine and the load is applied until the failure of the cylinder,
along the vertical diameter. When the load is applied along the generatrix, an element
on the vertical diameter of the cylinder is subjected Horizontal stress of 2P/ld.
Where, P is the compressive load on the cylinder l is the length of the cylinder d is
diameter of the cylinder. The main advantage of this method is that the same type of
specimen and the same testing machine as used for the compression test can be
employed for this test. This is why this test is gaining popularity. The splitting test is
simple to perform and gives more uniform results than the other tension tests. Strength
determined in the splitting test is believed to be closer to the true tensile strength of
concrete than the modulus of rupture. Splitting strength gives about 5 to 10% higher
value than the direct tensile strength.

3.11.4 IMPACT TEST

SFRC cylinders of size 15cm (dia) x 30cm (height) are casted. The test specimen is
placed on the base plate. It is free to move horizontally off center by about 5mm
between the four positioning lugs. A bracket is placed over the test specimen, which
contains a cylindrical sleeve that positions a hardened steel ball on top of the test
specimen. The ball is free to move vertically within the sleeve. A drop hammer used
for compactions of asphalt and soil samples is then placed on top of the ball. The
number of blows from this standard 4.5kg mass dropping from the established 460mm
height required to cause the first visible crack and to cause ultimate failure is recorded.

38

By definition ultimate failure occurs when sufficient impact energy has been supplied
to spread the cracks enough so that each of the four lugs is touched by the specimen

3.12 MIX DESIGN FOR M25 GRADE CONCRETE:

Mix design is the process of selection of suitable ingredients of concrete and to
determine their properties with object of producing concrete of certain maximum
strength and durability, as economical as possible. The purpose of designing is to
achieve the stipulated minimum strength, durability and to make the concrete in the
most economical manner.
Design:
1.

Calculation of target mean strength:

Target mean strength = fck + KS = 33.74 N/mm2 fck= 25 N/mm2

S=standard deviation = 5.3
K= probability factor = 1.65
Water/cement ratio = 0.44 (for = 33.74 N/mm2)
2.

Calculation of Fine aggregate/ Total aggregate:

Maximum Size of coarse aggregate

= 20mm

Water/cement = 0.44
Water content for 1m3 of concrete

= 186 Kg/m3

Workability = 0.84
F.A/ T.A

= 35%

3.Corrections:
Adjustments of values in water content and FA/TA
Degree of workability C.F= 0.84

39

bl
9

Change in condition

Water content

Sand confirming in zone III

0%

-1.5%

Increase in the volume of the

Compaction factor By 0.04%

+1.2%

0%

Water content ratio decreased by 0.12

0%

-3.2%

Total

+1.2%

-4.7%

Required sand content as % of total aggregate FA/TA = 30.3%

Required water content = 188.32 Kg /m3
Water / Cement = 0.44
Cement = water /0.48 = 428.01 Kg /m3
4.

% of TA/FA

Determination of Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate:

Assume 2% of entrapped air
Fine aggregate = V= [W + C/Sc + 1/P* F.A/S F.A] *1/1000
W=Water = 188.32 Kg /m3
C=Cement = 428.01 Kg /m3
Sc= Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
S F.A= Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.65
P= (FA/TA)/100 = 30.3%
SC.A= specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.65
V= 1-0.02 = 0.98

Fine aggregate = V= [W + C/Sc + 1/P* C.A/S C.A] *1/1000

= 516.30 Kg /m3

40

Ta
e-

Coarse aggregate = V= [W + C/Sc + 1/P* C.A/S C.A] *1/1000

= 1193.60 Kg /m3
Materials Required For M25 Grade of Concrete
Cement = 428.01 Kg /m3
F.A

= 516.30 Kg /m3

C.A = 1193.60 Kg /m3

Water = 188.32 Kg /m
Final Mix Proportion:
Cement

F.A

C.A

W/C

1.206

2.788

0.44

Table-10

3.13 MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR A BATCH OF M25 GRADE

CONCRETE:
Volume Calculations:
Volume of 1 cube = 3.375 x 10-3 m3
Volume of 1 cylinder = 5.30 x 10-3 m3
Volume of 1 beam = 15.75 x 10-3 m3
Total volume to be filled with concrete = 237.8 x 10-3 m3
Quantity Calculations:
Cement required = 237.8 x 10-3 x 428.01
= 101.78 kg
Fine Aggregate

= 237.8 x 10-3 x 516.30

= 122.77 kg
41

Coarse Aggregate = 237.8 x 10-3 x 1193.60

=283.83 kg
Water required

= 0.44 x cement content = 0.48 x 101.78

= 44.78 litres.

Crumb rubber Quantity Calculations:

S.No.

% of crumb
rubber

Weight of crumb (kg)

2.5%

1.38

5%

2.76

10%

4.14

20%

5.1
Table-11

Compressive Strength Of Rubberized Concrete ( M25)

Type of Mix (w/c =

0.50)

Compressive Strength
(MPa)
7days
28days
16.25
25
16
25

Normal Concrete
Rubberized concrete
(2.5% replacement)
Rubberized concrete
(5% replacement)
Rubberized concrete
(7.5% replacement)
Rubberized concrete
(10% replacement)

14

22

12

18

12

CHAPTER (4)
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
42

4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

.

Table-12
Compressive Strength after 7 days te
Average
S. Percentage of Compressive Load Compressive Strengthin
7 days
(KN)
No. Replacements
(N/mm2)
188
2.5%
23.5
282
181
1
5%
15.35
126
130
Table-13
7.5%
11.8
106

43

4.2 STRESS STRAIN

Behavior the stressstrain behaviors of the specimens containing rubber of up to 10%
behave in a similar trend to the control specimen, but having a smaller peak. From the
figure, it can be observed that there is linear increase of stresses until it reaches its
peak before energy is released by specimens fracture. For this case, the specimens
behaved like a brittle material of which the total energy generated upon fracture is
elastic energy. However, nonlinear behavior is seen for the other two specimens
containing 15% and 20% rubber. Here, once the peak stress is reached, the specimen
continues to yield, as represented by the branch-line.

4.3 DRY SHRINKAGE

We have taken the measurements according to the time of length variation of beam
specimens of concrete preserved in an uncontrolled atmospheric environment
(moisture and ambient temperature of the laboratory). The specimens were provided
with 20 cm distant studs, and the measurements were carried out by a retract meter.
The curves of Figure 12 represent the reductions in the dimensional variations of
concrete drying shrinkage in relation to the time and rate of substitution in rubber
aggregates. We notice that the drying shrinkage of the concretes decreases with the
44

increase in the percentage of rubber aggregates in the concrete. This attenuation of the
shrinkage thus of the cracking can improve the durability of these cementing
composites. It can be explained by the fact that these composites with rubber
aggregates absorb less water and keep for a longer time the heat released during the
hydration of cement. Hence, the treatment of concrete through including rubber would
be improved. It seems also that these aggregates obstruct the propagation of the
microscopic cracks. It is worth mentioning that the numerous they are in the mixtures;
the more the effect of these rubber aggregates is felt. Also, the kinetics of the
shrinkage is influenced by the presence of the rubber aggregates. In effect, the
shrinkages measured in concrete specimens with inclusions at an early age (3 days) are
very weak compared to the shrinkages measured in the control concrete. With time,
the relative reduction in the shrinkages decreases a little. Thus, the time and the rate of
substitution.

4.4 AIR ENTRAINED

The incorporation of the rubber aggregates is without effect on the percentage of
entrained air (Figure 2). The quantities of entrained air for the tested mixtures remain
comparable with the values of the current concretes which vary between 1% and 2.5%
45

[15]. On the other hand, most authors reported that when the rubber aggregate was
added to the concrete, the content of air in- creased considerably. They also observed
that the content of air increased in concrete mixtures with increasing amounts of
rubber aggregates [11, 16, and 17]. The increase in W/C ratio increases the slump of
the mixtures regardless of the rubber aggregates rate in the mixtures. On the other
hand, the workability of the mixtures knows a slight improvement with the presence of
the rubber aggregates (Figure)
(Fig

ure. The effect of the substitution rate on the percent of entrained air of the
concrete)

4.5 SPLIT TENSILE TEST:

The results of tensile strength test are given in Fig 7. Tensile strength of concrete was
reduced with replacement of rubber in both mixtures. The percent reduction of tensile

46

strength in the first mixture was about twice that of the second mixture for lower
percentage of replacements. The compressive strength of concrete with replacement of
cement, sand and coarse aggregates with 2.5% of ground rubber, crumb rubber and
chipped rubber respectively gives better result than conventional and other percentage
of replacements. If we increase the percentage of replacements in concrete with rubber
waste strength will decrease. The split tensile strength of concrete also gives the better
results with replacement of 2.5% of rubber waste.

S. No.
bl
14

Percentage of
Replacements

Compressive
Load
(KN)

Split Tensile
Strength in
28 days(N/mm2)

2.5%

85

2.71

5%

51

1.62

10%

48

1.53

2.5%

84

2.68

5%

82

2.61

10%

70

2.23

2.5%

80

2.55

5%

73

2.32

10%

58

1.84

Ta
e-

4.6 FLEXURAL STRENGTH:

A primary concern in designing concrete for use in highway applications is the
flexural strength of concrete. Its knowledge is useful in the design of pavement slabs
and airfield runway as flexural tension is critical in these cases. The flexural strength
or the modulus of rupture of concrete is an indirect measure of the tensile strength.
The value of modulus of rupture depends upon the dimensions of the beam and above
all on the arrangement of the loading. It is observed that with the increase in the crumb
rubber, the flexural strength decreases. However, it is noticed that at the later age rate
47

of strength reduction, due to increase in percentage of crumb rubber was steeper than
that of the compressive strength. From figure 9 it can be concluded that, with the large

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF RUBBERISED CONCRETE

Flexural Strength (MPa)
Type of Mix (w/c = 0.50)
28days
Normal Concrete
Rubberized concrete
(10% replacement)
Rubberized concrete
(20% replacement)
Rubberized concrete
(30% replacement)
Table-15

4.7 DETERMINATION OF UNIT WEIGHT

48

4.1
4.0
3.7
3.3

The unit weight values used for the analysis of this section are measured from the
concrete cube samples after 28 days of standard curing. From the results, it was found
out that a reduction of unit weight up to 24% was observed when 50% by volume of
the coarse aggregate was replaced by rubber aggregate in sample. Whereas 3.39 and
9.48 % reductions were observed for 10 and 25 % rubber aggregate replacement in
samples.
UNIT WEIGHT OF RUBBERISED CONCRETE
Type of Concrete

Unit Weight (Kg)

% reduction

Normal

8.200

Rubberized
(5% replacement)

7.620

0.9

Rubberized
(10% replacement)

7.370

1.1

Rubberized
(15% replacement)

7.200

1.3

Table-16

49

4.8 WORKABILITY ASPECT

The replacement of coarse aggregate by scrap tyre rubber effects on the
workability of the concrete. The workability of rubberized concrete shows an
increase in slump with increase of waste tyre rubber content of total aggregate
volume. The result of the normal concrete mix showed an increase in workability,
but it can be summarized that the workability is adversely affected by the
incorporation of chipped tyre rubber. The results of the slump test are as shown

Workability of the Concrete in terms of Slump Value

S.No
1
2
3
4

Test Series

Workability (Slump)

Normal Concrete

85 mm

Rubberized concrete (10%)

Rubberized concrete (20%)
Rubberized concrete (30%)
Table-17

CHAPTER (5)
50

100 mm
125 mm
150 mm

5.1 CONCLUSIONS:
The following general findings are based on the laboratory study reported in this
report. The specific conclusions that can be drawn from this study are as follows:
1. Compressive strength of concrete depended on two factors: grain size of the
replacing rubber and percentage added. In general, compressive strength was
reduced with increased percentage of rubber replacement in concrete, though with
2.5% replacement of fine aggregate, sand or cement by rubber, decrease in
compressive strength was low (less than 2.5%) without noticeable changes in
other concrete properties.
2. Tensile strength of concrete was reduced with increased percentage of rubber
replacement in concrete. The most important reason being lack of proper bonding
between rubber and the paste matrix, as bonding plays the key role in reducing
tensile strength. Tensile strength of concrete containing chipped rubber
(replacement for aggregates) is lower than that of concrete containing powdered
rubber (for cement replacement).
3. From this experimental investigation we found that compressive strength and
tensile strength gives better result by replacement of cement, sand, aggregate with
2.5% of rubber.
4. From the present experimental study, we conclude that despite the reduced
compressive strength of rubberized concrete in comparison to conventional
concrete, there is a potential large market for concrete products in which
inclusionof rubber aggregates would be feasible which will utilize the discarded
rubber tires the disposal of which, is a big problem for environment pollution.
5. Rubberized concrete strength may be improved by improving the bond
properties of rubber aggregates. In India, out of 36 tire manufacturers the tire
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recyclers are around 20, the major contribution is only by four or five. Among
these, M/S Gujarat Reclaim has an annual turnover of over Rs.15 Core from its
Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) tire recycling plants, with a production of 20 tons of
reclaim rubber per day. The tire recycling factories should supply quality rubber
aggregates in 20-10mm, 10-4.75mm and 4.75mm down sizes to be used as cement
concrete aggregate.
6. The light unit weight qualities of rubberized concrete may be suitable for
architectural application, false faces, stone baking, interior construction, in
building as an earthquake shock wave absorber, where vibration damping is
required such as in foundation pads for machinery railway station, where resistance
to impact or explosion is required, such as in jersey barrier, railway buffers,
bunkers and for trench filling.
7. One of the possible applications of rubcrete may be its application in rendering
of roof top surfaces for insulation and waterproofing. With proper Mixed Design a
20 mm thick rendering on roof top surfaces may be done with 4.75 mm down
rubber aggregate
8. Tire rubber wastes represent a serious environmental issue that needs to be
addressed with urgency by the scientific community. Investigations carried out so
far reveal that tyre waste concrete is specially recommended for concrete structures
located in areas of severe earthquake risk and also for applications submitted to
severe dynamic actions like railway sleepers.
9. This material can also be used for non-load-bearing purposes such as noise
reduction barriers. Investigations about rubber waste concrete show that concrete.

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