PRONOUNS

Definition
Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing or
things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers
who claim something like

They say that eating beef is bad for you.

They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of pronouns is
unfair.
Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent, however.

Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.

The word "everyone" has no antecedent.

The problem of agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is treated in
another section on Pronoun-Antecedent Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end of that
section.
This section will list and briefly describe the several kinds of pronouns.
Personal Pronouns
Unlike English nouns, which usually do not change form except for the addition of an -s ending to create the plural or
the apostrophe + s to create the possessive, personal pronouns (which stand for persons or things) change form according
to their various uses within a sentence. Thus I is used as the subject of a sentence (I am happy.), me is used as an object in
various ways (He hit me. He gave me a book. Do this for me.), and my is used as the possessive form (That's my car.) The
same is true of the other personal pronouns: the singular you and he/she/it and the plural we, you, and they. These forms
are called cases. An easily printable chart is available that shows the various Cases of the Personal Pronouns.
Personal pronouns can also be characterized or distinguished by person. First person refers to the speaker(s) or
writer(s) ("I" for singular, "we" for plural). Second person refers to the person or people being spoken or written to ("you" for
both singular and plural). Third person refers to the person or people being spoken or written about ("he," "she," and "it" for
singular, "they" for plural).. As you will see there, each person can change form, reflecting its use within a sentence. Thus,
"I" becomes "me" when used as an object ("She left me") and "my" when used in its possessive role (That's my car"); "they"
becomes "them" in object form ("I like them") and "their" in possessive ("That's just their way").
When a personal pronoun is connected by a conjunction to another noun or pronoun, its case does not change. We
would write "I am taking a course in Asian history"; if Talitha is also taking that course, we would write "Talitha and I are
taking a course in Asian history." (Notice that Talitha gets listed before "I" does. This is one of the few ways in which English
is a "polite" language.) The same is true when the object form is called for: "Professor Vendetti gave all her books to me"; if
Talitha also received some books, we'd write "Professor Vendetti gave all her books to Talitha and me." When a pronoun
and a noun are combined (which will happen with the plural first- and second-person pronouns), choose the case of the
pronoun that would be appropriate if the noun were not there.

We students are demanding that the administration give us two hours for lunch.

The administration has managed to put us students in a bad situation.

With the second person, we don't really have a problem because the subject form is the same as the object form, "you":

"You students are demanding too much."

"We expect you students to behave like adults."

Among the possessive pronoun forms, there is also what is called the nominative possessive: mine, yours, ours,
theirs.

Look at those cars. Theirs is really ugly; ours is beautiful.

This new car is mine.
Mine is newer than yours.

Demonstrative Pronouns
The family of demonstratives (this/that/these/those/such) can behave either as pronouns or as determiners.
As pronouns, they identify or point to nouns.

That is incredible! (referring to something you just saw)

I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience)
Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made)

As determiners, the demonstratives adjectivally modify a noun that follows. A sense of relative distance (in time and space)
can be conveyed through the choice of these pronouns/determiners:

These [pancakes sitting here now on my plate] are delicious.

Those [pancakes that I had yesterday morning] were even better.
This [book in my hand] is well written;
that [book that I'm pointing to, over there, on the table] is trash.

A sense of emotional distance or even disdain can be conveyed with the demonstrative pronouns:

You're going to wear these?

Pronouns used in this way would receive special stress in a spoken sentence.
When used as subjects, the demonstratives, in either singular or plural form, can be used to refer to objects as well as
persons.

This is my father.
That is my book.

In other roles, however, the reference of demonstratives is non-personal. In other words, when referring to students,
say, we could write "Those were loitering near the entrance during the fire drill" (as long as it is perfectly clear in context
what "those" refers to). But we would not write "The principal suspended those for two days"; instead, we would have to use
"those" as a determiner and write "The principal suspended those students for two days."
Relative Pronouns

The relative pronouns (who/whoever/which/that) relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns (The student who
studies hardest usually does the best.). The word who connects or relates the subject, student, to the verb within the
dependent clause (studies). Choosing correctly between which and that and between who and whom leads to what are
probably the most Frequently Asked Questions about English grammar. Generally, we use "which" to introduce clauses that
are parenthetical in nature (i.e., that can be removed from the sentence without changing the essential meaning of the
sentence). For that reason, a "which clause" is often set off with a comma or a pair of commas. "That clauses," on the other
hand, are usually deemed indispensable for the meaning of a sentence and are not set off with commas. The pronoun
which refers to things; who (and its forms) refers to people; that usually refers to things, but it can also refer to people in a
general kind of way. We also recommend that you take the quizzes on the use of who and whom at the end of that section.
The expanded form of the relative pronouns whoever, whomever, whatever are known as indefinite relative
pronouns. A couple of sample sentences should suffice to demonstrate why they are called "indefinite":

The coach will select whomever he pleases.

He seemed to say whatever came to mind.
Whoever crosses this line first will win the race.

What is often an indefinite relative pronoun:

She will tell you what you need to know.

Indefinite Pronouns
The indefinite pronouns (everybody/anybody/somebody/all/each/every/some/none/one) do not substitute for specific
nouns but function themselves as nouns (Everyone is wondering if any is left.)
One of the chief difficulties we have with the indefinite pronouns lies in the fact that "everybody" feels as though it
refers to more than one person, but it takes a singular verb. (Everybody is accounted for.) If you think of this word as
meaning "every single body," the confusion usually disappears. The indefinite pronoun none can be either singular or plural,
depending on its context. None is nearly always plural (meaning "not any") except when something else in the sentence
makes us regard it as a singular (meaning "not one"), as in "None of the food is fresh." Some can be singular or plural
depending on whether it refers to something countable or noncountable.
enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some
Few will be chosen; fewer will finish.
Little is expected.
Intensive Pronouns
The intensive pronouns (such as myself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves) consist of a personal pronoun plus
self or selves and emphasize a noun. (I myself don't know the answer.) It is possible (but rather unusual) for an intensive
pronoun to precede the noun it refers to. (Myself, I don't believe a word he says.)
Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronouns (which have the same forms as the intensive pronouns) indicate that the sentence subject also
receives the action of the verb. (Students who cheat on this quiz are only hurting themselves. You paid yourself a million
dollars? She encouraged herself to do well.) What this means is that whenever there is a reflexive pronoun in a sentence
there must be a person to whom that pronoun can "reflect." In other words, the sentence "Please hand that book to myself"
would be incorrect because there is no "I" in that sentence for the "myself" to reflect to (and we would use "me" instead of
"myself"). A sentence such as "I gave that book to myself for Christmas" might be silly, but it would be correct.

Be alert to a tendency to use reflexive and intensive forms (ending in -self) where they are neither appropriate
nor necessary:

Bob and myself I are responsible for this decision.

These decisions will be made by myself me.

When pronouns are combined, the reflexive will take either the first person

Juanita, Carlos, and I have deceived ourselves into believing in my uncle.

or, when there is no first person, the second person:

You and Carlos have deceived yourselves.

The indefinite pronoun (see above) one has its own reflexive form ("One must have faith in oneself."), but the other
indefinite pronouns use either himself or themselves as reflexives. (There is an entire page on the pronoun one.) It is
probably better to pluralize and avoid the clumsy himself or herself construction.

No one here can blame himself or herself.

The people here cannot blame themselves.

Interrogative Pronouns
The interrogative pronouns (who/which/what) introduce questions. (What is that? Who will help me? Which do you
prefer?) Which is generally used with more specific reference than what. If we're taking a quiz and I ask "Which questions
give you the most trouble?", I am referring to specific questions on that quiz. If I ask "What questions give you most
trouble"? I could be asking what kind of questions on that quiz (or what kind of question, generically, in general) gives you
trouble. The interrogative pronouns also act as Determiners: It doesn't matter which beer you buy. He doesn't know whose
car he hit. In this determiner role, they are sometimes called interrogative adjectives.
Like the relative pronouns, the interrogative pronouns introduce noun clauses, and like the relative pronouns, the
interrogative pronouns play a subject role in the clauses they introduce:

We know who is guilty of this crime.

I already told the detective what I know about it.

Reciprocal Pronouns
The reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. They are convenient forms for combining ideas. If Bob gave
Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas, we can say that they gave each other books (or that
they gave books to each other).

My mother and I give each other a hard time.

If more than two people are involved (let's say a whole book club), we would say that they gave one another books.
This rule (if it is one) should be applied circumspectly. It's quite possible for the exchange of books within this book club, for
example, to be between individuals, making "each other" just as appropriate as "one another."
Reciprocal pronouns can also take possessive forms:

They borrowed each other's ideas.

The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.

PRONOUNS AND
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT
AGREEMENT

For definitions of the various kinds of pronouns and their roles in

a sentence, click HERE.

Basic Principle: A pronoun usually refers to something earlier in the text (its antecedent) and must agree in number
singular/plural with the thing to which it refers.
The indefinite pronouns anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, and nobody are
always singular. This is sometimes perplexing to writers who feel that everyone and everybody (especially) are
referring to more than one person. The same is true of either and neither, which are always singular even though
they seem to be referring to two things.
The need for pronoun-antecedent agreement can create gender problems. If one were to write, for instance, "A
student must see his counselor before the end of the semester," when there are female students about, nothing but
grief will follow. One can pluralize, in this situation, to avoid the problem:

Students must see their counselor before the end of the semester.
Or, one could say
A student must see his or her counselor. . . .

Too many his's and her's eventually become annoying, however, and the reader becomes more aware of the writer trying to
be conscious of good form than he or she is of the matter at hand.
Trying to conform to the above rule (#2) can lead to a great deal of nonsense. It is widely regarded as being correct
(or correct enough), at the beginning of the twenty-first century, to say

Somebody has left their bag on the floor.

but many people would object its being written that way because somebody is singular and their is plural. There is a great
deal to be said, however, for using the word their as the gender-non-specific, singular pronoun. In fact, it's been said
already, and you can read all about it at the The University of Texas, where a web-site has been dedicated to the use of
their in this way in the writings of Jane Austen, William Shakespeare, and other literary greats. At least it's nice to know
you're not alone! Another site dedicated to the "gender-free pronoun" is at Gender-Neutral Pronoun Frequently Asked
Questions.

Remember that when we compound a pronoun with something else, we don't want to change its form. Following
this rule carefully often creates something that "doesn't sound good." You would write, "This money is for me," so
when someone else becomes involved, don't write, "This money is for Fred and I." Try these:

This money is for him and me.

This arrangement is between Fred and him.

Those are both good sentences.

One of the most frequently asked questions about grammar is about choosing between the various forms of the
pronoun who: who, whose, whom, whoever, whomever. The number (singular or plural) of the pronoun (and its
accompanying verbs) is determined by what the pronoun refers to; it can refer to a singular person or a group of
people:

The person who hit my car should have to pay to fix the damages.
The people who have been standing in line the longest should get in first.

It might be useful to compare the forms of who to the forms of the pronouns he and they. Their forms are similar:

Subject
Form

Possessive
Form

Object
Form

Singular

he
who

his
whose

him
whom

Plural

they
who

their
whose

them
whom

To choose correctly among the forms of who, re-phrase the sentence so you choose between he and him. If you want
him, write whom; if you want he, write who.

Who do you think is responsible? (Do you think he is responsible?)

Whom shall we ask to the party? (Shall we ask him to the party?)
Give the box to whomever you please. (Give the box to him.)
Give the box to whoever seems to want it most. (He seems to want it most. [And then the clause "whoever
seems to want it most" is the object of the preposition "to."])
Whoever shows up first will win the prize. (He shows up first.)