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Cogeneration
Introduction
Whats a Cogeneration/CHP System?
The sequel generation of multiple
forms of useful energy in one
integrated system
Defined by its prime movers that is
the equipment driving the system
Prime movers include reciprocating
engines, combustion or gas turbines,
steam turbines, microturbines, and fuel
cells
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Introduction
Efficiency Advantage of CHP
Conventional Generation (58%
Overall Efficiency)
36 Units
(Losses)
60
24
Uni
ts
= 40%
68
100
40
34
Uni
ts
= 85%
6 Units
(Losses)
10 Units
(Losses)
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Southeast Asia network of climate change focal points
Introduction
Benefits of Cogeneration (CHP):
Increased efficiency of energy conversion and use
Lower emissions, especially CO2
Some waste materials such as refinery gases,
process or agricultural waste can be used
Large cost savings
promoting
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Southeast Asia network of climate change focal points
Boiler
Advantages:
-Simple configuration
-Low capital cost
-Low need of cooling water
-High total efficiency
Turbine
Fuel
Condensate
Process
LP
Steam
Disadvantages:
-Larger steam turbine
-Electrical load and output
can not be matched
Steam obtained by
extraction from a
intermediate stage
Turbine
Boiler
Fuel
Remaining steam is
exhausted
LP Steam
Condensate
Process
Relatively high
capital cost, lower
total efficiency
Control of electrical
power independent
of thermal load
Condenser
Exhaust
Gases
Condensate
from Process
HRSG
Steam to
Process
Combustor
Fuel
Generator
Compressor
Turbine
Air
Cogeneration Classification
Topping Cycle
The supplied fuel first produces power
followed by thermal energy
Thermal energy is a byproduct used for
process heat or other
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Southeast Asia network of climate change focal points
Cogeneration Classification
Bottoming Cycle
Primary fuel produces high temperature
thermal energy
Performance evaluation
Performance Terms & Definitions
Overall Plant Heat Rate (kCal/kWh):
Ms x (hs hw)
Power Output (kW )
Ms = Mass Flow Rate of Steam (kg/hr)
hs = Enthalpy of Steam (kCal/kg)
hw = Enthalpy of Feed Water (kCal/kg)
c) Other
CASE STUDY 1
EXISTING CONDITION
Steam Generation
Fuel Oil Fired Boilers Evaporation Ratio
Fuel Oil Cost
G. C. V. of Fuel Oil
Enthalpy of Steam
Electricity Consumption
Electricity Cost
Plant Operating hrs per year
60 Tons/hr at 10kg/cm
1:14
US $ 500/Ton
10,200 KCal/kg
660 KCal/kg
12,000 KWh/hr
US $ 0.10/KWh
350x24 = 8400 hrs
60T/hr
Calculate Power Generation if turbine & alternator Losses are around 10%
Heat Balance across extraction Turbine= 60,000(755-660) = 5,700 x 10 kCal/hr
Net Heat available for power Generation = 5,700 x 10 x 0.9 kCal/hr
= 5130 x 10kCal/hr
(We know 860kcal = 1kWh )
= 5130 x 10/860
= 5965kWh/hr or
= 5965 x 8400 = 50.1Million kWh/yr
COST ECONOMICS
COST OF RICE HUSK USED IN FLUIDIZED BED BOILER
Steam Generation
- 60T/hr at ; 380C at 40 Bar
Evaporation Ratio
- 3.65
Cost of Rice Husk
- US $ 30/Ton
Rice Husk Consumption
- 60/3.65 = 16.44 tons/hr
Annual Rice Husk Consumption - 6.44 x 8,400 = 1,38,096Tons/yr
Cost of Rice Husk
- 138096 x 30 = US $ 4.143 Million
COST OF ELECTRICITY PURCHASED FROM GRID
Total Power Consumption Power Generated through Co-generation
=100.8-50.1 = 50.7 Million kWh
Cost of Electricity
= 50.7 x 0.1 = 5.07 Million US $
Total Monetary Savings
= 28.08-(4.143+5.07)
= 18.86 Million US $
CASE STUDY 2
Product specifications
Schematic Diagram
Technical details
Cost Economics
Sr. No Description
Cost in USD
45000
12000
12000
12000
60000
67000
2300
18000
228300