Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mahmoud Hmedat
Fayez Raed Abu Safaqa
Saleh Nassasra
Yazan
Hejawi Submitted
to: Miss Hamis Tubilah
Section: Wednesday
(8-10)
Table of Contents
1.1
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 4
1.2
Sample................................................................................................................... 4
1.3
physical properties................................................................................................ 4
Turbidity................................................................................................................... 5
Solids................................................................................................................. 5
1.4
BOD...................................................................................................................... 5
1.5
COD...................................................................................................................... 5
1.6
Alkalinity.............................................................................................................. 5
1.7
Total Hardness....................................................................................................... 5
1.9
1.10
Nitrogen determination..................................................................................... 6
Objective...................................................................................................................... 6
Methodology................................................................................................................ 7
3.1
Physical properties................................................................................................ 7
Turbidity............................................................................................................ 7
3.1.1
Solids............................................................................................................. 7
3.2
BOD...................................................................................................................... 9
3.3
COD experiment................................................................................................. 10
3.4
3.5
Total Hardness..................................................................................................... 11
3.6
Phosphorus measurement................................................................................... 12
3.7
Fecal caliform..................................................................................................... 13
3.8
Chlorine test........................................................................................................ 13
3.9
Physical properties.............................................................................................. 15
physical properties.............................................................................................. 27
2|Page
3|Page
Introduction:
1.1 Sampling
The analytical results of a sample are only as accurate as the quality of the sample
taken .of your technique for collecting samples is poor , then no matter how accurate your lab
procedures are ,the result will be poor. By sampling according to set procedures, you reduce the
chance of error and increase the accuracy of your sample results. Sampling can be define as to
bring a wastewater sample from the field. In this experiment we study how to collect a
wastewater sample from a station. Sampling is the important process before start the tests
.Therefore, Sample should be taken carefully making into consider the condition when bringing
it as weather should not be too summer or rainy, the good time for bringing the sample is at
morning or in the afternoon. Also the sample should be taken from the middle of wastewater
pond, it should not be bring before making the tests for more than one day or less
important indicator of
the health of
water
body
and
Wastewater
containing
the
organic
dissolved
oxygen
oxygen
and
Turbidity:
Turbidity, a measure of the light-transmitting properties of water, is
another test used to indicate the quality of waste discharges and
natural waters with respect to colloidal and residual suspended
matter. The measurement of turbidity is based on comparison of
the intensity of light scattered by a sample as compared to the
light
scattered by a
reference suspension
under
the
same
pH :
A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH
stands for 'potential of Hydrogen'). A pH value is a number from 1 to
14, with 7 as the middle (neutral) point. Values below 7 indicate
acidity which increases as the number decreases, 1 being the most
acidic. Values above 7 indicate alkalinity which increases as the
number increases, 14 being the most alkaline. This scale, however, is
not a linear scale like a centimeter or inch scale (in which two
adjacent values have the same difference). It is a logarithmic scale in
which two adjacent values increase or decrease by a factor of 10.
For drinking water its ranges from (6.5-8.5)
1.3
1.4
compound
in
water.
Most
applications
of
COD
1.5
1.7
Phosphor
1.8
Industry.
Sea foods.
this process Is done to kill all of the fecal coli forms which the
governments specifies that the percentage of existing of these
coli form approximately equal to 0%. The concentration of
chlorine that had been added to the water is equal to 1mg/L.
this value of chlorine will decrease to the range between (0.3-
power of Hydrogen (pH): the best pH value is in the range between 6.5-7.5.
Turbidity: we must avoid turbidity in the water by removing the suspended solid
using membrane filter with pore size 0.45 micrometer because these suspended
solid adversely affect the process of disinfection.
1.9
exists in
1.10
Ions
2 Objectives
3 Methodology
3.1
Sampling
SAMPLING PROCEDURES:
1. Remove the stopper or cap just before sampling and
Sampling Instrument:
1-cap or bottle.
2-gloves.
3.2 Physical properties
Theory :
% Percent
a. s/cm
b. ms/cm
(siemen/meter)
TDS= 0.64 EC /L
Turbidity
1.
2.
3.
4.
PH:
A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances
(pH stands for 'potential of Hydrogen'). A pH value is a number
from 1 to 14, with 7 as the middle (neutral) point. Values below
7 indicate acidity which increases as the number decreases, 1
being the most acidic. Values above 7 indicate alkalinity which
increases as the number increases, 14 being the most alkaline.
This scale, however, is not a linear scale like a centimeter or
inch scale (in which two adjacent values have the same
difference). It is a logarithmic scale in which two adjacent
values increase or decrease by a factor of 10.
For drinking water its ranges from (6.5-8.5)
Instruments:
Electrical conductivity meter.
Graduated cylinder.
DO meter.
PH meter.
Turbidity meter.
Gloves.
Flask
Procedure:
Prepare the sample in the flask then measure any parameter
by put there instrument in sample.
1-
3.3 BOD
Theory:
Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) is the amount of oxygen that
is required by the bacteria to decompose the organic matter ,
and is have unit mg O2/L
So
relationship with
Instruments:
1. BOD Darkness bottles.
2. BOD sensors with KOH trap.
3. Air Incubator (20C)
4. Stirring bars.
5. Graduated Cylinder.
6. Potassium hydroxide KOH. (to get rid of CO2)
Procedure:
1. Take a 100 ml of wastewater sample and put it in the BOD dark bottle.
the sample volume depends on the BOD predicted values as shown:
BOD expected (mg O2/L)
1000
600
250
90
test
but
it
gives
result
more
rapidly.
The
includes
absorbance
or
relationship
between
transmissibility
we
COD
can
in
mg/l
and
converted
the
Procedure:
1. Prepare COD ampoule, this ampoule contain (Mercury
sulfate, Sulfuric acid and Potassium dichromate ).
2. By using a graduated cylinder take ( 2 mL ) of the sample
and put it in the COD ampoule, then shake the ampoule
for 10 minutes.
3. In order to accelerate the chemical reaction, place the
ampoule in the reactor for ( 2 hours ) at ( 150 C ).
4. Take the COD ampoule from the reactor and wait until it
cools to room temperature.
5. Prepare three samples ( Block, Waste water sample and
Black ) and pour them into the transparent container that
used in the Spectrophotometer device.
6. A calibration need to made to the spectrophotometer by
assign ( 100% transmmisivity) for the Blank sample and
( 0.0 % transmissivity ) for the Black block.
7. Put the wastewater sample in the direction of the light
and then read values for Transmissivity and Absorption.
Read absorption and COD value From Spectrometer.
Instrument:
1-Indicaters.
2-Graduated cylinder.
3-Pipit.
4-Flask.
Procedure:
1. Take a volume of wastewater sample equal (50 mL) using
graduated cylinder and put it in the flask.
2. If the PH >8.3 , the color of the sample become pink.
3. Titration for the sample, record the volume of acid added
until the solution become colorless (PH=8.3) (A).
4. Add 5 drops from methyl red indicator until the color
become blue.
5. Titrate the sample, when the color of the sample become
red (PH=4.5).
6. Record the volume of acid to reach to this point (B).
1. Total
solids
total
dissolve
solids
suspended solids(T.S.S)
2. Total suspended solids= (M2-M1)/V1.
3. Total dissolved solids = (M4-M3)/V2.
(T.D.S)
+total
Instruments:
Oven.
Balance.
Filter paper.
Crucible.
Vacuum flask.
Pipette.
Buchner funnels.
Electrical conductivity meter.
Graduated cylinder.
50 ml of the sample
Procedure:
Total suspended solids
1. put the sample of wastewater (50 mL ) in the graduated cylinder
2. Weigh the filter paper to the nearest .1mg. (m1)
3. Place filter, wrinkled side up, in the Buchner funnel. Apply vacuum
and set filter.
4. Mix the sample and add it to the filter paper
5. Take the filter to the oven and dry it on 150c.
6. Record the new weigh. (m2).
in
wastewater
sample
since
it
is
dangerous
Instrument :
spectrophotometer
-Calibration Curve.
Procedure:
Result
0.58 micro Siemens /cm
0.06 ppm
6.77
621 NTU
Test
Electrical conductivity (EC)
Dissolved oxygen
PH
Turbidity
3.8 Chlorine
4 Theory :
concentration of chlorine CL-1= Normality* Volume of AgNO3
required for titration *35.45*1000/volume of sample
Procedure :
For experiment No.8(amount of chlorine) we do the following :
1-100 ml of sample was put in the flask.
2-The potassium dichromate was added to the sample and the
color was changed to the yellow green.
3-After the color was changed the titration process was made
by added the volume of silver nitrate.
4-The silver nitrate was added until the color of sample was
changed to the red and the volume of the AgNO3 was recorded
4.7
Fecal Coliform:
Theory :
cc * 100
Vs
T.F.C =
Where :
Instrument :
8.
1.
Flask.
2.
Filter paper.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Auto clav.
Incubator.
Procedure:
The volume of sample according to the table below
Source of water
Volume of sample(mL)
Drinking water
100-1000
Storm water
10-100
Treated waste water
1-10
Raw waste water
1 mL or less and dilution is needed
by using distilled water
1. Sterilize all equipment using Auto Clav at 121C for 20min.
2. Filtration: put the sample over the filtration system to filter
it.
3. Incubation: this step is important for bacteria; because it
make the good situation for bacteria growth, we use Petri dish
and nutrients, the component of nutrients powder are: Tryptose. - Lactose. - Sodium chloride. - Dipotassium mono
phosphate. - Sodium sulfate.
3.10 Ions
theory:
We
need
three
samples
for
this
test:
blank(distilled
Ions measurments:
1.flame photometer.
2.regulated gas supply.
3.power supply.
4.glass beakers.
5.distilled water.
6.stock standard solution.
7.volumetric flasks for sample dilution.
8.vaccum pump.
9.very thin tube.
Procedure :
1. Ensure that the drain trap is pushed fully down on its clip.
2. Close the fuel valve by turning fully clockwise.
3. Turn
If
the
FLM
indicator
does
not
light
within
physical properties
BOD (mg O2 /l )
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
BOD
0
72
138
197
251
300
344
383
419
452
481
508
532
554
574
592
608
623
638
648
659
663
=762 mg O2 /l
BOD5 = 300 mg O2 /l
To find K
BODt = BODu ( 1-e-Kt )
300 = 762 ( 1-e-K5 )
K = 0.1 day-1
At (t=5)
V1=0
V2 = 65 ml .
A=0 , B= 65 ml
Pmg/l as( caco3 ) ={( A*N )H2so4 *EWcaco3}*1000 / Vs
P=0
T mg/l as( caco3 ) = {( A+B)*N H2so4 *EWcaco3}*1000 / Vs
EW( caco3 ) = 100 /2 =50
N H2so4 =0.02 gm /l.mol
T mg/l as( caco3 ) = 1300.
Conclusion :
Since A =0 the PH is less than 8.3 T = [HCO3-]
Number of grams H2SO4
gm.
= N *EW = 0.02* 49 =0.98 gm.
Results:
[P]=0.23 mg/l.
Absorbance=0.306.
We have to compare phosphorus concentration with Palestinian
standards which contain [PO4-] value. So, we must convert [P]
to
[PO4-]
as
follows:
[PO4-] = ([P]*MWPO4)/MWP
= 0.23*4.43 = 1.02 mg/l. < 20 mg/l. OK.
This water will be OK to use in agricultural uses.
coliform
Value
unit
specificati
on
Physical Properties
Need /No
Need
T.P.R
Turbidity
621
NTU
Need
PH
6.77
6-9
No Need
DO
0.06
mg/L
>=1
Need
Aeration
Electrical
conductivit
TDS
0.58
ms/cm
--
--
0.3712
mg/L
1500
No Need
TSS
2152.062
mg/L
60
Need
Coagulation
&flocculation
TS
2152.4332
mg/L
60
Need
Biodegradati
on
200
Need
Biodegradati
on
400
Need
Lime soda
softening
Coagulation
&flocculation
-
BOD test
BOD
300
mg O2 / L
BOD u
762
mg O2 / L
0.1
Day-1
COD test
COD
844
Abs
0.779
mg O2 / L
Alkalinity test
0
mgCaCO3/ L
Phenolphtha
lein
1300
mgCaCO3/ L
Total
Alkalinity
Solids using gravimetric method
TSS
100
mg/L
1500
NO Need
TDS
2000
mg/L
60
Need
TS
2100
mg/L
20
No Need
Phosphorus test
[ PO4-3 ]
1.02
mg / L
Coagulation
&flocculation
[P]
0.23
Abs
0.306
mg / L
Chlorine test
[ Cl- ]
125.1
mg/L
600
No Need
FC/100
<1
Need
57
Disinfection
& filtration
Ions measurement
[ ca+2 ]
11
mg/L
100-200
Lime-Soda
Softening
[ K+ ]
48
mg/L
16
[Na+]
273
mg/L
200
Ion exchange,
RO,
membranes
Ion exchange,
RO,
membranes
Container
G: Glass
P: Polyethylene
P, G
P, G
P, G
Minimum sample
size (mL)
200
1000
100
Chloride
Chlorine, residual
P, G
P, G
50
500
Color
Conductivity
Hardness
Nitrogen: NO3-
P, G
P, G
P, G
P, G
500
500
100
100
Odor
500
Oxygen dissolved
G or BOD bottle
300
Solids
Sulfate
Taste
P, G
P, G
G
200
100
500
Temperature
P, G
Preservation way
Refrigerate
Refrigerate
Analyze as soon as
possible, or add H2SO4
to pH<2, refrigerate
None required
Analyze immediately
Refrigerate
Refrigerate
Add HNO3 to pH<2
Analyze as soon as
possible, or refrigerate
Analyze as soon as
possible, or refrigerate
Analyze immediately
Refrigerate
Refrigerate
Analyze as soon as
possible, or refrigerate
Analyze immediately
Maximum
storage time
24hr
6h
7d
28d
0.5hr,
storage
allowed
48h
48h
6 months
48h
no
6h
0.5hr,
storage
allowed
7d
28d
24h
No
no
storage
Turbidity
P, G
Total coliform
500
9- Plant Layout :
Store in dark up to
24hr, refrigerate
Refrigerate
allowed
24h
6h
9.References
1. Manual of environmental engineering laboratory.
2. Palestinian standards for water and wastewater treated produces by Palestinian
Wastewater Authority. https://scholar.najah.edu/sites/default/files/Ahmed
%20Lebdi.pdf
3. Lecture notes.
4. https://www.google.ps/search?
q=plant+treatment+layout&espv=2&biw=1517&bih=692&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa
=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGx5TclqPMAhWEB8AKHaXKA5kQ_AUIBigB&dpr=0.9#imgrc
=BWoxF8fRHJbuOM%3A.
5. Makkenzie l.Davis and Susan J. Masten principles of environmental
engineering and science, McGraw-hill, 2004.
6. Internet websites.
7. Gilbert, M. Masters. Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science. Second Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998.
8. Makkenzie L. Davis and David A. Cornwell. Introduction to
Environmental Engineering. Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2008.
Appendix:
3.1 Physical properties
1. D.O. meter :
2. Turbidity meter :
Crucible
Oven
2. COD reactor:
3. Spectrophotometer
2. Graduated cylinder :
2. Graduated cylinder :
2. Beaker
3.Spectrophotometer
2. Flask:
2. Filter paper
2. Flask :
3. Reactor :